primary homework help athens and sparta

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Athens Versus Sparta Facts & Worksheets

Athens and sparta are both famous and prosperous cities in ancient greece, which have also rivaled each other for years. they are just 95 miles away from each other, but their differences were vastly noticeable., search for worksheets, download the athens versus sparta facts & worksheets.

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Table of Contents

Athens and Sparta are both famous and prosperous cities in Ancient Greece , which have also rivaled each other for years. They are just 95 miles away from each other, but their differences were vastly noticeable. Their ideals, principles, and the way they tackle challenges are so contrasting it created animosity between them. A three-decade war sealed the deal with Sparta becoming the most powerful. Athens may have lost the battle, but their contributions became the most relevant in the modern world.

See the fact file below for more information on the Athens Versus Sparta or alternatively, you can download our 26-page Athens Versus Sparta worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment.

Key Facts & Information

Basic facts of athens and sparta.

• Athens, now the capital of Greece , is located on a peninsula that stretches southeastward into the Aegean Sea. It is the oldest civilization where the first recorded human inhabitants were in 3000 BC.
• Its name came from the Greek patron god Athena , the goddess of wisdom and courage.
• Sparta, now a city in Laconia, was also a distinguished city in Ancient Greece known for its disciplined and military-trained people.
• The word Spartan means bravery, discipline, austere. Words that perfectly describe the Spartans during the Ancient times.

Life as an Spartan and Athenian

• Spartan society consisted of three main groups: the full-blooded Spartans, the Helots or slaves, and the Perioeci, who were the craftsmen and traders.
• Healthy Spartan men were trained to be in the military at the age of seven. They had an austere education system called Agoge that emphasized the value of fighting for their state more than anything else. All men lived to fight for their kingdom.
• Spartan women were much freer than any other civilization during that time. Educated, engaged in competitive combats, they could own land due to the absence of their deployed-at-war husbands.
• They were also almost spared from domestic responsibilities as there were helots to take over these jobs.
• The Helots are captured people in the land they conquered. They typically outnumbered the original citizens, which caused a lot of concern to the Spartan government.
• To control them, they maltreated the Helots to emphasize their authority over them and prevent any uprising. They were also killed without much reason.
• If being a warrior was the way of life in Sparta, it was entirely different in Athens, which prioritized arts, philosophy, and education.
• Athens had four main groups of people: the upper class or the full-blooded Athenians, the metics, or the middle class, which were the non-Athenian but chose to live there even with limited rights and privileges, the third class, the freedman or commoners, and the freed slaves, captured by the Athenians during their wars.
• Athens was a patriarchal society despite having more liberal ideas.
• Girls were not allowed to have formal education. They were also seen as a liability because their fathers needed to raise an endowment for them to marry well.
• Athenian women’s lives were limited to the domestic tasks and taking care of the children.
• Athens also had slaves, which they called thetes. Athenians tolerated slaves better. They even had the chance to rise from this social class if they did a good deed, and their masters allowed them to.

Greek Government and Economy

• Spartan government was oligarchic, which is a type of government ruled by a few people.
• It has three branches: The Assembly, The Council of Elders, and the Kings. The Assembly was composed of all free men but had little powers. The Council of Elders had up of twenty-eight people over sixty years of age.
• Sparta was ruled by two kings. One of them led the Spartan Army.
• Spartans, situated in a plain between mountains and sea, used farming and conquering other states to move their economy.
• Spartans did not use coins, so they avoid trading. Their government also believed that trading could bring in new ideas that can corrupt the citizen’s minds.
• Athens used a democratic type of government. All men over eighteen years old can exercise their right to vote and hold government positions as they will be full fledged citizens of Athens. Women and slaves remain in their homes as they are not allowed to have any of these rights.
• The Athenian government consisted of the following:
• The Assembly , also known as Ecclesia, who held a meeting of all Athenian citizens every ten days to debate and decided on new laws.
• The Council , which was the people who were selected by lotteries. They were responsible for overseeing the day to day activities of the government
• The Courts who handled the lawsuits and trials.
• They also have Stategoi , which is a group of 10 elected people which the primary function is to run an army.
• Surrounded by water, trading is their best bet to run its economy.
• They bought and sold their goods in a place called Agora, but unlike the Spartan, they used coins that are made of gold , silver , and bronze to trade.
• The Athenians traded their honey, olive oil, silver, and pottery in exchange for wood and grains.
• Peloponnesian War
• Athens and Sparta were two of the most progressive cities in Greece.
• The former because of their wealth and culture and the latter because of their military expertise.
• The two cities merely tolerated each other until they became allies when the Persian army attack Greece.
• They won against the Persians and to protect itself from a revenge attack; Athens formed the Delian League, which consisted of states/cities that guaranteed their alliance with Athens, giving the latter ultimate power and prestige. Eventually, it almost looked like an Athenian Empire rather than an Alliance.
• This alliance did not sit well with Sparta even though they had their own Peloponnesian League consisting of Corinth, Elis, Tegea, and other states. Each member ensured that Spartan enemies are their enemies and allowed Sparta domination over them.
• The Peloponnesian war started when Corinth, an ally of Sparta, engaged in a Civil War with Corcyra, an ally of Athens.
• Sparta was ambivalent about supporting Corinth. Corcyra demanded that Athens must help them as part of their alliance. Sparta finally succumb to Corinth pressure because they are worried about Athens’ increasing power.
• Athens had a powerful naval force, which was why more cities chose them as their ally. Meanwhile, Sparta had a proven and credible military power.
• Athens also built a wall surrounding their port. It was helpful during the war because it forces Sparta to engaged them in waters, which was Athens’ strength.
• Peloponnesian war had three periods: the Archidamian War (431-421) led by the Spartan King Archimadus, the Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (420-413), and the Ionian War (412-404).
• In the first phase of the war, Archimadus attacked Attica and provoke Athens to counter fight. But Pericles restrained his army from fighting until the Peloponnesian dispersed. However, Athens had different plans. Led by Pericles, they invaded Peloponnesian as their vengeance of the attack to Attica.
• When Spartan was trying to attack again, Athens was hit by a plague that came from Egypt. Athens lost almost half of its people, including their leader Pericles.
• The Peace of Nicias (420-413) was a failure because Athens decided to attack Sicily. This attack turned into a disaster for Athens as their naval ships and army collapsed.
• The Ionian War finally sealed the victory of Sparta as they allied themselves to Persia and destroyed Athens’ fleet at Aegospotami, which signify the end of the war.

Athens Versus Sparta Worksheets

This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about the Athens Versus Sparta across 26 in-depth pages. These are ready-to-use Athens Versus Sparta worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about the Athens and Sparta which are both famous and prosperous cities in Ancient Greece, which have also rivaled each other for years. They are just 95 miles away from each other, but their differences were vastly noticeable. Their ideals, principles, and the way they tackle challenges are so contrasting it created animosity between them. A three-decade war sealed the deal with Sparta becoming the most powerful. Athens may have lost the battle, but their contributions became the most relevant in the modern world.

Complete List Of Included Worksheets

• Athens Versus Sparta Facts
• Archimadus Versus Pericles
• Greek Alliances
• The Greek Way
• Ancient Greek Women
• Spartan Slaves
• It’s all Greek To Me
• The Greek Leagues
• School Life in Greece
• Greece Express

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History of Athens and Sparta for Kids

Imagine you’re walking down an ancient, stone road….

In the distance, you hear music and the voices of people gathering and singing songs. You join the crowd along the road and slowly walk up a very tall hill. At the top of the hill is a magnificent white building supported by gigantic marble pillars. People are streaming into the building as they clap their hands, sing and celebrate. Inside the temple, you gaze up at an enormous statue of Athena, the Greek god who protects your city. You place a wreath of flowers and food at her feet as an offering. Others around you do the same. Today is Panathenia, the festival celebrating Athena’s birthday. It’s the most important holiday of the year in the city of Athens.

Athens and Sparta

Tonight we’re going to learn about Athens and Sparta, two of the earliest civilizations in Western History. Athens and Sparta were located in what is now known as Greece in Europe on the Mediterranean Sea. 

Around 2,500 years ago Greece had over 1,000 city-states. A city-state was like a very small country. Athens and Sparta were two of the most powerful. At the time the Persian Empire controlled Greece and many of the city-states. But the Greek city-states wanted to be free of Persian rule, so they went to war and eventually beat the Persians during the Battle of Marathon. After the Greco-Persian War Athens and Sparta grew in number of people and in wealth.

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Even though they lived nearby each other, the people of Athens and Sparta couldn’t be more different. The people of Athens were known for their love of wisdom and subjects such as philosophy, history, science, and art. The word philosophy is a Greek word that means “love of wisdom.” The earliest and most famous philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were Greek. They spent their days studying the world around them and reflecting on their own thoughts. One of Socrates’s most famous quotes was an “unexamined life is not worth living,” which means we should focus on trying to understand our own thoughts and motivations and trying to make sense of the world around us. Inscribed on the Temple of Delphi were the words: “know thyself.” As we come to understand our own minds and intentions, we can improve ourselves and likewise the world around us. The philosopher Aristotle was known for studying nature and making observations about it. He was fascinated by the world around him. 

During its Golden Age Athens formed one of the first democratic governments, which means large groups of people made decisions for their city-state rather than a single ruler. This style of government was ahead of its time and later influenced the democratic governments we enjoy today, ruled by the people instead of a king. One of their leaders was named Pericles. Pericles was a talented speaker who loved wisdom and was known for thinking rationally, which means making decisions based on truth rather than strong emotions. The people loved Pericles and he led them to make good decisions for Athens. Most children were able to attend school and taxes were used to make the city a better place. The Athenians built beautiful temples to the Greek gods. The Parthenon was the most famous temple whose ruins can still be seen today on Acropolis Hill. Inside the Parthenon, they built sculptures of the goddess Athena and Zeus, the god of sky and thunder. 

Athenian Mythology

The Athenians wrote stories about their gods, which became known as Greek Mythology . Each of the gods had a personality and behaved like humans. Sometimes they were angry, sometimes they were happy, and even threw parties. In the stories, the gods fought wars and often used humans to do the fighting for them. The Athenians used their gods to explain acts of nature like hurricanes and the crash of thunder. The stories often also included moral stories to teach how people should behave. Some of the other well-known gods were Poseidon, the god of the sea, Hera, the goddess of marriage and family, and Ares, the god of war. 

The theater was also very popular in Athens. The people loved to gather and watch plays and listen to songs and music. Some of the great playwrights of the time were Sophocles , Euripedes, Aeschylus, and Aristophane. 

The Athenians loved art and wisdom, but to protect themselves and secure their freedoms, they also built a powerful navy. A navy was important because Greece was located on the Mediterranean Sea and surrounded by islands and other coastal city-states, which often attacked each other. Athen’s navy was made up of triremes, huge wooden warships that carried 170 rowers manning 3 banks of oars. The ships were 100 feet long and 20 feet wide. At one point Athens had over 400 warships and 80,000 sailors that protected their coasts. All young men joined the military when they were 18.

Athens wasn’t the only powerful city-state in Greece at the time. Sparta was another very powerful city-state, but they couldn’t be more different than their neighbors. The Spartans were ruled by two kings and a small group of leaders who controlled the people by force. They prized military strength above all else. They were all about being strong and dangerous — a true warrior society. At the age of 7, Spartans joined a military school called the Agoge, which trained them to be tough and fierce. They went everywhere barefoot, so their feet could be strong. They ate bland food and wore uncomfortable clothes to toughen them. They learned how to wrestle and fight as soldiers. They were taught self-control and to be courageous in the face of danger. All Spartans were expected to devote their lives to their city-state above all their personal wants and needs.

Sparta was made up of three groups: the Spartans, who were full citizens and full-time soldiers, the Helots, who were slaves to the Spartans, and the Perioeci (peer-ee-oh-see), skilled craftsmen who built things such as homes and weapons of war.

Spartan soldiers were called hoplites. In battle, they wore bronze helmets, breastplates, and red cloaks. They carried large round shields, and a spear or sword. They were truly fierce warriors and were known for their tight fighting formation called a phalanx. In a phalanx, hoplites stood close together with their shields overlapping to form a single wall of armor. Then they attacked together as one body. 

King Leonidas

One of the most famous Spartans was King Leonidas , who led his army against the Persians in the Battle of Thermopylae. According to Greek historians, when Leonidas saw they were losing he sent most of his troops home, but stayed with 300 soldiers to fight a much larger army of Persians for three days. Leonidas and the other Spartans fought bravely, but the Persians found a way around them and eventually won. Even though Leonidas and his army lost, they would forever be remembered for their courage to continue fighting even when they were outnumbered.  

Spartan women were known for being strong-minded and independent. They were also expected to be fit and physically strong. They received some education and competed in games such as javelin throwing and wrestling. They also enjoyed dancing and singing and were able to own their own property, which wasn’t common in other parts of Greece.

The Peloponnesian War

Sadly, Sparta and Athens didn’t get along. As they grew more powerful, Athens tried to control the other city-states like Sparta, which wouldn’t stand for it. In 431 B.C. Sparta and its allies attacked Athens in what became known as The Peloponnesian War . Athens had a strong navy, but Sparta was stronger on land and besieged Athens. A siege is when one army surrounds the city of its enemy. During the siege a plague also hit Athens and many of its people didn’t survive, making the city even weaker. Surprisingly, Athens survived the siege, but the war went on for another 15 years. Athens tried to use its navy to beat Sparta, but in 405 B.C. the Spartan general Lysander and his armies finally beat Athen’s navy and besieged the city once again. This time they conquered. Athens had to surrender and join the new Spartan Empire. 

Eventually, Sparta faced its own problems, like the revolt of its slave class who didn’t want to be ruled anymore. By around 300 B.C. the more powerful empire of Alexander the Great conquered Greece and Sparta, too. 

Even though Athens lost the war against Sparta, their ideas about philosophy and history and science, and art spread throughout Greece and beyond. Later the Roman Empire admired Greek thought and culture and its beautiful sculptures were admired through the ages. During the Renaissance, Greek culture was rediscovered by the Italians, and once again the philosophy of Socrates and Plato was read. In fact, you can read their writings today and they have formed the foundation of modern philosophy.

Tonight think about the values of each of these amazing groups of people. Neither was perfect, but you can take what is best about them and apply it to your own life. The Athenians loved the mind and wisdom. What does it mean to you to “know yourself”? Spend some time thinking about your own thoughts and why you do things or maybe why you were upset about something the other day. As you come to know yourself first, you can better manage yourself, and in turn, help those around you.

Also, think about Aristotle and how curious he was about the world around him. He studied every living thing he saw: the sky, the trees, the birds, and other animals. He made observations about them and continued learning and sharing his ideas with others. 

The Greeks loved beauty and found ways to express it through their sculptures. You could do the same by drawing beautiful things around you.

The Spartans were dangerous and aggressive, but we can take their values of courage, and strength and apply them to ourselves. Spartan children didn’t always get what they wanted, this taught them to have self-control. Sometimes when we get everything we want, we don’t appreciate things as much. They also found ways to strengthen their bodies by running and swimming and doing sports. It’s important to keep your own body strong and healthy. Think of ways you can be physically fit like a Spartan.

Spartans also had the courage and continued to fight even when they were outnumbered. The struggles you face may not always be physical, it may just be a problem you’re trying to solve or something you’re trying to be better at, but you can continue trying and persevering even when it seems like you can’t win.

May you have the mind and heart of an Athenian and the strength and courage of a Spartan! 

Check out these great books about Ancient Greece!

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