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Walmart Supply Chain: Building a Successful Integrated Supply Chain for Sustainable Competitive Advantage

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Introduction

The global business landscape has witnessed an increasingly fierce competition, pushing companies to seek effective strategies to maintain and enhance their competitiveness. Among these strategies, the role of supply chain capability stands out as a key factor in driving success. A well-optimized supply chain not only ensures efficient delivery and cost-effectiveness but also provides companies with a competitive advantage in the market. In this context, Walmart, the world’s largest retailer, has demonstrated a highly successful and integrated Walmart supply chain, propelling its growth and dominance in the retail industry.

This case study aims to delve into the significance of supply chain capability for enhancing a company’s competitiveness and how it serves as a competitive advantage for companies. Additionally, we will explore the imperative need for supply chain redesign in the global economy to adapt to the challenges of the modern era of globalization. Focusing on Walmart’s exemplary supply chain practices, the purpose of this case study is to analyze the features of its successful integrated supply chain while identifying relevant issues in the context of the current globalized market.

[Read More: Rivian: Navigating Supply Chain and Operational Challenges and Embracing Growth ]

Walmart’s Supply Chain: Integrated Supply Chain Success

Data-driven success factors.

In the realm of modern supply chain management, data-driven strategies play a pivotal role in enhancing a company’s competitiveness. Walmart’s remarkable success as the world’s largest retailer can be attributed to its astute utilization of data analysis and advanced technologies within its integrated supply chain. This section delves into the key data-driven success factors that have propelled Walmart’s supply chain to the forefront of the retail industry.

[Read More: ERP Master Data: A Guide to Improve Quality & Governance ]

Role of Data Analysis through Barcode Scanning and Point-of-Sale Systems

Data analysis is at the core of Walmart’s supply chain prowess. The company has implemented sophisticated barcode scanning and point-of-sale systems to collect real-time data from its stores. By employing these technologies, Walmart gains valuable insights into customer buying behavior, sales trends, and inventory levels. The ability to analyze this data enables the retail giant to make informed decisions on product procurement, inventory management, and demand forecasting.

Efficient Supply Chain Practices: Automated Distribution Centers and Computerized Inventory Systems

Automation is a key component of Walmart’s efficient supply chain practices. The company has strategically invested in automated distribution centers, streamlining the flow of products from manufacturers to stores. These automated facilities not only optimize the handling and movement of goods but also enable faster order fulfillment and replenishment. Additionally, computerized inventory systems provide Walmart with accurate and up-to-date information about stock levels, allowing for precise inventory control and reducing the risk of stockouts or excess inventory.

Utilizing Walmart’s Own Trucking System and Cross-Docking Logistics

Another critical factor contributing to Walmart’s supply chain success is the utilization of its private trucking system and cross-docking logistics. By maintaining its own trucking fleet, Walmart gains greater control over transportation and delivery schedules, leading to improved efficiency and timely product replenishment. Furthermore, the adoption of cross-docking logistics techniques has enabled Walmart to minimize the need for intermediate storage, leading to reduced handling costs and faster product movement through the supply chain.

[Read More: The Ultimate Guide to Contract Logistics: What You Need to Know ]

Information Technologies Driving Efficiency

In Walmart’s journey towards becoming a global leader, information technologies have played a pivotal role in driving efficiency within the integrated Walmart supply chain. The retail giant has strategically adopted various IT initiatives to optimize its operations, enhance collaboration with suppliers, and achieve real-time inventory targeting. These technologies have contributed significantly to Walmart’s supply chain success, allowing them to maintain a competitive edge in the retail industry.

Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)

One of the key information technologies that have bolstered Walmart’s supply chain efficiency is the implementation of Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR). This system facilitates seamless communication and coordination between Walmart and its supply chain partners, including suppliers and distributors. By sharing real-time sales data and demand information, CPFR enables accurate forecasting and demand planning, minimizing information distortion, and promoting synchronized inventory replenishment. The CPFR program has been instrumental in enhancing overall supply chain visibility and efficiency, allowing Walmart to respond promptly to fluctuations in demand and supply, reducing stockouts, and optimizing inventory levels.

Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) and Its Benefits

Walmart’s adoption of Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) has been another critical information technology-driven initiative. Through VMI, Walmart empowers its suppliers to take on the responsibility of managing their inventory stored in Walmart’s warehouses. By granting suppliers access to real-time inventory data and sales information, Walmart facilitates efficient inventory tracking and replenishment. This hands-on approach by suppliers results in streamlined inventory management, reduced delays in replenishment, and lower stockouts. The VMI model has proved particularly advantageous for Walmart due to its vast product range and numerous suppliers, making inventory management complex and costly if managed solely by the retailer.

[Read More: Vendor Managed Inventory: A Comprehensive Guide ]

Leveraging RFID Technology for Real-Time Inventory Targeting

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology has been a game-changer in Walmart’s pursuit of real-time inventory targeting and enhanced supply chain visibility. By employing RFID tags on products, Walmart can track the movement of inventory throughout the supply chain in real-time. RFID enables accurate and automated inventory tracking, reducing the need for manual counting and minimizing errors in inventory management. The technology also provides crucial details, such as production time, location, and expiry dates of goods, allowing for efficient inventory targeting and better control over inventory turnover. RFID technology has been instrumental in Walmart’s cost reduction efforts, ensuring optimal stock levels while avoiding overstocking and unnecessary inventory holding costs.

Achieving Competitive Advantage through Strategy

Walmart’s competitive strategy: “everyday low prices” (edlp).

Walmart’s competitive advantage is deeply rooted in its strategic focus on offering “Everyday Low Prices” (EDLP) to its customers. The EDLP strategy revolves around providing high-quality products and services at the lowest possible prices, ensuring that customers can benefit from affordable prices every day. This approach sets Walmart apart from its competitors and has been instrumental in establishing the company as a dominant force in the retail industry.

Implementing the “Everyday Low Costs” (EDLC) Policy through Direct Procurement

To support its EDLP strategy, Walmart follows an “Everyday Low Costs” (EDLC) policy in its supply chain management. One of the key elements of the EDLC policy is the direct procurement of items from suppliers, eliminating intermediaries in the process. By procuring directly from manufacturers, Walmart can negotiate and understand their cost structure, enabling them to make informed purchasing decisions and obtain the best prices for their products.

Walmart’s emphasis on direct procurement is further bolstered by the use of technology and information systems. The company has implemented a central database, store-level point-of-sale systems, and a satellite network, along with barcodes and RFID technology as previously mentioned. These technologies allow Walmart to gather and analyze real-time store-level information, including sales data and external factors like weather forecasts, to enhance the accuracy of purchasing predictions. This integration of information technology helps Walmart optimize its procurement process and maintain low costs throughout the supply chain.

Utilizing Information Systems for Better Inventory Management

Effective inventory management is critical for Walmart to sustain its competitive advantage through the EDLP strategy. The company relies on information systems and information technology (IT) capabilities to control inventory levels efficiently. By capturing customers’ demand information, Walmart can identify popular products and stock them adequately, leading to an overall reduction in inventory.

One notable example of Walmart’s successful utilization of information systems is its collaboration with Procter & Gamble (P&G) through the Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) program. This program links all computers of P&G to Walmart’s stores and warehouses, allowing for efficient replenishment orders based on real-time inventory needs. Additionally, Walmart’s Retail Link , developed in the early 1990s, serves as another vital IT application for storing data, sharing it with vendors, and aiding in shipment routing assignments.

Challenges and Opportunities

Supplier cooperation and collaboration.

Walmart’s supply chain success can be attributed to its strong relationships with suppliers, but achieving and maintaining supplier cooperation and collaboration is not without challenges. Let’s explore the challenges and opportunities in this area:

Challenges in Obtaining Suppliers’ Cooperation

• Supplier Resistance to Direct Procurement: Walmart follows an “Everyday Low Costs” (EDLC) policy by directly procuring items from suppliers, eliminating intermediaries. However, some suppliers may be reluctant to cooperate with this approach as it can disrupt existing distribution channels and potentially reduce their bargaining power.
• Complex Supplier Networks: With thousands of suppliers across various product categories, managing diverse supplier networks can be challenging. Each supplier may have different production and delivery schedules, making coordination difficult.
• Balancing Profit Margins: As Walmart emphasizes low prices, maintaining a balance between cost savings and ensuring suppliers’ profitability can be a delicate task. Suppliers may resist pressure to reduce prices further to maintain their margins.

Opportunities for Enhanced Supplier Cooperation and Collaboration

• Establishing Transparent Communication Channels: Walmart can create transparent and open communication channels with its suppliers to foster better cooperation. Clear communication regarding demand forecasts, inventory levels, and potential disruptions can help suppliers plan their production and deliveries more efficiently.
• Supplier Incentive Programs: Introducing incentive programs that reward suppliers for meeting certain performance metrics, such as on-time delivery or cost reduction, can motivate suppliers to actively collaborate and improve their supply chain capabilities.
• Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR): Walmart can leverage technology, such as CPFR, to share real-time sales data and demand forecasts with its suppliers. This collaborative approach allows suppliers to align their production and inventory management with actual market demand, reducing the bullwhip effect and optimizing the supply chain.
• Sharing Inventory Visibility: Providing suppliers with access to inventory data, including stock levels and sales information, can help them plan production and deliveries more effectively. This visibility can prevent stockouts and overstocking issues.
• Long-term Partnerships: Building long-term strategic partnerships with key suppliers can create a sense of mutual commitment and trust. By assuring consistent business over an extended period, Walmart can foster stronger relationships and supplier loyalty.

[Read More: 3 Types of Supplier Segmentation Matrix You Can Use to Classify Suppliers ]

Importance of Collaboration to Enhance Supply Chain Efficiency

• Reducing Lead Times: Effective collaboration with suppliers can help shorten lead times by streamlining production and transportation processes. Faster lead times enables Walmart to respond quickly to changes in demand, reducing the risk of stockouts.
• Efficient Inventory Management: Collaborative efforts with suppliers enable better inventory planning and management. Suppliers can adjust production based on actual demand, reducing excess inventory and associated costs.
• Supply Chain Flexibility: Collaboration fosters agility and adaptability in the supply chain. When Walmart and its suppliers work together closely, they can quickly adjust to market changes, supply disruptions, or new opportunities.
• Cost Reduction: Improved supplier collaboration can lead to cost-saving opportunities. By eliminating unnecessary intermediaries and optimizing production and transportation, overall supply chain costs can be minimized.

The Incentives Alignment Issue

In any supply chain, maintaining a balance of profit margins among different parties is essential for efficient collaboration and sustained success. However, achieving incentives alignment can be challenging, and this issue is particularly relevant in the case of Walmart supply chain. Addressing misalignment of interests between Walmart and its suppliers is crucial for optimizing the overall performance of the supply chain and ensuring long-term success. The following points highlight the incentives alignment issue faced by Walmart:

1. Balancing Profit Margins Among Different Supply Chain Parties:

Walmart’s success is attributed to its ability to offer high-quality products and services at the lowest affordable prices. To achieve this, Walmart employs various cost-cutting strategies, such as direct procurement from suppliers and streamlined distribution practices. While these strategies help Walmart maintain competitive prices, they can create challenges for suppliers who may face pressure to lower their own profit margins to meet Walmart’s demands. This misalignment of profit margins can lead to strained relationships and potentially impact the overall efficiency of the supply chain.

2. Misalignment of Interests Between Walmart and Suppliers:

Walmart’s size and market dominance can lead to power imbalances in supplier relationships. Suppliers may feel compelled to comply with Walmart’s demands to maintain access to its large customer base. However, this can lead to situations where suppliers may not have enough leverage to negotiate favorable terms, impacting their own profitability. As a result, suppliers may be less inclined to invest in innovations or improvements that would benefit the supply chain as a whole.

3. Conflict Between Inventory Growth and Sales Growth:

Walmart faced inventory growth issues in the past, with the inventory growth rate outpacing the sales growth rate. This can be indicative of conflicting incentives between Walmart and its suppliers. Suppliers may prioritize producing and delivering more inventory to ensure they meet Walmart’s demands, even if the sales growth does not keep up with the increased inventory. This misalignment can lead to excess inventory, increased carrying costs, and potential stockouts.

4. The Need for a New Triple-A Supply Chain:

Addressing the incentives alignment issue requires a fundamental shift in the supply chain strategy. Lee (2004) proposed the concept of a new Triple-A supply chain for Walmart and other companies in the 21st century. The Triple-A supply chain emphasizes agility, adaptability, and alignment to create a sustainable competitive advantage. Achieving alignment among all participating parties is crucial to optimize supply chain performance and ensure that risks and rewards are distributed fairly.

The Triple-A Supply Chain Approach

In today’s competitive business landscape, companies like Walmart recognize that a successful supply chain is not just about having a fast and cost-effective system. To maintain a sustainable competitive advantage and address the challenges of the global economy, it is essential to redesign supply chains that incorporate agility, adaptability, and alignment. This section explores the concept of the Triple-A Supply Chain Approach, which emphasizes these three key qualities that an ideal supply chain should possess: agility, adaptability, and alignment of interests among all participating parties.

The Three Qualities of an Ideal Supply Chain

Agility for quick and cost-effective responses:.

Agility refers to a supply chain’s ability to respond quickly and cost-effectively to sudden changes in demand, supply, and external disruptions. In the fast-paced business environment, companies must be able to adapt swiftly to fluctuations in customer preferences, market conditions, and unforeseen events. For Walmart, agility has been a critical factor in maintaining its leadership position in the retail industry. The company’s investments in technology and supply chain optimization strategies have allowed them to optimize inventory levels and respond rapidly to changing customer demands, ensuring the availability of products while minimizing inventory costs.

Adaptability to Handle Changes in Demand and Supply:

Supply chains should be adaptable and flexible enough to handle variations in demand and supply patterns. Demand forecasts can be uncertain, and unexpected supply chain disruptions may occur, making adaptability a vital quality. Walmart’s focus on omnichannel and various fulfillment options, such as in-store pickup and ship from store, demonstrates their commitment to adaptability. By utilizing multiple channels, Walmart can cater to diverse customer preferences, ensuring an uninterrupted flow of products to meet demand.

Alignment of Interests among All Participating Parties:

One of the significant challenges in supply chain management is ensuring alignment of interests among all parties involved, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. Walmart’s scale and dominance in the retail market have allowed them to establish strong relationships with vendors, enabling strategic partnerships with vendors who can meet their high-volume demands. Additionally, Walmart’s adoption of Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) allows suppliers to manage their own inventory stored in Walmart’s warehouses. This collaboration aligns the incentives of suppliers and Walmart, streamlining inventory management and ensuring timely replenishment.

In conclusion, Walmart’s integrated supply chain has been a crucial factor in the company’s global dominance and sustained competitive advantage. By strategically investing in technology and optimizing its supply chain, Walmart has managed to maintain its position as the world’s largest retailer with over $572 billion in revenue in 2022.

Walmart’s success serves as a compelling example of the importance of a well-integrated supply chain in achieving and sustaining competitive advantage in the global market. As businesses continue to navigate the complexities of the 21st-century economy, building and enhancing supply chain capabilities will remain a critical aspect of ensuring sustainable growth and profitability. By prioritizing agility, adaptability, and alignment, companies can follow in Walmart’s footsteps and position themselves for continued success in the dynamic and ever-evolving global marketplace.

References:

• Lee H.L. (2004): The triple A supply chain. “Harvard Business Review”, Vol. 82, No. 10, pp. 102-112. 
• Nguyen T.T.H. (2017): Wal-Mart’s successfully integrated supply chain and the necessity of establishing the Triple-A supply chain in the 21st century. “Journal of Economics and Management”, Vol. 29(3), pp. 102-117

About the Author – Dr. Muddassir Ahmed

Dr. Muddassir Ahmed is the Founder & CEO of SCMDOJO. He is a global speaker , vlogger , and supply chain industry expert with 19 years of experience in the Manufacturing Industry in the UK, Europe, the Middle East, and South East Asia in various Supply Chain leadership roles. Dr. Muddassir has received a PhD in Management Science from Lancaster University Management School. Muddassir is a Six Sigma black belt and has founded the leading supply chain platform SCMDOJO to enable supply chain professionals and supply chain teams to thrive by providing best-in-class knowledge content, tools, and access to experts. You can follow him on  LinkedIn ,  Facebook ,  Twitter  or  Instagram.

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Professionals in supply chain management use various methods to determine how to improve the performance of supply chain operations. Analysis of case study is certainly one of the most popular methods for people from business management background. In order to accelerate the learning, this article has gathered 20+ most sought-after supply chain case studies, analyzed/categorized them by industry and the findings are presented.

Boeing wants to encourage more flight frequency and direct route using a smaller capacity aircraft. Then they decide to outsource many things such as the design, testing and production of key components to key industrial partners and try to reduce number of components that go to assembly. The ultimate goal is to finish the final production process within 3 days. Airbus takes a bit different marketing approach. They want to utilize high capacity airplane to help airlines drive the operating cost down. They decide to selectively outsource the production of parts and keep the design and production of key components in-house.

Supply Chain of fashion industry involves a time based competition. Many customers have the unique product needs but a competition is very fierce because of the low barriers of entry. Many new players try to offer specialized products to customers all the time. This section features the supply chain case studies of H&M, Benetton, Zara and Adidas. –  H&M  aims to be the price leader in the fashion market.In order to materialize its vision, H&M tries to eliminate the middlemen in various stages of supply chain and consolidate the buying volumes. Product design is also the central part of its strategies. They don’t try to follow the high fashion designs but try to adopt the street trends which are easier to produce. At the end of the day, they can bring products to market within 2-3 weeks. –  Benetton , in contrast, chooses to have a full control of its production but allow its licensees to operate the stores so they can focus on production and quality control. The reason is that they would like to create the worldwide brand awareness. For fast moving products, they use the production facilities in Europe. Asian suppliers will perform production for standardized products. –  Zara  is very famous for its time based strategy. In order to launch a new product within 15 days, Zara uses a small lot production. A new product will be tested in pilot stores. If product sales is good, a larger batch will be ordered. Otherwise, remaining products will be removed from the shelves and sold as mark-down in other stores. This creates the perception among consumers that Zara’s products are unique and you have to take it while stock lasts. Vertical integration contributes to the success of Zara, they own the majority of its production facilities and stores (this is the reason why Quick Response can be effectively implemented). Its automated distribution centers are strategically located between the center of populations so products are delivered to stores quickly. Zara also works with Air France, KLM Cargo and Emirates Air in order that they can coordinate directly with the airlines to make the outbound shipments to its stores and bring back some raw materials and semi-finished materials with return legs. The last supply chain case study in the fashion retailing industry is  Adidas . In order to cope with changing customers’ demand, they decide to undertake Mass Customization strategy. The whole idea is to develop, market and deliver the product variety that most customers will find what they want. The first steps towards mass customization is to strategically offer the product choices. Too few variations will disappoint a customer but too many variations will simply postpone a buying decision. After that, Adidas asks the same key suppliers to produce custom components in order to achieve the economy of scale. In order to compensate a long waiting time, Adidas uses air freight or courier service. The reason why they can do this is that customized products are sold directly to customers so they have the higher profit margin to compensate the higher transportation cost. Supply chain strategy of the fashion retailing industry is summarized as below,

FMCG industry is typically the products sold to customers at a low cost and will be completely consumed within 1 year. The nature of this industry is the short product life cycle, low profit margin, high competition and demand fluctuation. This section will present the case studies of P&G, Unilever and Coca-Cola respectively. Forecasting and new product introduction has always been the issues for many FMCG companies,  P&G  is no exception. To cope with this, P&G conducts a merchandise testing at the pilot stores to determine the customer’s response to new product before the launch. The result is that the forecast accuracy is improved because a demand planner has an additional source data to make a better decision. Moreover, products can be shipped to stores in-time then lost sales is minimal. –  Unilever  also feels that the competition in FMCG industry has significantly increased. They have to launch the new products on regular basis but the forecasting of new product is difficult. So they create a better classification of new products (base, relaunch, repack, new) using a regression model to identify potential forecast errors for each type of new product. –  Coca-Cola  doesn’t really have many stock keep units when compared with other companies in the same industry. However, products go to over 2.4 million delivery points through over 430 distribution centers. Managing transportation at this scale is the absolute challenge. In order to streamline the delivery, Coca-Cola implemented a vehicle routing software. The reason is that is the software vendor has a very good relationship with Coca-Cola’s legacy ERP software vendor. Moreover, the vendor has a solid connection with the university who can help to develop the algorithm that fits in with the business’ needs. The result is that transportation planners at each distribution center can use the new tool to reduce travelling time/distance on daily basis.

Lean manufacturing concept has been implemented widely in the automotive industry so the case studies about lean manufacturing is very readily available. Due to the increasing competition in the automobile industry, car manufacturers have to launch a new model to the market more frequently. This section will show you how BMW manages a long term planning, how Ford applies lean concept to the new product development and how Hyundai manages the production planning and control. –  BMW  uses a 12-year planning horizon and divides it into an annual period. After that, they will make an annual sales forecast for the whole planning horizon. After the demand is obtained, they divide sales into 8 market and then select the appropriate production sites for each market, considering overall capacity constraints and total cost. As you may notice, this kind of a long range planning has to be done strategically. –  Ford  calls its product development system as “work streams” which include the body development, engine development, prototyping and launch process . The cross-functional team are the experts and their roles are to identify key processes, people, technology necessary for the development of new prototype. Each work stream team is responsible to develop timeline of each process. Detailed plan is usually presented on A3 sized paper. They clearly identifying current issues they are facing with supporting data, drawings and pictures. On weekly basis, they organize a big group meeting of all work stream team to discuss the coordination issues. –  Hyundai  deploys a centralized planning system covering both production and sales activities across the facilities and functional areas. They develop a 6-month master production plan and a weekly and a daily production schedule for each month in advance. During a short term planning (less than one month), they pay much attention to the coordination between purchasing, production and sales. Providing a long term planning data to its suppliers help to stabilize production of its part makers a lot.

Life cycle of technology products is getting shorter and shorter every day. Unlike FMCG, the launch of a new product in the hi-tech industry requires the investment in research and development quite extensively. Then, a poor planning will result in a massive loss. This section will cover JIT and outsourcing by Apple Inc, Supply Chain Risk Management by Cisco System, Technology Roadmap by Intel, Supply Chain Network Model by HP, Mass Customization by Dell and Quality Management by Sam Sung. Steve Jobs invited the Tim Cook to help to improve  Apple’s Supply Chain  in 1998. Jobs told Cook that he visited many manufacturing companies in Japan and he would like Cook to implement the JIT system for Apple. Jobs believed that Apple’ supply chain was too complex then both of them reduced the number of product availability and created 4 products segment, reduced on hand inventory and moved the assembling activities to Asia so they could focus on developing the breathtaking products that people wanted to buy. –  Cisco Systems  would like to be the brand of customer choice so they implement a very comprehensive supply chain risk management program by applying basic risk mitigation strategies, establishing appropriate metrics, monitoring potential supply chain disruptions on 24/7 basis and activate an incident management team when the level of disruption is significant. –  Intel ‘s new product development is done by the process called Technology Roadmap. Basically, it’s the shared expectations among Intel, its customers and suppliers for the future product lineup. The first step to prepare the roadmap is to identify the expectations among semiconductor companies and suppliers. Then they identify key technological requirements needed to fulfill the expectations. The final step is to propose the plan to a final meeting to discuss about the feasibility of project. Some concerning parties such as downstream firms may try to alter some aspects of the roadmap. Technology Roadmap allows Intel to share its vision to its ecosystem and to utilize new technology from its suppliers. –  HP ‘s case study is pretty unique. They face with a basic question, where to produce, localize and distribute products. Its simple supply chain network model is presented below,

From this example, only 3 possible locations result in 5 different way to design the supply chain. In reality, HP has more production facilities than the example above so there are so many scenarios to work with. How should HP decide which kind of a supply chain network configuration they should take to reduce cost and increase service to customer? The answer is that they use the multi-echelon inventory model to solve the problem. –  Dell  is one of the classic supply chain case studies of all time. Many industries try to imitate Dell’s success. The key ingredients of Dell’s supply chain are the partnership with suppliers, part modularity, vendor managed inventory program, demand management and mass customization. Also, you can find the simplified process map of Dell’s order-to-cash process as below,

–  Sam Sung  has proven to be the force to be reckoned with in the hi-tech industry. The secret behind its supply chain success is the use of Six Sigma approach. They studied how General Electric (GE), DuPont and Honeywell implemented six sigma. After that, they have created their own implementation methodology called DMAEV (define, measure, analyze, enable, verify). They use the global level KPI to ensure that each player in the same supply chain is measured the same way. Also, they utilize SCOR Model as the standard process. Any process changes will be reflected through an advance planning system (APS).

The last industry covered here is the general merchandise retailing industry. The critical success factor of this industry is to understand the drivers of consumer demand. Four case studies will be presented, namely, 7-11, Tesco, Walmart, Amazon and Zappos. –  7/11  is another popular case study in supply chain management. The integration of information technology between stores and its distribution centers play the important role. Since the size of 7/11 store is pretty small, it’s crucial that a store manager knows what kind of products should be displayed on shelves to maximize the revenue. This is achieved through the monitoring of sales data every morning. Sales data enables the company to create the right product mix and the new products on regular basis. 7/11 also uses something called combined delivery system aka cross docking. The products are categorized by the temperature (frozen, chilled, room temperature and warm foods). Each truck routes to multiple stores during off-peak time to avoid the traffic congestion and reduce the problems with loading/unloading at stores. –  Tesco  is one of the prominent retail stores  in Europe. Since UK is relatively small when compared with the United States, centralized control of distribution operations and warehouse makes it easier to manage. They use the bigger trucks (with special compartments for multi-temperature products) and make a less frequent delivery to reduce transportation cost. Definitely, they use a computerized systems and electronic data interchange to connect the stores and the central processing system. –  Wal-Mart ‘s “Every Day Low Prices” is the strategy mentioned in many textbooks. The idea is to try not to make the promotions that make the demand plunges and surges aka bullwhip effect. Wal-Mart has less than 100 distribution centers in total and each one serves a particular market. To make a decision about new DC location, Walmart uses 2 main factors, namely, the demand in the proposed DC area and the outbound logistics cost from DC to stores. Cost of inbound logistics is not taken into account. There are 3 types of the replenishment process in Wal-Mart supply chain network as below,

In contrary to general belief, Wal-mart doesn’t use cross-docking that often. About 20% of orders are direct-to-store (for example, dog food products). Another 80% of orders are handled by both warehouse and cross dock system. Wal-Mart has one of the largest private fleet in the United States. The delivery is made 50% by common carriers and 50% by private fleet. Private fleet is used to perform the backhauls (picks up cargoes from vendors to replenish DCs + sends returned products to vendors). Short-hauls (less than one working day drive) is also done by the a private fleet. For long-hauls, the common carriers will be used. There are 2 main information system deployed by Wal-Mart. “Retail Link” is the communication system developed in-house to store data, share data and help with the shipment routing assignments. Another system is called “Inforem” for the automation of a replenishment process. Inforem was originally developed by IBM and has been modified extensively by Wal-Mart. Inforem uses various factors such as POS data, current stock level and so on to suggest the order quantity many times a week. Level of collaboration between Wal-Mart and vendors is different from one vendor to the other. Some vendors can participate in VMI program but the level of information sharing is also different. VMI program at Wal-Mart is not 100% on consignment basis. –  Amazon  has a very grand business strategy to “ offer customers low prices, convenience, and a wide selection of merchandise “. Due to the lack of actual store front, the locations of warehouse facilities are strategically important to the company. Amazon makes a facility locations decision based on the distance to demand areas and tax implications. With 170 million items of physical products in the virtual stores, the back end of order processing and fulfillment is a bit complicated. Anyway, a simplified version of the order-to-cash process are illustrated as below,

Upon receipt of the orders, Amazon assign the orders to an appropriate DC with the lowest outbound logistics cost. In Amazon’s warehouse, there are 5 types of storage areas. Library Prime Storage is the area dedicated for book/magazine. Case Flow Prime Storage is for the products with a broken case and high demand. Pallet Prime Storage is for the products with a full case and high demand. Random Storage is for the smaller items with a moderate demand and Reserve Storage will be used for the low demand/irregular shaped products. Amazon uses an propitiatory warehouse management system to make the putaway decision and order picking decision. After the orders are picked and packed, Amazon ships the orders using common carriers so they can obtain the economy of scale. Orders will arrive at UPS facility near a delivery point and UPS will perform the last mile delivery to customers. Amazon is known to use Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) to handle the sales forecast. Anyway, this must be S&OP process at product family/category level. To compete with other online retailers,  Zappos  pays much attention to the way they provide the services to customers. In stead of focusing on the call center productivity, Zappos encourages its staff to spend times over the phone with customers as long as they can so they can fully understand the customer’s requirements. They also upgrade the delivery from 3 days to 1 day delivery in order to exceed customer expectation.

All case study demonstrates that supply chain management is truly the strategic initiatives, not merely a cost cutting technique. Leading companies have a very strong customer focus because almost all of initiatives are something to fill the needs of customers. Relationship management is the unsung hero in supply chain management. It’s the prerequisite to the success of every supply chain. And at the end of the day, it comes down to the quality of supply chain people who analyze, improve and control supply chain operations. – See more at: http://www.supplychainopz.com/2014/04/supply-chain-management-case-study.html#sthash.MrnrGsyY.dpuf

Supply Chain Minded is a very active and fast growing online community in Supply Chain for Planning, Sourcing, Manufacturing, Delivery and Reverse Logistics professionals. The Supply Chain Minded community aims to inform and connect professionals active in Supply Chain, Purchasing, Manufacturing, Warehousing, Transport, Distribution; Reverse Logistics, Service Logistics, Lean & Six Sigma, 3PL.

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During the last decade, a cascading series of unpredictable events—including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, catastrophic storms, disease outbreaks and armed conflicts—has exposed deep fragilities in global supply chains. These events served as initial alarm bells for much greater challenges to come.

Intricately woven supply chains were built on concepts such as just-in-time manufacturing and designed to reduce labor and operating costs. Over the years, companies relentlessly optimized their supply chains to serve markets with relatively predictable supply and demand patterns. However, recent and unprecedented events have shown how these choices have created inflexible supply chains that are brittle under stress.

Breaking a single link in a globalized supply chain can have a ripple effect, impacting customers thousands of miles away from the point of disruption. “Supply chain issues” has become a catchphrase for economic dislocation.

“In recent years, supply chain has gone from the background, something people did not think about, to a boardroom-level topic,” says Rob Cushman, Senior Partner, IBM Supply Chain Transformation. “It’s a concept that people have had very painful personal experiences with. And that’s why thinking about supply chain is pivoting from cost to being about resilience and agility, and ultimately driving growth.”

Cost savings

By deploying a cognitive supply chain, IBM reduced supply chain costs by USD 160 million   and built in more resilience and agility

100% order fulfillment 

Even during the peak of the covid-19 pandemic, IBM maintained a 100% order fulfillment rate of its products to clients

The worldwide reach, size and complexity of its supply chain organization represented a significant challenge as IBM began exploring transformation strategies for delivering a differentiated customer experience to promote customer loyalty and growth. IBM employs supply chain staff in 40 countries and makes hundreds of thousands of customer deliveries and service calls in over 170 nations. IBM also collaborates with hundreds of suppliers across its multi-tier global network to build highly configurable and customized products to customer specifications.

Previously, the IBM supply chain ran on legacy systems spread across different organizational silos, making information sharing slow and incomplete. Employees also performed much of their work on spreadsheets, which impeded collaboration and real-time data transparency.

However, at the same time the IBM supply chain was re-thinking business processes and transforming its technology platforms, IBM was making major strides in AI, cloud, data fabric, IoT, edge computing and other tools. “We saw the advances IBM was making in all these new technologies,” says Ron Castro, Vice President of IBM Supply Chain. “So, we asked, ‘Why not leverage our own technology to move our own supply chain forward?’”

“The principle behind why we embarked on this journey was to answer the question, ‘How can we best react to disruptions to manage resiliency and our client experience?’” says Castro. “We needed to identify disruptions quickly, analyze the data, get insights and decide on the best course of action.”

IBM supply chain management set out a bold vision to build its first cognitive supply chain. The aim was to have an agile supply chain that extensively uses data and AI to lower costs, exceed customer expectations, ruthlessly eliminate or automate non-value add work and exponentially improve the experience of supply chain colleagues.

IBM Consulting® was brought in at the beginning to help develop the processes required to drive the transformation. “We consider ourselves ‘Client Zero’ for IBM Consulting,” says Debbie Powell, IBM Digital Supply Chain Transformation Leader. “We have the technology to do what we need to do. It’s the culture and the processes where change was needed. We also realized that a lot of our knowledge was tribal and often depended on one person. We needed to digitize and democratize knowledge to support decision-making throughout the organization.”

IBM Consulting helped the IBM supply chain team use Design Thinking methods to plan its digital transformation and move from sequential to continuous planning. “We put a lot of effort into agility and a cultural shift to empower people and adjust workflows in a controlled way,” says Matthias Gräfe, Director of IBM Supply Chain Transformation. “We went from a top-down approach to identifying personas from the bottom up, the people that actually make the decisions.”

“Successful digital transformation required us to challenge traditional ways of working that were held sacred for decades and win the hearts and minds of supply chain colleagues for change to stick,” says Takshay Aggarwal, Partner, IBM Supply Chain Transformation.

At a high level, the IBM supply chain digital transformation revolves around building sense-and-respond capabilities. This was accomplished by democratizing data and automating and augmenting decisions achieved by combining cognitive control tower, cognitive advisor, demand-supply planning and risk-resilience solutions. “We view the cognitive control tower as the single source of truth where you have access to all the data and it helps advise the best course of action,” says Castro. “It also helps gather insights from the information quickly across the end-to-end supply chain.”

The cognitive control tower is powered by the  IBM® Cognitive Supply Chain Advisor 360  Solution, which runs on  IBM Hybrid Cloud  and on  Red Hat® OpenShift® on IBM Cloud  software. Cognitive Advisor 360 enables real-time, intelligent supply chain visibility and transparency. It also senses and responds to changes in demand as they happen and simplifies the automation of supplier management.

The system uses IBM Watson® technology to enable natural language queries and responses, which accelerates the speed of decision-making and offers more options to correct issues. “I can ask—in natural language—about part shortages, order impacts, risks to revenues and trade-offs,” says Cushman. “There’s a button that recommends actions to solve issues — that’s what Watson does. It’s augmented intelligence so we empower people with better information to make data-driven decisions very quickly.”

“With the cognitive supply chain, we have the benefit of bringing in all these data from legacy systems and internal and external sources, as well as unstructured data, to apply advanced analytics and different elements of AI,” says Castro. “And since the system responds to natural language, think about the power of being able to extract data and get insights and recommendations without having to be an expert in a legacy system or an ERP platform.”

The IBM cognitive supply chain technology architecture also includes  IBM Edge Application Manager ,  IBM Maximo® Visual Inspection  and  IBM Track and Trace IoT —an integrated stack of solutions that connect data end-to-end across the supply chain. “Our procurement, planning, manufacturing and logistics data are connecting in close to real time,” says Cushman. “That’s how we can share inbound information from suppliers, manufacturing status updates with our external manufacturing partners and delivery information with our customers.”

“We’ve added demand sensing, so that the solution pulses the market for changes in demand, predicting the future. We’ve also embedded a cloud-based risk management tool called Resilinc into our procurement and inbound parts management process,” says Cushman. “It essentially uses AI to crawl the web and if there is a disruption, we can take action quickly to secure a second supply source.”

On a minute-by-minute basis, one of the biggest advantages of IBM’s cognitive supply chain is that it provides employees with immediate access to the information they need to read and mitigate disruptions. “There is unbelievable power that comes from taking lots of disparate data and putting it where people can see and understand it,” says Cushman.

“The real-time, single-view of the truth increases the velocity of decisions and leverages rapid response,” says Castro. “It helps us develop ‘what-if’ scenario analysis from a planning perspective all the way through to the execution team and suppliers.”

In fast-moving, real-world situations, quick, informed decisions provide a competitive advantage. “In the past, a major disruption—such as the closing of a major airport—would take days for us to understand the immediate impacts. With our current solution, we have ‘what-if’ capability that brings this analysis down to minutes,” says Powell. “In a supply constrained environment, whoever gets the information first wins.”

Since its cognitive supply chain became operational, IBM has saved USD 160 million related to reduced inventory costs, optimized shipping costs, better decision-making and time savings. “When mitigating a part shortage, it used to take four to six hours per part number,” says Powell. “We’ve brought that down to minutes and made further improvements to seconds.”

“Where’s my stuff?” is a common question in the supply chain industry. Finding an answer can entail hours of phone calls, emails and ERP queries across different geographies. “We’ve built a solution where you can log in and enter an order and you’ll have an answer in about 17 seconds,” says Cushman. “That was an enormous pivot and a powerful change in how we do business.”

By using its cognitive supply chain platform, the IBM supply chain team is also able to create new capabilities much faster. “Years ago, when we started this journey, we needed a long, looping roadmap with one or two years required for major capability upgrades,” says Castro. “With this digital enterprise, we now have teams that complete deployments in two or three weeks. We’ve moved to much more agile development.”

Despite dislocations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, IBM fulfilled 100% of its orders by using its cognitive supply chain to quickly re-source and re-route parts as necessary. “During the last two years, the IBM supply chain did not fall behind. We met our commitments. Everyone else was screaming supply chain issues and we’re shipping products,” says Daniel Thomas, IBM Business Optimization Manager and Chief of Staff. “We delivered on our promises during the height of the disruptive era we live in.”

“Guaranteed supply is important, but many of our clients are also looking for predictability of supply,” says Castro. “The tools we have now help us address both issues. They enable us to manage the demand side to meet the right client expectations.”

“We have a responsibility to inspire younger supply chain leaders who will keep the IBM supply chain at the cutting edge and beyond for years to come,” says Aggarwal. “People entering the work force today have different experiences than previous generations. They are digital natives and expect a consumer-grade experience when managing their work. As we embarked on our journey, we actively engaged them in designing workflows and digital capabilities. There were trials and tribulations and we had multiple failures in design and rollout. Architecting the cognitive supply chain, and learning from failures and successes, made our young leaders champions of the cognitive supply chain and constant innovators of new capabilities.”

“IBM is the only global services company with its own multibillion-dollar supply chain, and we’ve transformed it into a data-driven architecture to drive our business. There’s a richness of experience that we bring to client conversations because we’ve done this work for ourselves,” says Cushman. “It’s all about how a supply chain delivers a differentiated customer experience to enable stickiness and growth.”

“The collaboration between IBM Systems and IBM Consulting teams to transform our own business and demonstrate the power of exponential technologies in supply chain has been one of our finest moments as a company,” says Cushman. “We look forward to sharing our real-world experience and learnings with our worldwide community of customers, partners and clients.”

IBM is an information technology company based in Armonk, New York. Founded in 1911, the company offers hardware, software and services in cloud computing, AI, commerce, data and analytics, IoT, mobile and cybersecurity, as well as business resiliency, strategy and design solutions. IBM has a global workforce of more than 280,000 employees serving clients in over 175 countries through IBM Consulting, IBM Software and IBM Infrastructure.

To learn more about the IBM solutions featured in this story, please contact your IBM representative or IBM Business Partner.

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Produced in the United States of America, July 2022.

IBM, the IBM logo, ibm.com, IBM Consulting, IBM Watson and Maximo are trademarks of International Business Machines Corp., registered in many jurisdictions worldwide. Other product and service names might be trademarks of IBM or other companies. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the web at  ibm.com/legal/copyright-trademark .

Red Hat®, JBoss®, OpenShift®, Fedora®, Hibernate®, Ansible®, CloudForms®, RHCA®, RHCE®, RHCSA®, Ceph®, and Gluster® are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.

This document is current as of the initial date of publication and may be changed by IBM at any time. Not all offerings are available in every country in which IBM operates.

The performance data and client examples cited are presented for illustrative purposes only. Actual performance results may vary depending on specific configurations and operating conditions. THE INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND ANY WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF NON-INFRINGEMENT. IBM products are warranted according to the terms and conditions of the agreements under which they are provided.

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Book description

30 up-to-date case studies illuminate every aspect of modern supply chain management

• Risk management, analytics, global supply chain issues, and much more

• Innovative processes, technologies, strategies, and tactics

• An indispensable resource for both students and practitioners

This casebook brings together 30 focused cases addressing virtually every aspect of supply chain management, from procurement to warehousing, strategy to risk management, IT to supplier selection and ethics. A global team of contributors presents key challenges in industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to fashion and previews issues ranging from the “limits of lean” to the potential of 3-D printing.

Cases vary in length and complexity, offering maximum flexibility to both instructors and readers; a convenient table provides fast access to specific topics. Qualitative cases are supported by relevant discussion questions and sample responses;  quantitative cases are supported by completed numerical solutions, and, where applicable, associated spreadsheets.

Table of contents

• About This eBook
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Acknowledgments
• About the Author
• Objectives of the Book
• Organization of the Book
• Salvation Army: Origins and Purpose
• United States Southern Territory and Salvation Army–Dallas ARC
• Discussion Questions
• Products and Markets
• Vertically Integrated Supply Chain
• The Manufacturing Process
• Investment in Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)
• Stanford Blood Center: “Give Blood for Life”2
• A Snapshot of the SBC-SUMC Supply Chain in 2006
• Company Background
• Financial Risk Management Background
• The Automobile Industry in China
• Toyota China’s Production Planning and Demand Management
• The Company
• BESSI Leather Goods
• The Central Role of Planning
• The Challenge
• Appendix 7-1 Gantt Chart of the Fashion Product Collection Definition (from Grid Definition to Start of Production)
• Appendix 7-2 Fashion Product Collection Definitions
• Appendix 7-3 Demand Forecasting Process
• Case 9. Multi-Echelon Inventory Decisions at Jefferson Plumbing Supplies: To Store or Not to Store?
• Introduction
• The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
• The Indian Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
• Upstream Supply Chain for High-Range Cements
• Appendix 13-1: Baseline Data and Three Solutions Offered by UPS
• Organization Background
• Organizational Structure and Facility Layout
• Operations Management

Supply Chain Management

• Two Different Perspectives
• Overview of Fair Trade
• The Fair Trade Supply Chain
• Criticism of Fair Trade
• Starbuck’s Fair Trade Policy
• Company Overview
• The Rebranding Process
• Background for the Cooperative and the Industry
• Transaction Costs Approach
• COAPEL Supply Chain
• Process Reforms
• Organizational Operations
• Case 24-1: Helmets
• Case 24-2: Puffs
• Case 24-3: Sirop
• Case 24-4: Blower
• Jacket’s Decisions
• The Meeting
• Plant Visit
• Bangalore: City Statistics1
• Collection of Waste
• Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
• About the Company
• The Power Sector in India
• Cloud Computing
• Supply Chain Structure of CEL
• Appendix 27-1: CEL’s Balance of Plants Business in the Power Sector
• Appendix 27-2: Trends in Installed Generating Capacity of Electricity Nonutilities in India from 1970–71 to 2010–11
• Appendix 27-3: Business Process of CEL Sourcing
• Spare Parts Supply Chain Management at IGNYS Automotive
• Industry Background
• Introduction of the Case Companies
• Search for an International Partner
• Joint Business Development and Complementary Service Offering
• Joint Project Illustrations
• Mutual Benefits from International Logistics Partnership
• Classification of Risks
• General Supply Chain Resilience Model
• European Case Study
• Appendix 30-1
• Financial Times Press

Product information

• Title: The Supply Chain Management Casebook: Comprehensive Coverage and Best Practices in SCM
• Author(s): Chuck Munson
• Release date: June 2013
• Publisher(s): Pearson
• ISBN: 9780133367300

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Powering up resilience to mitigate supply chain disruption

When supply chain disruptions strike, grocery shelves go empty. Here’s how one company’s new system is keeping them full.

• Call for Change
• When Tech Meets Human Ingenuity
• A Valuable Difference
• Related Capabilities

Call for change

One of the world’s largest food and beverage companies has hundreds of brands under its belt. But amid global supply chain disruption , labor shortages and pandemic-fueled shifts in consumer demand, getting those products onto store shelves was becoming more difficult.

The company’s service level, measured by Case Fill Rate (CFR), was only reaching about 84%—some 11-12 percentage points below pre-pandemic performance. So, for example, a retailer looking to stock 100 bottles of a product may only receive 84 at the expected time of delivery.

With orders delayed or incomplete and shelves empty or understocked, the company was concerned about losing market share—and the trust of consumers. The company needed to rethink how it could effectively and efficiently handle supply chain management. So the company turned to Accenture to help identify the heart of the issue and collaborate on potential solutions.

When tech meets human ingenuity

Accenture helped the company build a roadmap to a more resilient system. They implemented a  control tower  to provide visibility across all operations. A new Sales and Operations Execution (S&OE) team was tapped to handle short-term issues so the supply chain planning team could focus on long-term strategy.

The teams found ways to make existing tools and data more useful and responsive, while adding new processes and governance to fill in the gaps. By connecting existing analytics dashboards to an ERP system and other data sources, the S&OE team could create predictive reports. By adding proactive alerts that addressed potential issues up to six weeks out, they could also make short-term adjustments to save valuable time and effort—and to actively plan for disruptions.

Supply chain control tower – visibility to value

Learn how you can make your supply chain networks more customer-centric, sustainable and agile

A valuable difference

With end-to-end visibility, more efficient organization and a set of new routines and best practices to connect disparate teams, supply chain network issues are now much more manageable. The results are evident in the numbers: The company saw its case fill rate pass 90%—a level it had not achieved in more than two years. Soon, it was finishing its month with record volumes. 

The greater resiliency built into the new system means the company is prepared for what’s ahead and can react more efficiently to future supply chain disruption. In reimagining its operations, the company is orchestrating the change it needs to deliver customers what they expect. Now, retailers are more likely to get the products they want, when they want them—keeping shelves full and consumers happy.

Meet our lead

Gabriel Montoya

Related capabilities, supply chain & operations.

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Consumer goods & services

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• Inventory Management Software
• Forecasting
• Sustainability
• Supply Chain Visibility

Thoughts. Selecting Supply Chain Software

Supply Chain Shaman

APRIL 29, 2024

I find that most companies’ understanding of supply chain planning is immature, and that next week, at the Gartner Supply Chain Summit in Orlando, that many will don their Mickey ears to discuss what I consider outdated supply chain planning models. Buying supply chain planning software is hard.

L’Oréal: A Case Study in Supply Chain Excellence

OCTOBER 5, 2018

At the Supply Chain Global Summit 2018 , Francois discussed the impact of digitalization, Industry 4.0, and L’Oréal’s approach to business that has allowed the company to continuously rank as a Supply Chains to Admire winner for four consecutive years. Supply Chains to Admire Methodology.

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• How To Set Up Innovation So That It Aligns With And Enables Corporate Strategy
• How To Align Product Management And Supply Chain Operations For Successful Product Launches

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Logistics Viewpoints

The Logistics of Logistics

SCM Research

• Techgistics
• The Network Effect
• Enterra Insights

We Should Not AI Stupid

SEPTEMBER 22, 2024

He shared that he worked for a freight forwarder providing supply chain planning services for a major retailer. In his speech, he shared a case study on improving logistics costs in the face of variability through advancements in AI. I feel that supply chain processes are analogous. I am no spring chicken.

Supply Chain Case Study: the Executive's Guide

Supply Chain Opz

JUNE 1, 2014

Professionals in supply chain management use various methods to identify best practices to improve the operations. Analysis of case study is certainly one of the most popular methods for people from business management background. Supply Chain of fashion industry involves a time based competition.

Hot Off the Grill: Optimizing Summer Supply Chains for Seasonal Staples

Speaker: Glenn Koepke and Steve Rotter

This webinar – coming to you from Glenn’s own backyard – discusses the importance of supply chain visibility for seasonal shipping, new product promotions, and holiday ramping in the F&B and retail industries while providing sizzling secrets to creating the juiciest meats for your barbecue.

Case Study: Ewellix

Procurement Academy

MARCH 2, 2023

Competencies included risk management, supplier relationship management, contract management, negotiation, and strategy . The solution After an in-depth review, Skill Dynamics and its technology became the clear partner to help Ewellix achieve their objectives for both the procurement and supply chain teams.

Case Study: NXP Semiconductors

OCTOBER 18, 2023

The challenge Following the appointment of NXP’s Chief Procurement Officer, Jeff Wincel , a new global strategy was implemented that included a pillar dedicated to ‘people and success’. The post Case Study : NXP Semiconductors appeared first on Skill Dynamics. 93% felt the training was relevant to their jobs.

Judging Supply Chain Improvement: Campbell Soup Case Study

AUGUST 11, 2014

Over the course of the last two years, we at Supply Chain Insight s have worked on a methodology to gauge supply chain improvement. We named it the Supply Chain Index. We have found that supply chain metrics are gnarly and complicated.During Background on the Supply Chain Index.

Make Room for Leadership to Drive S&OP

MAY 13, 2024

If you have walked in the shoes of the supply chain leader, you are probably laughing by now. When a supply chain leader opens a discussion with, “I am leading an initiative for digital transformation”, I know I am in trouble. One of my favorite case studies was Campbells in 2014.

The Perfect Delivery: 6 Key Challenges and How to Overcome Them

Speaker: Tim McLean, Managing Director, TXM Lean Solutions

Over the past decade as supply chains have become more complex and customers more demanding, meeting this simple requirement has become harder and harder. So why do supply chains fail to deliver? How to overcome those reasons in your supply chain to achieve perfect delivery.

Navigating the Climate Crisis in Apple’s Global Supply Chain

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

This article, entitled Apple’s Supply Chain Is on a Collision Course With Climate Change , argues that Apple’s supply chain faces major risks from the climate crisis. I believe it would make a great case study for business school classes, using the following questions: 1.

Machine Learning in Supply Chain: Definition, Uses, Case Studies

APRIL 4, 2023

Machine learning is changing nearly every aspect of the supply chain and how we deliver goods to customers. In this article, we explore the potential of machine learning in supply chain management and the different types and uses of the technology. How is machine learning used in supply chain management?

AI in the Retail Industry: Benefits, Case Studies & Examples

MARCH 27, 2024

The Evolution of Retail Supply Chain & Logistics: A Pre-AI Overview In the pre-AI era, the retail sector was markedly different, especially since the traditional supply chain and logistics models were largely driven by manual labor. How is AI Revolutionizing Retail Supply Chains ?

Importance of Digitalisation to Improve Supply Chains: Helping Businesses Navigate Through Supply Chain Disruptions

The Logistics & Supply Chain Management Society

AUGUST 19, 2022

Importance of Digitalisation to Improve Supply Chains : Helping Businesses Navigate Through Supply Chain Disruptions. is adopted in more and more industries and companies, the supply chain industry is starting to implement these disruptive technologies to adapt to the ongoing challenges and obstacles.

AI in the Food Industry: Case Studies, Challenges & Future Trends

MARCH 28, 2024

Whether it is optimizing supply chains to reduce waste or adopting smart agriculture practices to improve yield, AI impacts efficiency, personalization and sustainability. Supply Chain Administration Supply chains are the backbone of the food industry. billion in 2024.

Redesign to Improve Value: A Case Study of a Supply Chain Leader

JUNE 21, 2014

This week, I will speak at Llamasoft’s conference on improving supply chain network design. One of the reports that I am writing is on the state of Supply Chain Planning (SCP). In the recent study of the Voice of the Supply Chain Leader , we find that the gaps are large, and growing.

High Performance Inventory: The Supply Chain Differentiator

SEPTEMBER 13, 2023

It’s the typical supply chain refrain. Forward-looking supply chain professionals understand that inventory is not an end in itself; it’s a means – to enhanced customer service, increased profitability, and greater efficiency. Disruption lingers, consumer trends change, lead times stretch.

The Critical Path: Navigating Supply Chain Efficiency in the Oil Industry

JUNE 27, 2024

In an era where efficiency equates to competitive advantage, the oil industry’s supply chain management plays a pivotal role in determining a company’s profitability and sustainability. What Are the Key Components of an Oil Company’s Supply Chain ? How Do Global Market Conditions Affect Oil Supply Chains ?

Inditex Demonstrates Continued Business Benefits from Agile Supply Chain Capabilities

Supply Chain Matters

SEPTEMBER 24, 2024

Supply Chain Matters once again provides readers with continued industry evidence of what purposeful investment in supply chain agility, resilience, and timely decision-making capabilities can contribute to positive business performance outcomes. One specific example remains Inditex. All rights reserved.

Heura Uses ToolsGroup for Digital Supply Chain Transformation to Support Global Expansion

NOVEMBER 9, 2023

With ToolsGroup’s AI-powered demand forecasting, the plant-based food innovator revolutionizes its supply chain , maximizing accuracy, speed, and business performance. As Heura’s business grew, so did the complexity of its supply chain .

My Lessons in Interviewing Supply Chains to Admire Award Winners

JULY 21, 2022

In business conversations, the term supply chain excellence rolls off the tongue frequently in meetings, but what does it mean? Supply chain excellence is harder to define than to say. We designed the Supply Chains to Admire Methodology to help companies define supply chain excellence.

Help Supply Chain Planners Be More Successful In These Uncertain Times

MARCH 9, 2020

As I shopped at Best Buy for office supplies , I struggled to not think about the massive disruption of electronics supply chain . The Sam’s Club and Costco shortages of water, toilet paper and laundry products signals one thing for me: the spread of the virus will disrupt every supply chain . The problem?

Inside the Shipper Mind with Jim Bierfeldt

NOVEMBER 13, 2023

He ran marketing for a large 3PL before launching his own marketing agency, Logistics Marketing Advisors, which focuses exclusively on providing marketing strategy and services to logistics businesses. They have been featured in leading industry publications such as Logistics Management, Supply Chain Management Review, and FreightWaves.

Navigating the Complexities of Ready Mix Concrete Logistics: A Case Study with ThroughPut

JANUARY 19, 2024

It not only impacts supply chain efficiency, but also customer satisfaction and revenue. Given all the challenges, the RMC manufacturer had clear goals that they wished to achieve: Supply Chain Visibility They needed detailed, real-time insights into their operations.

Cross Docking 101: What, Why and How? [with case studies]

SEPTEMBER 23, 2021

Cross docking is an option to consider if you’re thinking about ways to streamline your supply chain – it’s a popular distribution system for fast-moving consumer goods, but can be used in a variety of other industries. Read more: Supply chain management explained: methods in modern business What is cross docking?

Restructuring Global Value Chains & Tariff Reduction – A Continuous Evolution for Supply Chains

Restructuring Global Value Chains & Tariff Reduction – A Continuous Evolution for Supply Chains . Feature Article by Dr. Raymon Krishnan – President at the Logistics and Supply Chain Management Society. Product strategies . Operational strategies . Supplier strategies .

A ‘Case Study’ on Distribution Channels

Logistics Bureau

SEPTEMBER 7, 2021

Distribution channels are frequently overlooked as a source of performance enhancement in the Supply Chain . It can lead to some excellent alternative Distribution Strategies . But if you think outside the box, your company could save 18% annually. Best Regards, Rob O’Byrne. Email: [email protected].

Pushing the Supply Chain Reset Button

JUNE 29, 2022

The global supply chain that we know today is built on three assumptions: rational government policy, low variability, and availability of logistics. The impact varies by supply chain sector and value chain . Instead, supply chain leaders need to focus on the minimization of waste, and the alignment of signals.

Pandemic Lessons For Supply Chain Leaders

FEBRUARY 18, 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic tested the global supply chain . Like riding a bumpy road, the supply chain leader is riding the ups and downs of changing market conditions facing greater variability day-to-day. Here, based on interviews with supply chain leaders, I share lessons learned. It will not be over soon.

Executing Customer-Centric Supply Chain Strategies

AUGUST 11, 2016

(Included in this post is Cummins’ digital award for the 2016 Supply Chains to Admire. I want to understand why some companies outperform on the Supply Chain Metrics That Matter while others do not. About twice a month, companies ask me to review their strategy documents. I am on a mission.

Driving Visibility, Intelligence, and Agility through Supply Chain Technology on Cloud

AUGUST 14, 2023

Driving Visibility, Intelligence, and Agility through Supply Chain Technology on Cloud Whether we are talking about healthcare, food, or fashion, the supply chains which convert the raw materials to finished goods are getting more and more complex. The next question then becomes: Is your product demand predictable?

TMS for SMB: A Case Study with Carhartt

OCTOBER 19, 2016

In other words, Carhartt incorporated its long-term strategy and objectives into the selection process — that is, the company didn’t only factor in the TMS capabilities it needed today, but also the capabilities it anticipates needing in the future as its business and transportation operations continues to grow and evolve. “Our

Next Generation Supply Chain Risk Management: A Case Study

DECEMBER 16, 2015

We are entering an era where it is becoming possible to detect supply chain risks much more quickly. A case in point is offered by AGCO. AGCO is a global leader in the design, manufacture and distribution of a wide range of agricultural equipment.

Blockchain in Supply Chain: 2 Ethereum-Based Projects That Demonstrate How Blockchain Can Improve Supply Chains

GlobalTranz

FEBRUARY 6, 2018

Supply chains are messy. Blockchain in Supply Chain Can Help. WHITE PAPER] The Top Supply Chain Trends that Will Impact Supply Chain Management in 2018. The inefficiencies that plague supply chains have seemingly been around forever. Blockchain in supply chain changes that.

Announcing the Supply Chains to Admire for 2019

JULY 22, 2019

I feel that topic of supply chain management is analogous to the downward cycle of the news channels. What Drives Supply Chain Excellence? I analyze supply chain management. History will also include case studies of mergers and acquisitions. The supply chain is a complex nonlinear system.

Building a Triple A Supply Chain: Ten Tactics That Work

SEPTEMBER 3, 2018

” Here is an excerpt from the article: “…it isn’t by becoming more efficient that the supply chains of Wal-Mart, Dell, and Amazon have given those companies an edge over their competitors. According to my research, top-performing supply chains possess three very different qualities.

Unlocking the Value of Global Supply Chain: the Case Studies

JULY 7, 2014

Global supply chain is a very challenging subject in supply chain management because it involves different customer''s requirement, more complex operations/collaboration and unforeseen risks. Then this article will show you 6 basic strategies that many world''s leading companies use to capture the value in globalization.

JANUARY 3, 2024

Pushing the Supply Chain Reset Button by Lora Cecere , Founder, Supply Chain Insights Supply Chain Leaders Can’t Afford to Guess About the Future The global supply chain that we know today is built on three assumptions: rational government policy, low variability, and availability of logistics.

How Food Manufacturing Software Drives Profit [w Case Studies]

AUGUST 11, 2020

Good food manufacturing software provides a means to track inventory in real-time, through every step of the supply chain . The capability to track both origin and channel supply of individual ingredients can also facilitate rapid response, should some misfortune necessitate a product recall.

Supply Chain Innovation + Automation: How Körber is Positioning Procurement for the Future

JUNE 15, 2022

Learn how Körber leveraged Ivalua’s software tools to automate and streamline tactical activities while keeping strategy front and center. The global supply chain is undergoing an incredible transformation that will change the way we do business. 5 BU’s: Digital, Pharma, Supply Chain , Tissue, and Tobacco.

Boosting Efficiency: Top 5 Inventory Optimization Strategies

MARCH 8, 2024

In this blog, we’ll explore some key inventory optimization strategies that can benefit businesses of all sizes and industries. Top 5 Inventory Optimization Strategies Explained Managing inventory efficiently is vital for any business.

Marketing Tips for Supply Chain Companies

JUNE 22, 2023

The realm of business today is incredibly competitive, with marketing standing as a critical determinant of a company’s triumph, particularly in the sector of supply chain . Your value proposition communicates why your supply chain services are superior to your competitors. What makes you better?

Profit-boosting strategies to transform your supply chain

DELMIA Quintiq

MARCH 31, 2015

Tried every trick in the book to boost your supply chain but didn’t achieve the results you wanted? Imagine if you had access to strategies and tips used by your competitors and industry leaders to stay ahead. In fact, some of these strategies were also featured in our award-winning nurture campaigns. Watch the video.

Understanding the Profitability of Omnichannel Retail is a Problem

NOVEMBER 20, 2023

Rather than just offering consumers the choice of buying online or buying in the store, a retail omnichannel strategy involves a lot more paths to fulfill an order or to process a return. Omnichannel Order Management Systems are Complex For retailers, implementing a sound omnichannel strategy can be difficult.

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This is not me

Taking the pulse of shifting supply chains

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have asked supply chain leaders annually about their efforts to overcome disruptions, mitigate risks, and build resilience in their operations. Our third and most recent survey shows that companies have made significant progress on measures that have been on their agenda since the start of the crisis, and that work has helped them weather supply chain challenges such as geopolitical disruption and the worldwide shortage of semiconductors.

About the authors

This article is a collaborative effort by Knut Alicke , Edward Barriball , Tacy Foster , Julien Mauhourat, and Vera Trautwein, representing views from McKinsey’s Supply Chain service line.

For example, over the past year, many companies have made structural changes to their supply networks by implementing dual or multiple sourcing strategies for critical materials and moving from global to regional networks. And as companies shift their focus from visibility to improvements in demand and supply planning, supply chain digitization efforts are also entering a new phase.

However, most respondents admit that they still have significant work to do. An acute shortage of talent is holding organizations back in their efforts to accelerate digitization and implement advanced planning systems. And despite progress over the past 12 months, many companies still lack a comprehensive picture of the risks lurking deep inside complex multitier supply networks.

Data for this year’s survey were collected from 113 supply chain leaders worldwide, representing organizations from a broad range of industries. We ran the survey over a three-week period from the end of March to the middle of April 2022.

An acute shortage of talent is holding organizations back in their efforts to accelerate digitization and implement advanced planning systems.

Network resilience: Footprints on the move

The turbulence of the past two years has forced many organizations to address vulnerabilities in their complex, highly globalized supply networks. But the 2020 and 2021 supply chain pulse surveys revealed a significant gap between respondents’ ambition and their action. While many respondents said they wanted to diversify their supply base and boost in-region sourcing, the most common action in response to disruption was increases in the inventory of components and finished projects.

Bigger buffers and safety stocks are still seen as an important tool for supply chain resilience. Eighty percent of respondents told us that they increased their inventories during 2021; separate McKinsey analysis of almost 300 listed companies found that inventories increased by an average of 11 percent between 2018 and 2021, 1 S&P Global; Corporate Performance Analytics (CPA) by McKinsey (n = 293 listed companies). with the largest increases in the high-tech and commodity sectors. Some supply chain leaders have told us that they would have increased inventories even further if suppliers had been able to meet their requests.

While higher overall stock levels have become the norm, our survey suggests that companies are now looking for smarter ways to ensure resilience while keeping inventory costs under control. Seventy-one percent of respondents expect to revise their inventory policies in 2022 and beyond (Exhibit 1).

Companies are also reporting significant progress in longer-term strategies designed to increase network resilience. For example, 81 percent of respondents say that they have implemented dual-sourcing strategies during the past year, up from 55 percent in 2020. Forty-four percent of respondents, up from 25 percent the previous year (an even larger relative jump), say they are developing regionalized supply networks (Exhibit 2). Most respondents expect this momentum to continue. Sixty-nine percent of supply chain leaders told us that dual sourcing will continue to be relevant in 2022 and beyond, and 51 percent think the same about regionalization.

Overall, our survey shows that disruption has reshaped almost every supply chain. Ninety-seven percent of respondents say they have applied some combination of inventory increases, dual sourcing, and regionalization to boost resilience. Supply chain leaders believe that these efforts are paying off: Eighty-three percent told us that the footprint resilience measures they have taken over the past two years helped them minimize the impact of supply chain disruptions in 2022. For example, respondents from the commodity, consumer goods, and chemicals sectors were most likely to say that recent geopolitical disruption has not resulted in significant supply chain challenges this year; it is these industries that have focused most on structural changes such as nearshoring or network redesign. This situation may change as disruption continues, however, since data collection for our survey was conducted in the spring of 2022.

Would you like to learn more about our Manufacturing & Supply Chain Practice ?

Supply chain planning: a winning formula.

The volatility of the past two years has rigorously tested planning teams. Our survey reveals a formula, with three key ingredients, for resilient supply chain planning (Exhibit 3).

The first of those is visibility—companies can manage their supply chains only when they have a clear picture of each link. This is one area where organizations report significant recent progress: sixty-seven percent of respondents have implemented digital dashboards for end-to-end supply chain visibility. And those companies were twice as likely as others to avoid supply chain problems caused by the disruptions of early 2022.

The second ingredient is robust scenario planning, which can be seen in the planning counterpart to footprint redesign. Scenario planning has not been as widely adopted as visibility tools, with only 37 percent of respondents saying they had implemented the practice. These companies are also twice as likely as others to have avoided supply chain challenges this year.

An essential foundation to both supply chain visibility and effective scenario planning is comprehensive, accurate master data. Just over half the respondents tell us that the quality of the data in their supply chain planning systems were “sufficient” or “high,” suggesting that many companies still have room to improve their data collection and data management processes. High-quality data were associated with lower levels of recent supply chain disruption, although the effect was less pronounced than with visibility or scenario planning.

Digitization: Building on success

Previous surveys revealed that most companies ramped up their digital supply chain investments significantly over the past two years. Digital tools have been critical to companies’ efforts to improve the resilience of supply chain planning and execution.

That story continues in our most recent survey: in almost every sector, more than 90 percent of respondents report that they invested in digital supply chain technologies last year. Only two sectors—automotive and healthcare—report lower-than-expected investments. For the automotive sector, that finding hints at implementation delays, while healthcare companies may have slowed their pace of digitization following several years of rapid progress. Overall, just over 80 percent of respondents expect to make further investments this year and beyond.

However, the focus of these investments is changing significantly, a shift that can be attributed to the success of recent digitization projects. Last year, supply chain visibility was the top priority for companies, with 77 percent of respondents saying they were investing in this area. This year, with little more than half saying they have supply chain visibility systems in place, it has fallen to fourth place (Exhibit 4).

As companies address their visibility issues, digitization efforts are shifting to the next big challenge in supply chain management: capturing the demand signal. In this year’s survey, respondents report that the top two priorities for digital investments were demand and supply planning, cited by 74 percent and 69 percent, respectively. Fifty-eight percent of respondents are prioritizing inventory optimization.

Of the companies looking to invest in advanced planning systems, more than two-thirds say they expect to use the technology offered by their existing supply chain software provider. This is indicative of a continued market shift away from specialized point solutions for specific tasks and toward integrated end-to-end technology platforms. DIY isn’t dead in the supply chain sector, however: thirty-seven percent of respondents tell us that they expect to develop at least some supply chain software in-house, with most focusing on specific point-solutions such as visibility dashboards.

Digital talent remains a significant challenge for companies. In our 2020 survey, only 8 percent of respondents felt they had sufficient in-house talent to support their digital ambitions. By 2021, when many large digitization projects were in full swing, that number had dropped to just 1 percent. The situation has improved somewhat in the past year: in our latest survey, 10 percent of companies indicate they now have the talent they need. Respondents from the high-tech sector report the most progress in acquiring digital talent, with 20 percent more respondents than last year saying they had sufficient talent to meet their needs. Respondents from the automotive, aerospace, and defense sectors, by contrast, were much more likely than last year to report “limited” or “no” in-house digital supply chain talent.

The past two years have also seen a marked shift in companies’ approach to talent acquisition. In 2020, 70 percent of companies were building talent by reskilling their existing labor force. This year, the primary approach, used by 68 percent of companies, was outside hiring. That shift might reflect the dramatic increase in labor mobility that has occurred worldwide following the lifting of coronavirus restrictions.

Risk management: Steady progress

While companies have made radical changes in the way they use technology to manage their supply chains over the past two years, the development of their supply chain risk management capabilities has been much more incremental.

Risk remains a priority for most respondents in our latest survey, with 83 percent of respondents experiencing at least some raw-materials shortages over the past year. Ninety percent say that they want to further increase resilience, and almost three-quarters expect to increase the budget allocated to resilience-related actions. Over the past 12 months, two-thirds of companies have implemented new supply chain risk management practices; among the most popular approaches are new processes to monitor supplier-related risks.

Forty-five percent of survey respondents say that they either have no visibility into their upstream supply chain or that they can see only as far as their first-tier suppliers.

However, understanding the status of complex, multitier supply chains is still proving extremely challenging. Forty-five percent of respondents tell us that they either have no visibility into their upstream supply chain or that they can see only as far as their first-tier suppliers.

Future-proofing the supply chain

There are some signs of progress. Last year, a paltry 2 percent of respondents said they had a good picture of their supply chains down to the third tier or beyond. This year, that fraction has increased to 17 percent, with the greatest progress in sectors with shorter, simple supply chains (Exhibit 5). In the consumer products and retail sector, for example, 21 percent of respondents feel they have sufficient multitier transparency. Forty-three percent of respondents from the commodity sector believe their organizations have sufficient supply chain resilience measures in place, even though only 14 percent have a good view of third-tier suppliers. Deep supply chain transparency remains especially problematic for the automotive, aerospace, and defense sectors, with only 9 percent of respondents confident in their third-tier supplier visibility and none expressing satisfaction with their supplier visibility at all levels.

For the third year in a row, supply chains remain at the top of the corporate agenda. Our latest survey shows that companies have made significant efforts to improve supply chain resilience over the past 12 months by expanding their successful digitization programs and implementing structural changes to their networks. With volatility and disruptions likely to continue, we expect resilience to remain a key topic for the foreseeable future. For leaders, upcoming priorities include more sophisticated approaches to planning, further adaptation of supply networks, and smarter inventory management strategies.

Knut Alicke is a partner in McKinsey’s Stuttgart office; Edward Barriball is a partner in the Washington, DC, office; Tacy Foster is a partner in the Charlotte office; Julien Mauhourat is an associate partner in the Paris office; and Vera Trautwein is an expert in the Zurich office.

The authors wish to thank Tim Beckhoff and Jürgen Rachor for their contributions to this article.

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7 mini case studies: successful supply chain cost-reduction and management

Rob O'Byrne

Group Managing Director - Logistics Bureau

If you were to tell me that your company had never looked at its supply chain costs and sought to deliver reductions, I would be mightily surprised. On the other hand, if you told me your company hasn’t been able to sustain any progress in supply chain cost reduction, I wouldn’t be surprised at all.

Most companies begin with the best intentions to achieve successful and sustainable supply chain cost management, but somehow seem to lose momentum, only to see costs increase again in short order.

The following seven mini case studies explore a few high-profile companies that have managed to sustain their supply chain cost-reduction efforts and keep expenses under control. The challenges faced by these organisations and the steps they took, may provide some inspiration for successful long-term cost management within your organisation.

1. Deere & Company

Deere & Company (brand name John Deere) is famed for the manufacture and supply of machinery used in agriculture, construction, and forestry, as well as diesel engines and lawn care equipment. In 2014, Deere & Company was listed 80th in the Fortune 500 America’s ranking and was 307th in the 2013 Fortune Global 500 ranking.

Supply Chain Cost Reduction Challenges:  Deere and Company has a diverse product range, which includes a mix of heavy machinery for the consumer market, and industrial equipment, which is made to order. Retail activity is extremely seasonal, with the majority of sales occurring between March and July.

The company was replenishing dealers’ inventory weekly, using direct shipment and cross-docking operations from source warehouses located near Deere & Company’s manufacturing facilities. This operation was proving too costly and too slow, so the company launched an initiative to achieve a 10% supply chain cost reduction within four years.

The Path to Cost Reduction:  The company undertook a  supply chain network-redesign  program, resulting in the commissioning of intermediate “merge centers” and optimization of cross-dock terminal locations.

Deere & Company also began consolidating shipments and using break-bulk terminals during the seasonal peak. The company also increased its use of third-party logistics providers and effectively created a network that could be optimized tactically at any given point in time.

Supply Chain Cost Management Results:  Deere & Company’s supply chain cost-management achievements included an inventory decrease of $1 billion, a significant reduction in customer delivery lead times (from ten days to five or less) and annual transportation cost savings of around 5%.

One of the world’s largest manufacturers of computer chips, Intel needs little introduction. However, the company needed to reduce supply chain expenditure significantly after bringing its low-cost “Atom” chip to market. Supply chain costs of around $5.50 per chip were bearable for units selling for $100, but the price of the new chip was a fraction of that, at about $20.

The Supply Chain Cost Reduction Challenge:  Somehow, Intel had to reduce the supply chain costs for the Atom chip, but had only one area of leverage—inventory.

The chip had to work, so Intel could make no service trade-offs. With each Atom product being a single component, there was also no way to reduce duty payments. Intel had already whittled packaging down to a minimum, and with a high value-to-weight ratio, the chips’ distribution costs could not be pared down any further.

The only option was to try to reduce levels of inventory, which, up to that point, had been kept very high to support a nine-week order cycle. The only way Intel could find to make supply chain cost reductions was to bring this cycle time down and therefore reduce inventory.

The Path to Cost Reduction:  Intel decided to try what was considered an unlikely supply chain strategy for the semiconductor industry:  make to order . The company began with a pilot operation using a manufacturer in Malaysia. Through a process of iteration, they gradually sought out and eliminated supply chain inefficiencies to reduce order cycle time incrementally. Further improvement initiatives included:

• Cutting the chip assembly test window from a five-day schedule, to a bi-weekly, 2-day-long process
• Introducing a formal S&OP planning process
• Moving to a vendor-managed inventory model wherever it was possible to do so

Supply Chain Cost Management Results:  Through its incremental approach to cycle time improvement, Intel eventually drove the order cycle time for the Atom chip down from nine weeks to just two. As a result, the company achieved a supply chain cost reduction of more than $4 per unit for the $20 Atom chip—a far more palatable rate than the original figure of $5.50.

3. Starbucks

Like Intel, Starbucks is pretty much a household name, but like many of the most successful worldwide brands, the coffee-shop giant has been through its periods of supply chain pain. In fact, during 2007 and 2008, Starbucks leadership began to have severe doubts about the company’s ability to supply its 16,700 outlets. As in most commercial sectors at that time, sales were falling. At the same time, though, supply chain costs rose by more than $75 million.

Supply Chain Cost Reduction Challenges:  When the supply chain executive team began investigating the rising costs and supply chain performance issues, they found that service was indeed falling short of expectations. Findings included the following problems

• Fewer than 50% of outlet deliveries were arriving on time
• Several poor outsourcing decisions had led to excessive 3PL expenses
• The supply chain had, (like those of many global organisations) evolved, rather than grown by design, and had hence become unnecessarily complex

The Path to Cost Reduction:  Starbucks’ leadership had three main objectives in mind to achieve improved performance and supply chain cost reduction. These were to:

• Reorganize the supply chain
• Reduce cost to serve
• Lay the groundwork for future capability in the supply chain

To meet these objectives, Starbucks divided all its supply chain functions into three main groups, known as “plan” “make” and “deliver”. It also opened a new production facility, bringing the total number of U.S. plants to four.

Next, the company set about terminating partnerships with all but its  most effective 3PLs . It then began managing the remaining partners via a weekly scorecard system, aligned with renewed service level agreements.

Supply Chain Cost Management Results:  By the time Starbucks had completed its transformation program, it had saved more than $500 million over the course of 2009 and 2010, of which a large proportion came out of the supply chain, according to Peter Gibbons, then Executive Vice President of Global Supply Chain Operations.

Like Deere & Company, AGCO is a leading global force in the manufacture and supply of agricultural machinery. The company grew substantially over the course of two decades, achieving a considerable portion of that growth by way of acquisitions.

As commonly happens when enterprises grow in this way, AGCO experienced increasing degrees of supply chain complexity, along with associated increases in cost, but for many years, did little to address the issue directly, primarily due to the decentralized and fragmented nature of its global network.

In 2012, AGCO’s leaders recognised that this state of affairs could not continue and decided to establish a long-term program of strategic optimisation.

Supply Chain Cost Reduction Challenges:  With five separate brands under its umbrella, AGCO’s product portfolio is vast. At the point when optimisation planning began, sourcing and inbound logistics were managed by teams in various countries, each with different levels of SCM maturity, and using different tools and systems.

As a result of the decentralised environment, in which inbound logistics and transport management were separate operational fields, there was insufficient transparency in the supply chain. The enterprise as a whole was not taking advantage of synergies and economies of scale (and the benefits of the same). These issues existed against a backdrop of a volatile, seasonal market.

The Path to Cost Reduction:  Following a SCOR supply chain benchmarking exercise, AGCO decided to approach its cost reduction and efficiency goals by blending new technology—in the form of a globally integrated transport management system (TMS)—with a commitment to form a partnership with a suitably capable 3PL provider.

As North and South American divisions of the company were already working with a recently implemented TMS, leaders decided to introduce the blended approach in Europe, with commitments to replicate the model, if successful, in its other operating regions.

With the technology and partnership in place, a logistics control tower was developed, which integrates and coordinates all daily inbound supply activities within Europe, from the negotiation of carrier freight rates, through inbound shipment scheduling and transport plan optimisation to self-billing for carrier payment.

Supply Chain Cost Management Results:  Within a year and a half of their European logistics solution’s go-live, AGCO achieved freight cost reductions of some 18%, and has continued to save between three and five percent on freight expenditure, year-on-year, ever since. Having since rolled the new operating model out in China and North America, the company has reduced inbound logistics costs by 28%, increased network performance by 25% and cut inventory levels by a quarter.

Headquartered in Westport Connecticut, Terex Corporation may not be such a well-known name, but if your company has ever rented an aerial working platform (a scissor-lift or similar), there is a good chance it was manufactured by Terex and dispatched to the rental company from its transfer center in North Bend, Washington.

The North Bend facility is always full of lifting equipment. The company makes most pieces to order and customizes them to meet customers’ unique preferences. Terex maintained a manual system for yard management at the transfer centre, which generated excessive costs for what should have been a relatively simple process of locating customers’ units to prepare them for delivery.

The Supply Chain Cost Reduction Challenge:  A wallboard and sticker system was a low-tech solution for identifying equipment items in the yard at Terex. While inexpensive in itself, the solution cost around six minutes every time an employee had to locate a unit in the yard. It also required a considerable number of hours to be spent each month taking physical inventories and updating the company’s ERP platform.

The Path to Cost Reduction:  Terex decided to replace the outdated manual yard management process with a new, digital solution using RFID tracking. Terex decided to replace the outdated manual yard management process with a new, digital solution using RFID tracking. Decision-makers chose a yard management software (YMS) product, and then had the transfer centre surveyed before initiating a pilot project covering a small portion of the yard.

After a successful pilot, the company approved the solution for full-scale implementation, replacing stickers, yard maps, and wallboard with electronic tracking and digital inventory management. As of December 2017, Terex was planning to integrate the yard management solution with its ERP platform to enable even greater functionality.

Supply Chain Cost Management Results:  While the YMS cannot reconcile inventory automatically with the Terex ERP application, it does at least provide a daily inventory count via its business intelligence module. That alone has saved the labour costs previously incurred in carrying out manual counts.

More importantly, though, the RFID-based unit identification and location processes have saved the company around 70 weeks per year in labour costs, by cutting the process-time down from six minutes, to a mere 30 seconds per unit.

Avaya is a global force in business collaboration and communications technology, and not so many years ago, was operating what, by its own executives’ admission, was a worst-in-class supply chain. That situation arose as the result of multiple corporate acquisitions over a short space of time. The company was suffering from a range of supply chain maladies, including a long cash-to-cash cycle, an imbalance in supplier terms and conditions, excess inventory, and supply chain processes that were inefficient and wholly manual.

The Supply Chain Cost Reduction Challenge:  After Avaya purchased Nortel Enterprise Solutions in 2009, the freshly merged company found itself but loosely in control of an unstable and ineffective supply chain operation. Aside from having too many disparate and redundant processes, the company had multiple IT solutions, none of which provided a holistic view of the supply chain or supported focused analysis.

The Path to Cost Reduction:  Avaya’s senior management team realized that its technology solutions, which varied from being inadequate to inappropriate, were causing many of its problems. The various acquisitions and mergers had transformed Avaya into a different kind of enterprise, and what it needed, rather than a replacement for all the discrete systems, was one solution to tie them all together.

To that end, the company put its trust in cloud technology, which was relatively immature at the time, and migrated all processes onto one platform, which was designed to automate non-value-added activities and integrate those critical to proactive supply chain management, namely:

• Point of sale analysis
• Procurement analysis
• Supplier communication
• Supply and demand planning
• Inventory planning
• Inbound and outbound logistics planning

Of course, the technology was merely an enabler, and to transform its supply chain operation, Avaya embarked on a long-term, phased program to standardize processes, initiate a culture change, invest in top talent, and implement a system of rigorous  benchmarking and KPI tracking .

Supply Chain Cost Management Results:  Avaya’s program of transformation took place over a period of three to four years, between 2010 and 2014. The path to cost reduction was a long one, but ultimately successful.

By making a conscious effort to lead the enterprise into a new way of thinking, change business culture, and unify technology under a single platform, Avaya has improved inventory turns by more than 200%, reduced cash tied-up in stock by 94%, and cut its overall supply chain expenditure in half.

This dramatic turnaround also required the company to switch from a preoccupation with improving what it was doing, to a process of  questioning  what it was doing and why.

7. Sunsweet Growers

This final mini-case study in our collection, highlights how sometimes, excess supply chain costs are not about warehousing and transportation, but can be attributable to inefficiencies in manufacturing or production and—often at the root of it all—forecasting and planning.

Sunsweet Growers is the world’s biggest producer of dried fruits and a little over a decade ago, found that while it was managing distribution operations well, high production costs were inflating end-to-end supply chain expenditure.

The Supply Chain Cost Reduction Challenge:  When the leadership at Sunsweet looked into the company’s production cost issues, recognition soon dawned that the distribution network was at least partly behind the problems. As a result, the company looked at how it could redesign the network to take out some of the production costs.

Later, it became apparent that although a redesign would yield some benefits, one of the most significant issues was in the approach to demand forecasting. Sunsweet was using a manual forecasting approach, with spreadsheets being the only technology involved.

The inefficiencies of this approach proved not only to hamper effective forecasting and production planning, but the knock-effect was an excess of warehouses in the network—so forecasting proved to be both a driver of production cost, and a key to improving the distribution network.

The Path to Cost Reduction:  As in a number of the studies we’ve explored here, technology played a large part in solving Sunsweet’s problems. After evaluating some 30 different software solutions, the company finally settled on a supply chain planning suite, and planned its improvement program to make use of each of the solution’s modules in sequence, allowing ROI to be realized in phases as each module was implemented and leveraged.

At the same time, Sunsweet implemented a sales and operations planning program  (S&OP)  that once established, enabled plant resource requirements to be anticipated months—rather than weeks—in advance. As the overall improvement plan passed through its five phases, positive results accumulated and as hoped, software ROI reached 100% even before the company completed its full implementation.

Supply Chain Cost Management Results:  Of course, the objective of Sunsweet’s improvement program was not merely to achieve a 100% return on investment in its supply chain planning platform. The aim was to reduce production costs, and although the company hasn’t published hard figures to quantify the total financial gain, it has claimed the following wins:

• A 15 to 20% increase in forecasting accuracy
• A reduction in overtime from 25% to 8% in production facilities
• A 30% reduction in finished-goods spoilage
• Number of warehouses in the United States cut from 28 to just eight
• A transportation cost-per-unit that remained static for two years despite increased utilization of costly refrigerated transport and rising fuel costs

From the achievements documented above, and highlighted in several industry publications and articles, you don’t need to be too much of a mathematician to deduce that cost savings would have been considerable.

Making Supply Chain Cost Reductions Stick

Of course, the above case studies are merely summaries of the changes these high-profile brands made to their supply chains. What can be seen from these brief accounts, though, is that for an enterprise to make significant and sustainable cost improvements, substantial change must take place.

• Deere & Company had to overhaul its network completely.
• Intel had to shift an entire supply chain to a new and previously unheard of strategy in its sector.
• Starbucks had to shake up its third-party relationships and increase production capacity.
• AGCO had to invest in technology and collaborative partnerships with external service providers.
• Terex had to implement costly (but effective) RFID tracking capabilities.
• Sunsweet Growers needed a best-of-breed software solution, and an S&OP program to improve forecasting and planning.
• Avaya needed to change company culture, implement cloud technology, rethink processes completely, and invest in the best supply chain talent it could find.

At the same time, none of the changes took place overnight. Each of the companies tackled issues in phases, effectively learning more as they went along.

You Won’t Find Savings in the Comfort Zone

When it comes to making supply chain cost reductions that stick, you should explore every avenue. However, at the root of high costs, there will usually be one major factor requiring innovation, whether it’s the network, inventory strategy, the working relationships with supply chain partners, or some other element of your operation.

Seldom do companies make decent savings by whittling away piecemeal at what seem, on the face of it, to be the most pressing issues of the day (such as direct transportation costs or supplier pricing).

If you want to see sustainable cost reductions, your company will need to view the big picture from a new angle or two, and be prepared to step outside of the comfort zone to which it will have become accustomed.

Rob O’Byrne  is a supply chain consultant, coach and author with 40+ years experience in Supply Chain management. He is the expert making the blog called  Logistics Bureau .

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Supply Chain Management Free Case Studies

Share these free Supply Chain Management case studies with your class 

Engage your students with real-world case studies that provide insights into supply chain practices, challenges, and opportunities. Share each case study with your students by simply copying and pasting the activity page URL into your learning management system (LMS).

Case 1: Rising Health Care Costs And The Role Of Outsourcing And Offshoring In The U.S. Health Care Sector

In this case study, your students will identify factors that are driving the health care costs higher in the United States than in peer countries. They will also discuss advantages and disadvantages of emerging trends in supply chain management such as adopting outsourcing in health care. After reading the case, they are encouraged to create an argument in favor of or against the view that health care offshoring is a threat to the U.S. health care industry.  See case study . 

• Case 2: McDonald’s Reinvents Itself Again

In this case study, your students will identify factors that are affecting demand management in the fast food industry and evaluate the reinvention strategy that McDonald’s has used to keep their fingers firmly on the pulse of their international customer base. Students will also be asked to advice McDonald’s with regards to future trends and the changes it should consider. After reading the case, they are encouraged to research areas in which the company plans to reinvent itself in the coming years, particularly in light of the appointment of its new CEO and the COVID-19 pandemic. See case study

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McDonald’s and the Challenges of a Modern Supply Chain

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Recently, McDonald’s, the world’s iconic largest food service provider, has been (forgive the cliché) through the grinder. Poor performance has led to the departure of its CEO and plenty of critical attention in the business pages . Part of this story relates to the provenance, or origins, of its products: Chains that provide more upmarket “fast casual” dining such as Panera, Chipotle, and Shake Shack have brands that speak of freshness, health, and trustworthy sourcing.

• Steve New teaches operations and supply-chain management at the University of Oxford’s Saïd Business School and is a fellow of Hertford College.

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Case Study: A Deep Dive Into Nestlé’s Supply Chain

By michael wilson.

When it comes to the food and beverage market, Nestlé dominates over the competition as the world's biggest company of its kind. Established in 1866 by Swiss pharmacist, Henri Nestlé, the organization originally specialized in infant cereal. From these humble beginnings, Nestlé...

1. Profiling the Consumer

To create products that appeal to consumers, Nestlé believes in a strategy they call "Brand Building the Nestlé Way (BBNW)". One of BBNW's six founding principles is focused on profiling their brand's consumers. Indeed, Nestlé is very engaged with their customers, specifically over online venues. The company goes far beyond market research to reach their clientele, as they strive to see who their demographic is and what makes them tick.  As a company, Nestlé excels at interacting with real-life consumers on social media. For instance, their 850 Facebook pages for various brands carry a total of 210 million fans. It's an inspiring way to quickly and efficiently gather customer responses. To receive a high response level, the company posts around 1,500 new items per day across their online platforms! When it comes to supply chain analysis, having an intimate knowledge of what your customers want from your products is imperative in running a successful operation.

2. Focusing on Responsible Sourcing

During the supply chain analysis of Nestlé, it's immediately clear that responsible sourcing is a huge concern for the company. With 700,000 farmers working for Nestlé, the Swiss company puts a strong emphasis on acting respectfully toward the many families and agricultural communities who are dependent upon them. Consequently, Nestlé goes to great lengths to track their food product's origins, thus ensuring that they're compiling with ethical practices. This honorable attitude gains Nestlé loyalty from both their suppliers and their consumers.

3. Acquisition for Better Product Diversity

With over 2,000 unique brands and 10,000 products on the market, Nestlé certainly has its fingers in a lot of pies. Much of the company's supply chain relies on acquisition, as they're consistently bringing new companies into their fold. This wave of buyouts happened after the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, opening up the European and Chinese markets.

Nestlé's first major acquisition was Ralston Purina Company, a popular pet food maker, in 2001. They followed this purchase up with Dreyer's, Movenpick, Jenny Craig, and Gerber over the following years. Nestlé commitment to investing in other companies allows them to continuously put new, exciting products on the market. Plus, by buying former competitors, they're eliminating any threats and gaining access to these companies' suppliers in the process.

4. Transforming Into a Zero-Waste Company

After a media backlash in 2010 against Nestlé's environmental practices, the company moved quickly to revamp its policies. Their first change was implementing a "no deforestation" policy, in response to Greenpeace's allegations over Nestlé's methods for gathering palm oil. The company's current priority is to eliminate waste in their upstream supply chain. By 2020, Nestlé has committed to becoming fully zero-waste-to-landfill , according to Pascal Gréverath, Nestlé's Head of Environmental Sustainability. Through these practices, the company is invested in improving its supply chain's efficiency. It's clear that Nestlé will save itself money in the long run, since no amount of food will be wasted.

Overall, supply chain analysis shows that Nestlé's business model has a lot to offer all companies. Whether you're a fledgling start-up or a long-standing cooperation, this Swiss conglomerate displays the true importance of market research, responsible sourcing, product diversity, and going waste-free. After all, Nestlé didn't reach a $247 billion net worth by accident.

About Michael Wilson

Michael Wilson is AFFLINK'S Vice President of Marketing and Communications. He has been with the organization since 2005 and provides strategic leadership for the entire supply chain team. In his free time, Michael enjoys working with the Wounded Warrior Project, fishing, and improving his cooking skills.

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Driving value from a connected supply chain ecosystem

Jörg Junghanns

Sep 25, 2024, the success and stability of supply chains depends on how organizations re-define their operational practices and partnerships. intelligent, connected ecosystems are a core component for delivering supply chain resiliency and continuous innovation..

In the last three blogs in this series, we looked at:

• How organizations are building supply chain ecosystems to drive resilience  across their supply chains
• How disruption and data are driving supply chain transformation  
• And how supply chain organizations can leverage Capgemini’s unique Connected Enterprise  approach to help them achieve this.

In this blog, we will look at the benefits and value organizations can gain by developing and implementing an intelligent, connected supply chain ecosystem.

Value-driven supply chain evolution

With the right supply chain ecosystem in place, organizations stand to unlock increased visibility into their supply chains. By re-adjusting data sharing among ecosystem partners, suppliers, stakeholders, and consumers, organizations can build better resiliency which breaks these siloes down, while building end-to-end, or ideally, 360-degree visibility.

Leveraging data analytics with ecosystem partners through forecast sharing and supply chain control towers can flag potential disruption before it impacts the supply chain. Additionally, risk simulation models can be run based on collected data to determine which operations are most vulnerable to siloization.

Ecosystems also play a vital role in improving supply chain resilience by acting as the nucleus of a wider end-to-end transformation arc. This helps to break down barriers between teams enabling them to work as one team to drive end-to-end supply chain transformation.

On top of this, by harnessing technologies such as digital twins and AI, organizations can gain better insights into their supply chains through testing various scenarios and models, and gauging the impact of potential disruption. This builds stability and durability for a supply chain, while also enabling ecosystem partners to be integrated at scale and with minimized risk.

Delivering real-world intelligent supply chain outcomes

To cite an example, a leading consumer packaged goods company was being challenged by fragmented operating models that was leading to inaccurate forecasting and inefficient logistics, which negatively impacted their enterprise. 

To overcome these challenges, the client needed to build intelligent, integrated, and customer-centric supply chain operations through streamlining and integrating its operations on a large scale. It needed an experienced and trusted partner to support this transformation.

Capgemini helped implement a connected, outcomes-driven strategy that centered around planning excellence, improving fulfillment reliability, and enhancing supply chain data performance. Our teams analyzed the client’s fragmented operations and reshaped its operating models into a cohesive whole.

This opened a new world of value for the client. Not only was the company able to save €50 million in cost reductions, but it unlocked €150 million in new revenue. It was able to boost forecast accuracy for higher track fulfillment rates, and even increased their order fulfillment rates by over 50% thanks to touchless, AI-enabled acceleration in supply chain planning. They were also able to benefit from a significantly reduced carbon footprint.

A one-stop solution to drive next-generation supply chain performance

The future success and stability of logistics depends on the ways in which organizations re-define their operational practices and partnerships. Connected ecosystems will become a core component for supply chain resiliency, while also providing a solid foundation for continuous innovation.

The benefits of aligning with the Connected Enterprise approach cannot be overstated, and as these technologies only get more sophisticated, organizations who do not adapt will find themselves falling behind and putting themselves into avoidable risk. And the benefits do not stop there.

Together,  Capgemini and Kuehne+Nagel ’s business ecosystem partnership leverages the Connected Enterprise to drive improved performance levels across your end-to-end supply chain by seamlessly integrating your planning and logistics management to reduce accountability, data, and intelligence mismatches.

To discover how Capgemini’s unique partnership with Kuehne+Nagel can help your organization drive improved, end-to-end performance levels across your supply chain, contact: [email protected]

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Global VP – Supply Chain Orchestration, Intelligent Supply Chain Operations, Capgemini’s Business Services

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Supply Chain Interdiction: The Mysterious Case of Exploding Pagers

As the world economy became increasingly globalized, supply chains also became more global. As a consequence, never in our industrial economic history had competition become so intense so quickly. North American companies compete not only with other North American companies, but also with companies around the globe. This has resulted in the expansion of the United States economy in many important sectors.

Manufacturing also became global. Commodities created from raw materials hailing from one part of the world, built in factories located in another part of the world, combined and bundled with other commodities located in still other parts of the world, were sold to consumers from Tokyo to Berlin.

Materials, components, and products can cross multiple geographies and regions in their journey through the supply chain, due to different tax structures, logistical efficiencies, and labor arbitrage differences. Therefore, depending on the product, demand, capacity, and other factors, companies can source materials and components for their products from other geographical regions, or may do so from local suppliers. The ability to coordinate with worldwide partners has increased because of the diffusion of the internet. Global sourcing has also increased. The majority of electronics sold in the U.S. are now produced in Asia, not in North America. As supply chains became more complex, however, it also became more difficult to find out exactly where materials, components, and products travelled in their path through the chain because, also by virtue of the internet, nearly anyone could become a seller or buyer at any point along the supply chain.

These complex supply chains make it increasingly easy for nefarious activities to be inserted into any point along the chain. This type of activity is called supply chain interdiction, and refers to the activities involved in interfering with the normal, designed processes of any supply chain. Interdiction can result in counterfeits being inserted into the distribution channel, sabotaging products, cyberhacking, data gathering, or any other type of illegal activity.

In the last few years, this potential for interdiction has only escalated, as companies like Amazon and Alibaba have made global competition more important than ever. (This has also led to other problems, such as increased sales of counterfeit products). Moreover, as cost competition has increased, organizations have “outsourced” more of their functions, to lower cost suppliers that are located in areas all over the world. More companies than ever before have outsourced their manufacturing capabilities to organizations called “contract manufacturers.” As Table 1, below, demonstrates, many are now headquartered in Asia. Even those that are headquartered in the United States, including Flextronics, Jabil, and Sanmina, have the majority of their factories in Asia (and some in Eastern Europe).

That contract manufacturers are now predominantly located in Asia reflects not only the shift in manufacturing from Europe and the United States to Asia, but also the shift in the location of the consumption of many finished electronic goods to Asia. In countries such as China, income and discretionary spending have increased at an unprecedented rate since 2000. [1]

• Although these contract manufacturers are located in Asia, they produce and distribute final products for major global brands, including Samsung, Apple, GE, Dell, Ford, Lenovo, Siemens, and other recognizable global brands, both locally and worldwide. With these shifts in global manufacturing, the structure of supply chains has also shifted.
• A few entities like Walmart have achieved near total control over their supply chains. [1] But Walmart is the exception. The vast majority of individual firms, including very large firms, do not have the same market power — and therefore capability — to manage all aspects of their supply chains, particularly since supply chains often include multiple firms with potentially conflicting objectives. Essentially no commodity or upstream component suppliers of which I am aware have such control or capability.
• While Walmart is one instance in which a single, powerful firm took primary responsibility for improving performance across its own supply chain and had the power to do so, nearly all companies in a modern global supply chain will only work with their immediate upstream suppliers and their immediate downstream customers. (This is sometimes referred to as “Tier 1” suppliers/customers.) They rarely have the ability to control or influence parties that are beyond this immediately-adjacent level. A second step removed is, in most cases, where a company’s insight and influence ends. This is particularly the case in industries — like manufacturing of pagers at issue in this case — where there are many competitors and the entities are not sole-source suppliers, but instead compete with other international firms to provide materials, components, or products to the same customer. As competition rises, the ability of any supplier of components to influence the activity of Tier 1 and later users diminishes. Notably, the WSJ reports that Gold Apollo operates in a very competitive space involving a low margin low volume product. As such, for companies in this space, there is often very little visibility and influence beyond “Tier 1” entities in a supply chain. Tier 1 was BAC Consulting, a shell company in Bulgaria, and Tier 2 was Norta Global, in Norway.  But even now, it is not clear how these shell companies were tied to the output of pagers. 

[1] Yuval Atsmon and Max Magni, “Meet the Chinese Consumer of 2020,” McKinsey Quarterly (March 2012), available at https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/asia-pacific/meet-the-chinese-consumer-of-2020.

[2] Stalk, Evans & Shulman (1992), “Competing on capabilities: The new rules of corporate strategy”, HBR, Vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 57-69.

• China Supply Chain
• Counterfeit Supply Chain
• Director's Blog
• FLOW: How the Best Supply Chains Thrive

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