presentation on zoological park

Arguments For and Against Zoos

By Natalia Ilika, Lindsey Pfirrman, Storm Rund, & Paul Kole

The abbreviation 'zoo' was first used of the London Zoological Gardens , which was opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1857.
The number of major animal collections open to the public around the world now exceeds to 1,000, around 80 percent of them are in cities.
In the United States of America alone, zoos are visited by over 180 million people annually.
Relatively new terms for zoos coined in the late 20th century are "conservation park" or 'biopark'. Adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the 19th century.
The term 'biopark' was first coined and developed by the National Zoo in Washington D.C. in the late 1980s.
In 1993, the New York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society and rebranded the zoos under its jurisdiction as "wildlife conservation parks.

Where did we visit?

The Dallas Zoo (oldest and largest Zoo in Texas)
Founded in 1888
Owned by the city of Dallas and and managed by the nonprofit Dallas Zoological Society
Approximately 430 species (more than 2,000 animals altogether), not including fish
Approximately 66 of these species are managed through the AZA’s (The Association of Zoos and Aquariums) Species Survival Plans
Key Exhibits: The Wilds of Africa, Giants of the Savanna, and the Gorilla Trail
The Giants of Savanna Exhibit- only multi-species zoo exhibit in U.S to mix elephants with other species in their habitat

Governing Zoos

The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)

Very controversial
Designed to create higher standards of zoos
Started in 1924 has picked up steam since
Now ensures that facilities meet higher standards than the law requires
Institutions are evaluated every 5 years
Of 2300 animal exhibitors licensed by APHIS fewer than 10% are qualified to be AZA members

Species Survival Plan (SSP)

Helps ensure the survival of selected species in zoos
Most of which are threatened or endangered in the wild
Implement a breeding and transfer plans
These plans try to maintain a healthy, genetically diverse, population for long-term future

Breeding in Zoos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiW96Uci624

Endangered Species Recovery

Conservation tools to "recover" endangered and threatened species
Includes the restoring and acquiring of habitat, removing introduced animal predators or invasive plant species, conducting surveys, monitoring individual populations, and breeding species in captivity and releasing them into their historic range.
The U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973

Captive Mexican wolf at Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico

Zoo Animal Environments

Lions in the Dallas Zoo live in one acre territory
Tigers also have one acre of space to live in at the Dallas Zoo
“Giants of the Savanna” exhibit- separated by specific animals of elephants, giraffes, zebras, ostriches, impala, and warthogs
Dallas Zoo does not disclose how much land each animal lives in at the “Giants of the Savanna” exhibit

Scientific Research

One of the core activities of zoos.
An enormous amount of our knowledge of the behavior, physiology, reproduction, and growth of animals has come from animals in captivity.
Zoos invest $50 million annually in research to improve the habitats and well being of animals in captivity.
Ethics and practices can come under intense scrutiny.

Reintroduction

The species usually comes from an environment where it is endangered or threatened
The species is taken into the zoo where it can survive in a safe environment for the time being
Then the species is released back into the wild
About 130 zoos around the world have reintroduction programs

Michael Hutchins’ Case in Favor of Zoos

Strong commitment to conservation and animal welfare provide powerful ethical justification for zoos.
Four central goals of Zoos: Education, Research, Conservation, and Recreation
Main argument: The benefits of exhibiting animals in zoos, all things considered are greater than the costs in individual animal welfare.

Dale Jamieson’s Case Against Zoos

Moral presumption against keeping animals in captivity
Animals’ liberty is restricted
Providing amusement to people does not justify keeping animals in zoos
No reason for scientific research
Very few zoos do any research at all
Breeding programmes create unwanted animals

Debate Structure

3 minutes for opening (each team).

2 minutes per response.

Team against zoos: Lindsey and Natalia

Team for zoos: Storm and Paul

Bibliography

https://www.captiveanimals.org/news/2010/03/10-facts-about-zoos (article with points against zoos)
https://www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-programs (AZA,SSP)
Jamieson, Dale. "Against Zoos." The Animal Ethics Reader . New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. 576-81. Print.
Hutchins, Michael. "In Defense of Zoos and Aquariums." The Animal Ethics Reader . New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. 582-90. Print.
http://www.dw.com/en/zoos-species-protection-or-animal-abuse/a-16213950 (130 reintro)
http://focaweb.com/what.htm (appropriate environment-L)

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