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Bibliography management with bibtex
1 Advisory note
2 Introduction
3.1 A note on compilation times
4.1 Some notes on using $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ and .bib files
5.1 Multiple authors in $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$
5.2 Multiple-word last names
5.3 I tried to use % to comment out some lines or entries in my .bib file, but I got lots of error messages instead?
6.1 Edit the .bib file as plain text
6.2 Help from GUI-based .bib editors
6.3 Export from reference library services
6.4 I’ve already got a reference list in a Microsoft Word/HTML/PDF file; can I somehow reuse the data without re-typing everything?
7.1 Further reading

Advisory note

If you are starting from scratch we recommend using biblatex because that package provides localization in several languages, it’s actively developed and makes bibliography management easier and more flexible.

Introduction

Many tutorials have been written about what $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ is and how to use it . However, based on our experience of providing support to Overleaf’s users, it’s still one of the topics that many newcomers to $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ find complicated—especially when things don’t go quite right; for example: citations aren’t appearing; problems with authors’ names; not sorted to a required order; URLs not displayed in the references list, and so forth.

In this article we’ll pull together all the threads relating to citations, references and bibliographies, as well as how Overleaf and related tools can help users manage these.

We’ll start with a quick recap of how $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ and bibliography database ( .bib ) files work and look at some ways to prepare .bib files. This is, of course, running the risk of repeating some of the material contained in many online tutorials, but future articles will expand our coverage to include bibliography styles and biblatex —the alternative package and bibliography processor.

Bibliography: just a list of \bibitems

Let’s first take a quick look “under the hood” to see what a $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ reference list is comprised of—please don’t start coding your reference list like this because later in this article we’ll look at other, more convenient, ways to do this.

A reference list really just a thebibliography list of \bibitems :

By default, this thebibliography environment is a numbered list with labels [1] , [2] and so forth. If the document class used is article , \begin{thebibliography} automatically inserts a numberless section heading with \refname (default value: References ). If the document class is book or report, then a numberless chapter heading with \bibname (default value: Bibliography ) is inserted instead. Each \bibitem takes a cite key as its parameter, which you can use with \cite commands, followed by information about the reference entry itself. So if you now write

together with the thebibliography block from before, this is what gets rendered into your PDF when you run a $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ processor (i.e. any of latex , pdflatex , xelatex or lualatex ) on your source file:

Figure 1: Citing entries from a thebibliography list.

Notice how each \bibitem is automatically numbered, and how \cite then inserts the corresponding numerical label.

\begin{thebibliography} takes a numerical argument: the widest label expected in the list. In this example we only have two entries, so 9 is enough. If you have more than ten entries, though, you may notice that the numerical labels in the list start to get misaligned:

Figure 2: thebibliography with a label that’s too short.

We’ll have to make it \begin{thebibliography}{99} instead, so that the longest label is wide enough to accommodate the longer labels, like this:

Figure 3: thebibliography with a longer label width.

If you compile this example code snippet on a local computer you may notice that after the first time you run pdflatex (or another $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ processor), the reference list appears in the PDF as expected, but the \cite commands just show up as question marks [?] .

This is because after the first $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ run the cite keys from each \bibitem ( texbook , lamport94 ) are written to the .aux file and are not yet available for reading by the \cite commands. Only on the second run of pdflatex are the \cite commands able to look up each cite key from the .aux file and insert the corresponding labels ( [1] , [2] ) into the output.

On Overleaf, though, you don’t have to worry about re-running pdflatex yourself. This is because Overleaf uses the latexmk build tool , which automatically re-runs pdflatex (and some other processors) for the requisite number of times needed to resolve \cite outputs. This also accounts for other cross-referencing commands, such as \ref and \tableofcontents .

A note on compilation times

Processing $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ reference lists or other forms of cross-referencing, such as indexes, requires multiple runs of software—including the $\mathrm{\TeX}$ engine (e.g., pdflatex ) and associated programs such as $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$, makeindex , etc. As mentioned above, Overleaf handles all of these mulitple runs automatically, so you don’t have to worry about them. As a consequence, when the preview on Overleaf is refreshing for documents with bibliographies (or other cross-referencing), or for documents with large image files (as discussed separately here ), these essential compilation steps may sometimes make the preview refresh appear to take longer than on your own machine. We do, of course, aim to keep it as short as possible! If you feel your document is taking longer to compile than you’d expect, here are some further tips that may help.

Enter $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$

There are, of course, some inconveniences with manually preparing the thebibliography list:

It’s up to you to accurately format each \bibitem based on the reference style you’re asked to use—which bits should be in bold or italic? Should the year come immediately after the authors, or at the end of the entry? Given names first, or last names first?
If you’re writing for a reference style which requires the reference list to be sorted by the last names of first authors, you’ll need to sort the \bibitem s yourself.
For different manuscripts or documents that use different reference styles you’ll need to rewrite the \bibitem for each reference.

This is where $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ and bibliography database files ( .bib files) are extremely useful, and this is the recommended approach to manage citations and references in most journals and theses. The biblatex approach, which is slightly different and gaining popularity, also requires a .bib file but we’ll talk about biblatex in a future post.

Instead of formatting cited reference entries in a thebibliography list, we maintain a bibliography database file (let’s name it refs.bib for our example) which contains format-independent information about our references. So our refs.bib file may look like this:

You can find more information about other $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ reference entry types and fields here —there’s a huge table showing which fields are supported for which entry types. We’ll talk more about how to prepare .bib files in a later section.

Now we can use \cite with the cite keys as before, but now we replace thebibliography with a \bibliographystyle{...} to choose the reference style, as well as \bibliography{...} to point $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ at the .bib file where the cited references should be looked-up.

This is processed with the following sequence of commands, assuming our $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ document is in a file named main.tex (and that we are using pdflatex ):

pdflatex main
bibtex main

and we get the following output:

BibTeX output with plain bibliography style

Figure 4: $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ output using the plain bibliography style.

Whoah! What’s going on here and why are all those (repeated) processes required? Well, here’s what happens.

During the first pdflatex run, all pdflatex sees is a \bibliographystyle{...} and a \bibliography{...} from main.tex . It doesn’t know what all the \cite{...} commands are about! Consequently, within the output PDF, all the \cite{...} commands are simply rendered as [?], and no reference list appears, for now. But pdflatex writes information about the bibliography style and .bib file, as well as all occurrences of \cite{...} , to the file main.aux .

It’s actually main.aux that $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ is interested in! It notes the .bib file indicated by \bibliography{...} , then looks up all the entries with keys that match the \cite{...} commands used in the .tex file. $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ then uses the style specified with \bibliographystyle{...} to format the cited entries, and writes a formatted thebibliography list into the file main.bbl . The production of the .bbl file is all that’s achieved in this step; no changes are made to the output PDF.

When pdflatex is run again, it now sees that a main.bbl file is available! So it inserts the contents of main.bbl i.e. the \begin{thebibliography}....\end{thebibliography} into the $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ source, where \bibliography{...} is. After this step, the reference list appears in the output PDF formatted according to the chosen \bibliographystyle{...} , but the in-text citations are still [?].

pdflatex is run again, and this time the \cite{...} commands are replaced with the corresponding numerical labels in the output PDF!

As before, the latexmk build tool takes care of triggering and re-running pdflatex and bibtex as necessary, so you don’t have to worry about this bit.

Some notes on using $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ and .bib files

A few further things to note about using $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ and .bib files :

You may have noticed that although refs.bib contained five $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ reference entries, only two are included in the reference list in the output PDF. This is an important point about $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$: the .bib file’s role is to store bibliographic records, and only entries that have been cited (via \cite{...} ) in the .tex files will appear in the reference list. This is similar to how only cited items from an EndNote database will be displayed in the reference list in a Microsoft Word document. If you do want to include all entries—to be displayed but without actually citing all of them—you can write \nocite{*} . This also means you can reuse the same .bib file for all your $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ projects: entries that are not cited in a particular manuscript or report will be excluded from the reference list in that document.
$\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ requires one \bibliographystyle{...} and one \bibliography{...} to function correctly—in future posts we’ll see how to create multiple bibliographies in the same document. If you keep getting “undefined citation” warnings, check that you have indeed included those two commands, and that the names are spelled correctly. File extensions are not usually required, but bear in mind that file names are case sensitive on some operating systems—including on Overleaf! Therefore, if you typed \bibliographystyle{IEEetran} (note the typo: “e”) instead of \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran} , or wrote \bibliography{refs} when the actual file name is Refs.bib , you’ll get the dreaded [?] as citations.
In the same vein, treat your cite keys as case-sensitive, always. Use the exact same case or spelling in your \cite{...} as in your .bib file.
The order of references in the .bib file does not have any effect on how the reference list is ordered in the output PDF: the sorting order of the reference list is determined by the \bibliographystyle{...} . For example, some readers might have noticed that, within my earlier example, the first citation in the text latex2e is numbered [2], while the second citation in the text ( texbook ) is numbered [1]! Have $\mathrm{\LaTeX}$ and $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ lost the plot? Not at all: this is actually because the plain style sorts the reference list by alphabetical order of the first author’s last name . If you prefer a scheme where the numerical citation labels are numbered sequentially throughout the text, you’ll have to choose a bibliography style which implements this. For example, if instead we had used \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran} for that example, we’d get the following output. Notice also how the formatting of each cited item in the reference list has automatically updated to suit the IEEE’s style:

Figure 5: IEEEtran bibliography style output.

We’ll talk more about different bibliography styles, including author–year citation schemes, in a future article. For now, let’s turn our attention to .bib file contents, and how we can make the task of preparing .bib files a bit easier.

Taking another look at .bib files

As you may have noticed earlier, a .bib file contains $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ bibliography entries that start with an entry type prefixed with an @ . Each entry has a some key–value $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ fields , placed within a pair of braces ( {...} ). The cite key is the first piece of information given within these braces, and every field in the entry must be separated by a comma :

As a general rule, every bibliography entry should have an author , year and title field, no matter what the type is. There are about a dozen entry types although some bibliography styles may recognise/define more; however, it is likely that you will most frequently use the following entry types:

@article for journal articles (see example above).
@inproceedings for conference proceeding articles:
@book for books (see examples above).
@phdthesis , @masterthesis for dissertations and theses:
@inbook is for a book chapter where the entire book was written by the same author(s): the chapter of interest is identified by a chapter number:
@incollection is for a contributed chapter in a book, so would have its own author and title . The actual title of the entire book is given in the booktitle field; it is likely that an editor field will also be present:
you will often find it useful to add \usepackage{url} or \usepackage{hyperref} in your .tex files’ preamble (for more robust handling of URLs);
not all bibliography styles support the url field: plain doesn’t, but IEEEtran does. All styles support note . More on this in a future post;
you should be mindful that even web pages and @misc entries should have an author , a year and a title field:

Multiple authors in $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$

In a .bib file, commas are only used to separate the last name from the first name of an author—if the last name is written first. Individual author names are separated by and . So these are correct:

But none of the following will work correctly —you’ll get weird output, or even error messages from $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$! So take extra care if you are copying author names from a paper or from a web page.

Multiple-word last names

If an author’s last name is made up of multiple words separated by spaces, or if it’s actually an organisation, place an extra pair of braces around the last name so that $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ will recognise the grouped words as the last name:

Alternatively, you can use the Lastname, Firstname format; some users find that clearer and more readable:

Remember: Whether the first or last name appears first in the output (“John Doe” vs “Doe, John”), or whether the first name is automatically abbreviated “J. Doe” or “Doe, J.” vs “John Doe” “J. Doe”), all such details are controlled by the \bibliographystyle .

I tried to use % to comment out some lines or entries in my .bib file, but I got lots of error messages instead?

% is actually not a comment character in .bib files! So, inserting a % in .bib files not only fails to comment out the line, it also causes some $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ errors. To get $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ to ignore a particular field we just need to rename the field to something that $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ doesn’t recognise. For example, if you want to keep a date field around but prefer that it’s ignored (perhaps because you want $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ to use the year field instead) write Tdate = {...} or the more human-readable IGNOREdate = {...} .

To get $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ to ignore an entire entry you can remove the @ before the entry type. A valid reference entry always starts with a @ followed by the entry type; without the @ character $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ skips the lines until it encounters another @ .

How/where do I actually get those .bib files?

Edit the .bib file as plain text.

Because .bib files are plain text you can certainly write them by hand—once you’re familiar with $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$’s required syntax. Just make sure that you save it with a .bib extension, and that your editor doesn’t surreptitiously add a .txt or some other suffix. On Overleaf you can click on the “Files…” link at the top of the file list panel, and then on “Add blank file” to create a fresh .bib file to work on.

Pro tip: Did you know that Google Scholar search results can be exported to a $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ entry? Click on the “Cite” link below each search result, and then on the “$\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$” option search. You can then copy the $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ entry generated. Here’s a video that demonstrates the process. Note that you should always double-check the fields presented in the entry, as the automatically populated information isn’t always comprehensive or accurate!

Help from GUI-based .bib editors

Many users prefer to use a dedicated $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ bibliography database editor/manager, such as JabRef or BibDesk to maintain, edit and add entries to their .bib files. Using a GUI can indeed help reduce syntax and spelling errors whilst creating bibliography entries in a $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ file. If you prefer, you can prepare your .bib file on your own machine using JabRef, BibDesk or another utility, and then upload it to your Overleaf.

Pro tip: If you’d like to use the same .bib for multiple Overleaf projects, have a look at this help article to set up a “master project”, or this one for sharing files from Google Drive (the instructions apply to other cloud-based storage solutions, such as Dropbox).

Export from reference library services

If you click on the Upload files button above the file list panel, you'll notice some options: Import from Mendeley, and Import from Zotero. If you’re already using one of those reference library management services, Overleaf can now hook into the Web exporter APIs provided by those services to import the .bib file (generated from your library) into your Overleaf project. For more information, see the Overleaf article How to link your Overleaf account to Mendeley and Zotero .

For other reference library services that don’t have a public API, or are not yet directly integrated with Overleaf, such as EndNote or Paperpile , look for an “export to .bib ” option in the application or service. Once you have a .bib file, you can then add it to your Overleaf project.

I’ve already got a reference list in a Microsoft Word/HTML/PDF file; can I somehow reuse the data without re-typing everything?

It used to be that you would have to hand-code each line into a \bibitem or an @article{...} entry (or another entry type) in a .bib file. As you can imagine, it’s not exactly a task that many people look forward to. Fortunately, these days some tools are available to help. They typically take a plain text file, e.g.

and attempt to parse the lines, converting it into a structured bibliography as a $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ .bib file. For example, have a look at text2bib or Edifix . Be sure to go through the options of these tools carefully, so that they work well with your existing unstructured bibliography in plain text.

Summary and further reading

We’ve had a quick look at how $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ processes a .bib bibliography database file to resolve \cite commands and produce a formatted reference list, as well as how to prepare .bib files.

Happy $\mathrm{Bib\TeX}$ing!

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Citation Management and Writing Tools: LaTeX and BibTeX

LaTeX and BibTeX
Other Citation Tools

BibTeX and...

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JabRef

LaTeX & BibTeX

What is latex.

LaTeX is a typesetting program that takes a plain text file with various commands in it and converts it to a formatted document based on the commands that it has been given. The source file for the document has a file extension of .tex. It is widely used at MIT for theses and other technical papers due to its prowess with mathematical and foreign characters. For more information on LaTeX, see LaTeX on Athena Basics , provided by the Athena On-Line Help system.

What is BibTeX?

BibTeX is a bibliographic tool that is used with LaTeX to help organize the user's references and create a bibliography. A BibTeX user creates a bibliography file that is separate from the LaTeX source file, wth a file extension of .bib. Each reference in the bibliography file is formatted with a certain structure and is given a "key" by which the author can refer to in the source .tex file. For more information on BibTeX, see see MIT IS&T's page: How do I Create Bibliographies in LaTeX .

If you're new to LaTeX/BibTeX, consider using Overleaf , an online LaTeX and Rich Text collaborative writing and publishing tool. It includes built-in features to link your Zotero or Mendeley library to your LaTeX document .

MIT Libraries provides Overleaf Pro+ accounts for all MIT faculty, students and staff. Learn more on how to get started with Overleaf.

Zotero & BibTeX

Export from zotero to bibtex.

click on the File menu in Zotero and select "Export Library..." or
right-click on the library and select "Export Library..."
To export all references in a collection, right-click on the collection in the left-hand menu and select "Export Collection..."
To export only certain references, select those references using control-clicks and/or shift-clicks, then right-click one of the highlighted references and select "Export Items..."
From the dialog box that pops up, select the BibTeX format, and click OK.
Navigate to the directory where you are storing your manuscript (your .tex file), and save the file. This will generate a file in the appropriate format for BibTeX to read and create a bibliography from.

Auto-syncing from Zotero to BibTeX

Auto-updating your .bib file when you make changes or additions to your Zotero Library is not available directly in Zotero. You can, however, install and enable a Zotero extension, Better BibTeX , to enable these features.

Once Better BibTeX is enabled, select the folder/library/items you wish to include in your .bib file as you would do in the basic export process described above.
In the export dialog box, you will now see many more options for your export format. Select the “Better BibTeX” option, and, to set up the auto sync, make sure you also check the “Keep updated” box.
Click Ok, name your .bib file and save in the same location as your LaTeX file.

You can adjust or remove a .bib auto sync of Zotero records at any time by going to your Zotero preferences and clicking on the Better BibTeX tab, followed by the Automatic export tab.

For more detailed instructions on setting up your Zotero export, see the Zotero and BibTeX Quick Guide .

Linking with Overleaf

In Overleaf, you can link your entire library or a Group library to your Overleaf project. This link allows you to have synced records with Zotero while actively accessing them in Overleaf. More information on linking your Zotero and Overleaf accounts may be found on this Overleaf How-To Guide .

Mendeley & BibTeX

Export to bibtex.

Within your Library in Mendeley Reference Manager, select the references that you would like to export to BibTeX.
In the dropdown menu in the toolbar at the top of the screen, click File > Export All > BibTeX (*.bib)
Make sure you save your BibTeX file to the same location as your LaTeX file.

In Overleaf, you can link your entire library or a subset of your records to your Overleaf project. This link allows you to have synced records with Mendeley while actively accessing them in Overleaf. More information on linking your Mendeley and Overleaf accounts may be found on this Overleaf How-To Guide .

JabRef & BibTeX

If you primarily create documents in LaTeX (versus a word processing software like Microsoft Word) you may want to consider using JabRef as your primary citation management software.

JabRef is a reference manager that acts as an interface to the BibTeX style used by the LaTeX typesetting system. JabRef is open source and is freely downloadable. The graphical interface allows the user to easily import, edit, search, and group citations in the BibTeX format. It also offers automatic citation key generation. JabRef does not offer any citation styles of its own; instead the citation is generated from the BibTeX file by LaTeX. Specifications for each style are given by the chosen style file.

JabRef can be used on Windows, Linux, and Mac.

For more detailed instructions on setting up JabRef as your LaTeX citation management software, see the JabRef Getting Started guidance .

Citation Management Tools

Get help with latex and bibtex.

Zotero and BibTeX Quick Guide

LaTeX resources at MIT

LaTeX on Athena, Basics (IS&T)

How do I create bibliographies in LaTeX? (IS&T)

<< Previous: Mendeley
Next: Other Citation Tools >>
Last Updated: Sep 6, 2024 3:44 PM
URL: https://libguides.mit.edu/cite-write

University of Wisconsin–Madison
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Research Guides
LaTeX Guide
Citing with BibTeX

LaTeX Guide : Citing with BibTeX

Introduction
Getting Started
UW-Madison Templates

LaTeX uses the BibTeX (.bib) file format to manage and process lists of references in order to produce in-text citations and formatted bibliographies. It is possible to create a BibTeX file from scratch using a text editor, but many literature databases and most modern citation managers can export directly to this format.

Bibliography management with BibTeX An introduction to using BibTeX and .bib files for bibliography management, including solutions to common problems. From Overleaf.
BibTeX Basic introduction to the BibTeX file format and how to use it with LaTeX.
Choosing a BibTeX style Guide from Reed College on various citation styles and how to use them with BibTeX and LaTeX.

Citation Managers and LaTeX/BibTeX

Jabref is a free reference manager with native BibTeX and BibLaTeX support—it's designed for use with systems like LaTeX and includes cite-while-you-write functionality for LaTeX editors like Kile, LyX, and TeXstudio.

JabRef Free citation manager with BibTeX support. Made by researchers for researchers.

Zotero is a free, open source citation manager. To create a BibTeX file with Zotero:

Save all your references into a single collection folder
Right click that collection in Zotero ( Ctrl + click for Mac OS)
Choose Export Collection...
Change the format from RIS to BibTeX

This will create a .bib file for you. Because Zotero is open source, there are a number of third-party plugins you can get to add or improve functionality. Better BibTeX for Zotero is highly recommended if you will be using Zotero for citation management for a LaTeX project.

Better BibTeX for Zotero A plugin for Zotero that makes it easier for LaTeX users to manage bibliographic data.
How to link your Overleaf account to Mendeley and Zotero For users with premium subscriptions only.

EndNote is a powerful citation manager, but the full version cannot be used without the purchase of a software license. The paid version of EndNote can produce a BibTeX file for your references, with some limitations. To do this:

Save all your references into a single EndNote group
Select the references in EndNote (use Ctrl +A for Windows or Cmd + A for Mac OS to select all)
From the main menu choose File > Export...
Choose BibTeX Export as the file output style (this may require installing the BibTeX Export style from the Style Manager)
Save the file
EndNote creates a plain text (.txt) file with BibTeX formatting inside; you will need to manually change it to .bib

Note: these instructions were created using EndNote 20. The process may not be exactly the same for other versions of EndNote.

Can I use Overleaf with EndNote? Instructions for using EndNote to manage references for an Overleaf LaTeX project.

Mendeley is a free citation manager. Follow the directions below to create a BibTeX file containing the references from a Mendeley collection.

Save all your references into a single folder
Navigate to that folder in Mendeley Reference Manager
Choose File > Export All from the main menu
Choose BibTeX (*.bib) and save your file

Note: the steps may vary depending on the version of Mendeley being used.

Exporting references from Mendeley Instructions for exporting your Mendeley reference library to a variety of formats. Note that this creates a static file.
<< Previous: Getting Started
Next: UW-Madison Templates >>
Last Updated: May 29, 2024 3:50 PM
URL: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/latex

Future Students
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College of Engineering

Research and Facilities
Departments

Guide to Writing Your Thesis in LaTeX

The bibliography and list of references.

The Graduate School requires a Bibliography which includes all the literature cited for the complete thesis or dissertation. Quoting from the Graduate School’s Guidelines for the Format of Theses and Dissertations :

“Every thesis in Standard Format must contain a Bibliography which lists all the sources used or consulted in writing the entire thesis and is placed at the very end of the work. The complete citations are arranged alphabetically by last name of the author. Individual citations are not numbered. No abbreviations in titles of published works will be accepted. The full title of a book, journal, website, proceedings, or any other published work must be italicized or underlined. Citations must follow standards set by the style manual that the student is using. The bibliography for URI theses is not broken into categories.”

The List of References is not required by the Graduate School, but is the style commonly used in Engineering, Mathematics, and many of the Sciences. It consists of a numbered list of the sources used or consulted in writing the thesis in the order that they are referenced in the text. There can be either one List of References for the entire thesis, or a List of References at the end of each chapter.

Both the Bibliography and the List of References will be generated by the urithesis LaTeX class. All you need to do is add information about your sources to the references.bib file, which is a database containing all of the necessary information about the references, then cite the reference in your thesis using the \cite{} command.

Generating the Bibliography and References

The bibliography and list of references are generated by running BibTeX. To generate the bibliography, load the file thesisbib.tex into your editor, then run BibTeX on it.

If each chapter has its own list of references, you will need to run BibTeX on each chapter to update its list of references. If there is one list of references for the whole thesis (because you used the oneref option, you will only need to run BibTeX on the top level file thesis.tex .

How to Add a Bibliography Entry

When we want to refer to a source in the thesis, we place an entry for that source in the file references.bib , then cite the source in the thesis with the \cite{LABEL} command. The syntax for an entry in the references.bib file is of the form:

ENTRYTYPE is the type of bibliographic entry such as Book , Article , or TechReport , that this entry describes. At the end of this page is a list of all possible entry types .

LABEL is a unique string that is used to refer to this entry in the body of the thesis when using the \cite{LABEL} command.

The FIELDNAMEn entries are the fields that describe this entry, (ie. author, title, pages, year, etc.). Each entry type has certain required fields and optional fields. See the list of all entry types for a description of the available fields.

As an example, suppose we have a paper from a conference proceedings that we want to cite. First we make an entry in the our references.bib file of the form:

We then cite this source in the text of our thesis with the command \cite{re:toolan:as03} . This will generate a Bibliography entry that looks something like:

and a List of References entry that looks something like:

[1]	T. M. Toolan and D. W. Tufts, “Detection and estimation in non-stationary environments,“ in , Nov. 2003, pp. 797-801.

Types of List of References

The Graduate School requires that the bibliography is always at the end of the thesis and sorted alphabetically by author, therefore there is no options that affect it. The list of references is optional, therefore there are a few different ways that it can created.

By default a separate list of references appears at the end of each chapter, and are sorted by the order that they are cited in that chapter. The option oneref (see options ) will create a single list of references for the whole thesis, which due to the requirements of the Graduate School, will appear after the last chapter and before any appendices.

The option aparefs will cite references using the APA style, which is the last name of the author and year of publication, such as (Toolan, 2006), instead of the default IEEE style, which is a number, such as [1]. This option will also sort the references alphabetically by author, instead of in order of citation. The options oneref and aparefs can be used together to create a single list of references using the APA style.

Supported Bibliography Entry Types

The following is a list of all the entry types that can be used. Click on the desired type to see a detailed description of how to use that type.

Article – An article from a journal or magazine
Book – A book with an explicit publisher
InBook – A part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s)
InCollection – A part of a book having its own title
Booklet – Printed and bound works that are not formally published
Manual – Technical documentation
InProceedings – An article in a conference proceedings
Proceedings – The entire proceedings of a conference
MastersThesis – A Master’s thesis
PhDThesis – A Ph.D. dissertation
TechReport – A report published by a school or other institution
Unpublished – A document that has not been formally published
Electronic – An internet reference like a web page
Patent – A patent or patent application
Periodical – A magazine or journal
Standard – Formally published standard
Misc – For use when nothing else fits

Required fields:
Optional fields:

Articles that have not yet been published can be handled as a misc type with a note. Sometimes it is desirable to put extra information into the month field such as the day, or additional months. This is accomplished by using the BIBTEX concatenation operator “#“:

Example .bib using this type:

Required fields:	and/or
Optional fields:

Books may have authors, editors or both. Example .bib using this type:

Inbook is used to reference a part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s). The type field can be used to override the word chapter (for which IEEE uses the abbreviation “ch.”) when the book uses parts, sections, etc., instead of chapters

Incollection is used to reference part of a book having its own title. Like book , incollection supports the series, chapter and pages fields. Also, the type field can be used to override the word chapter.

Booklet is used for printed and bound works that are not formally published. A primary difference between booklet and unpublished is that the former is/was distributed by some means. Booklet is rarely used in bibliographies.

Technical documentation is handled by the manual entry type.

References of papers in conference proceedings are handled by the inproceedings or conference entry type. These two types are functionally identical and can be used interchangeably. Example .bib using this type:

It is rare to need to reference an entire conference proceedings, but, if necessary, the proceedings entry type can be used to do so.

Master’s (or minor) theses can be handled with the mastersthesis entry type. The optional type field can be used to override the words “Master’s thesis” if a different designation is desired:

The phdthesis entry type is used for Ph.D. dissertations (major theses). Like mastersthesis , the type field can be used to override the default designation. Example .bib using this type:

Techreport is used for technical reports. The optional type field can be used to override the default designation “Tech. Rep.” Example .bib using this type:

The unpublished entry type is used for documents that have not been formally published. IEEE typically just uses “unpublished” for the required note field.

Required fields:	none
Optional fields:

The electronic entry type is for internet references. IEEE formats electronic references differently by not using italics or quotes and separating fields with periods rather than commas. Also, the date is enclosed within parentheses and is placed closer to the title. This is probably done to emphasize that electronic references may not remain valid on the rapidly changing internet. Note also the liberal use of the howpublished field to describe the form or category of the entries. The organization and address fields may also be used. Example .bib using this type:

Required fields:	or
Optional fields:

The nationality field provides a means to handle patents from different countries

The nationality should be capitalized. The assignee and address (of the assignee) fields are not used, however, they are provided. The type field provides a way to override the “patent” description with other patent related descriptions such as “patent application” or “patent request”:

The periodical entry type is used for journals and magazines.

The standard entry type is used for formally published standards. Alternatively, the misc entry type, along with its howpublished field, can be used to create references of standards.

Misc is the most flexible type and can be used when none of the other entry types are applicable. The howpublished field can be used to describe what exactly (or in what form) the reference is (or appears as). Possible applications include technical-report-like entries that lack an institution, white papers and data sheets.

Additional Comments

Because we are effectively creating multiple bibliographies, (one for the actual bibliography, and one for each list of references), the two LATEX commands \bibliographystyle{} and \bibliography{} are not used. They have been redefined to do nothing, and the equivalent of these commands are done automatically when necessary.

When there is a reference that should be included in the bibliography, but does not need to be explicitly referenced in the thesis, use the \nocite{} command. This command works like the \cite{} command, except it does not put the citation in the list of references, only in the bibliography. The \nocite{} command must appear after the first \newchapter{} command, or it will be ignored.

When using the option aparefs , and a citation does not have an author, (such as often occurs with a web page), the key field can be used to specify what to use in the citation instead of the author’s name.

About the Bibliography Format

The bibliography format used by the urithesis class is based on the IEEE format. See the article “How to Use the IEEEtran BIBTEX Style” by Michael Shell for more details.

Overleaf for LaTeX Theses & Dissertations: Home

Using Templates on Overleaf
Reference Managers and Overleaf
Adding Tables, Images, and Graphs

Tips and tools for writing your LaTeX thesis or dissertation in Overleaf, including templates, managing references , and getting started guides.

Managing References

BibTeX is a file format used for lists of references for LaTeX documents. Many citation management tools support the ability to export and import lists of references in .bib format. Some reference management tools can generate BibTeX files of your library or folders for use in your LaTeX documents.

LaTeX on Wikibooks has a Bibliography Management page.

Find list of BibTeX styles available on Overleaf here

View a video tutorial on how to include a bibliography using BibTeX here

Collaborate with Overleaf

Collaboration tools

One version of your project accessible to collaborators via a shared link or email invitation
Easily select the level of access for collaborators (view, edit, or owner access)
Real-time commenting speeds up the review process
Tracked changes and full history view help to see contributions from collaborators
Labels help to organize and compare different versions
Chat in real time with collaborators right within the project

How to get started writing your thesis in LaTeX

Writing a thesis or dissertation in LaTeX can be challenging, but the end result is well worth it – nothing looks as good as a LaTeX-produced PDF, and for large documents it's a lot easier than fighting with formatting and cross-referencing in MS Word. Review this video from Overleaf to help you get started writing your thesis in LaTeX, using a standard thesis template from the Overleaf Gallery .

You can upload your own thesis template to the Overleaf Gallery if your university provides a set of LaTeX template files or you may find your university's thesis template already in the Overleaf Gallery.

This video assumes you've used LaTeX before and are familiar with the standard commands (see other tutorial videos if not), and focuses on how to work with a large project split over multiple files.

Add Institutional Library contact info here.

Contact Overleaf or email [email protected]

5-part Guide on How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX

5-part LaTeX Thesis Writing Guide

Part 1: Basic Structure corresponding video

Part 2: Page Layout corresponding video

Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables corresponding video

Part 4: Bibliographies with Biblatex corresponding video

Part 5: Customizing Your Title Page and Abstract corresponding video

Link your ORCiD ID

Link your ORCiD account to your Overleaf account.

See Overleaf news on our blog.

Next: Using Templates on Overleaf >>
Last Updated: Aug 20, 2024 5:29 PM
URL: https://overleaf.libguides.com/Thesis

LaTeX Resources for Graduate Students: Formatting of theses and dissertations

BibTeX reference format
BibTeX command
LaTeX bibliography file
LaTeX editors and compilers
Sample LaTeX file with bibliography
Sample LaTeX file without bibliography
Formatting of theses and dissertations

Formatting and structure

The Cornell Graduate School has become increasingly flexible about the formatting of theses and dissertations. There now are only seven core requirements . For the structure of theses and dissertations here is a list of required and recommended sections .

Latex template

Among the available thesis and dissertation templates provided by the Graduate School is also a LaTeX template (ZIP archive). This template has been uploaded to Overleaf and placed in the Cornell template directory . This template contains a small fix to avoid an error message about \ifpdf .

<< Previous: Sample LaTeX file without bibliography
Last Updated: Oct 25, 2022 5:12 PM
URL: https://guides.library.cornell.edu/latex

NPS Dudley Knox Library
Research Guides

Citation Guide

BibTeX Code
Examples & Rules
Zotero Examples
Examples & Rules
BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6
Other Styles
Generative AI

NPS Thesis Template v2.7 (rel. 3 April 2023): Code Examples (Using template version ≤ 2.6? Click here: IEEE or INFORMS )

The following codes are customized for NPS theses and are not intended for use with any other publisher or template. The NPS thesis LaTeX template comes prepackaged with a BibTeX tool and a bib file containing the examples below.

Blog
Blog	J. Locke, “Effect of weird tails in 35mm Innsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using Cthulhean logic,” The Thing’s Credible!, blog, Dec. 22, 2020. Available: https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html TBA @misc{locke_2020, author = "J. Locke", title = "Effect of weird tails in 35mm {I}nnsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using {C}thulhean logic", month = "Dec. 22,", year = "2020", howpublished = "The Thing’s Credible!, blog", url = "https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html" }

Blog

J. Locke, “Effect of weird tails in 35mm Innsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using Cthulhean logic,” The Thing’s Credible!, blog, Dec. 22, 2020. Available: https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html
TBA @misc{locke_2020,
author = "J. Locke",
title = "Effect of weird tails in 35mm {I}nnsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using {C}thulhean logic",
month = "Dec. 22,",
year = "2020",
howpublished = "The Thing’s Credible!, blog",
url = "https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html"
}


Chapter in Edited Book
Book Chapter One author, two editors	P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in , D. Moran and J. A. Russel, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–77. Haynes P (2009) Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy. Moran D, Russel JA, eds., (Routledge, New York, NY, USA), 62–77. @incollection{haynes_2009, author = "P. Haynes", editor = "D. Moran and J. A. Russel", title = "Al-{Q}aeda, oil dependence, and {U.S.} foreign policy", booktitle = "Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management", publisher = "Routledge", address = "New York, NY, USA", year = "2009", pages = "62--77" }
Electronic Book
DOI or URL	M. E. Bonds, . New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 2014. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004 Bonds ME (2014) , https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780199343638.003.0004. @ebook{bonds_2014, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {M. E. Bonds}, doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {Absolute Music: The History of an Idea}, year = {2014}}
From book provider	A. Krishnan, as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Available: Kindle Krishnan A (2008) , Kindle. @book{krishnan_2008, address = {Aldershot, England}, author = {A. Krishnan}, publisher = {Ashgate}, title = {War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting}, url = {Kindle}, year = {2008}}
Print Book
One author	M. Pollan, Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Penguin, 2006. Pollan M (2006) , 2nd ed. (Penguin, New York, NY, USA). @book{pollan_2006, author = "M. Pollan", title = "The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals", publisher = "Penguin", address = "New York, NY, USA", edition = "2nd ed.", year = "2006" }
Two authors with edition number	A. Strindberg and M. Wärn, , 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. Strindberg A, Wärn M (2011) , 2nd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA). @book{strindberg_warn_2011, author = "A. Strindberg and M. Wärn", title = " Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons", address = "Hoboken, NJ, USA", edition = "2nd ed.", year = "2011" }
Section (in a series, portion, volume)
In a series	M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., (Applied Mathematics Series 55). Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964, pp. 32–33. N/A @inbook{abramowitz_64, editor = "M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun", title = "Handbook of Mathematical Functions", series = "Applied Mathematics Series 55", publisher = "NBS", address = "Washington, DC, USA", pages = "32--33", year = "1964" }
Portion	B. Orend, , 2nd ed. Tonawanda, NY, USA: Broadview Press, 2013, ch. 2, sec. 3, pp. 67–70. N/A @inbook{orend_2013, author = "B. Orend", title = "Morality of War", publisher = "Broadview Press", address = "Tonawanda, NY, USA", edition = "2nd ed.", year = "2013", chapter = "2, sec.\ 3", pages = "67--70" }
Volume	R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in , vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 47–160. N/A @incollection{myer_77, author = "R. L. Myer", editor = "P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret", title = "Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials", booktitle = "Nonlinear Optics", publisher = "Academic Press", address = "San Francisco, CA, USA", year = "1977", volume = "4", pages = "47--160" }


Class Notes / Lecture / Presentation / Workshop	“New applications in computational mechanics,” class notes for Computational Mechanics, Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, spring 2013. Houston A (2016) Why capitalization matters when visiting the House of Potato Chips. Class notes, Performance Management and Budgeting, University of Idaho, September 28, Fort Chip, ID. @misc{NPS_notes_2013, title = "New applications in computational mechanics", organization = "Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School", howpublished = "class notes for Computational Mechanics", address = "Monterey, CA, USA", year = "spring 2013" }

Class Notes / Lecture / Presentation / Workshop

“New applications in computational mechanics,” class notes for Computational Mechanics, Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, spring 2013.
Houston A (2016) Why capitalization matters when visiting the House of Potato Chips. Class notes, Performance Management and Budgeting, University of Idaho, September 28, Fort Chip, ID. @misc{NPS_notes_2013,
title = "New applications in computational mechanics",
organization = "Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School",
howpublished = "class notes for Computational Mechanics",
address = "Monterey, CA, USA",
year = "spring 2013"
}


Computer Program / Software	M. Borenstein, L. Hedges, J. Higgins, and H. Rothstein, Englewood, NJ, USA. 2005. , ver. 2. Available: http://www.meta-analysis.com/ Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H (2005) Comprehensive meta-analysis, ver. 2, Englewood, NJ, USA. Accessed May 8, 2015, http://www.meta-analysis.com. @software{comprehensive_2005, author = "M. Borenstein and L. Hedges and J. Higgins and H. Rothstein", address = "Englewood, NJ, USA", title = "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis", howpublished = "ver. 2", year = "2005", url = "http://www.meta-analysis.com" }

Computer Program / Software

M. Borenstein, L. Hedges, J. Higgins, and H. Rothstein, Englewood, NJ, USA. 2005. , ver. 2. Available: http://www.meta-analysis.com/
Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H (2005) Comprehensive meta-analysis, ver. 2, Englewood, NJ, USA. Accessed May 8, 2015, http://www.meta-analysis.com. @software{comprehensive_2005,
author = "M. Borenstein and L. Hedges and J. Higgins and H. Rothstein",
address = "Englewood, NJ, USA",
title = "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis",
howpublished = "ver. 2",
year = "2005",
url = "http://www.meta-analysis.com"
}


Conference Proceedings (online)	J. W. Morentz, C. Doyle, L. Skelly, and N. Adam, “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing,” in for Homeland Security, 2009. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032 Morentz JW, Doyle C, Skelly L, Adam N (2009) Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing. , https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032. Variant of inproceedings class. Note "and" between multiple authors. @inproceedings{morentz_2009, author = "J. W. Morentz and C. Doyle and L. Skelly and N. Adam", title = "{Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing}", booktitle = "2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security", year = "2009", url = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032" }
Conference Proceedings (print)	I. Katz, K. Gabayan, and H. Aghajan, “A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras,” in , 2007, pp. 133–203. Katz I, Gabayan K, Aghajan H (2007) A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. (Berlin, Germany), 133–203. @inproceedings{katz_2007, author = "I. Katz and K. Gabayan and H. Aghajan", title = "A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras", booktitle = "Adv. Conc. for Intell. Vis. Sys.: 9th Intl. Conf.", year = "2007", pages = "133--203" }
Paper Presented at a Conference Unpublished	K. Kirby and J. Stratton, “Van Allen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring Earth’s radiation belts,” presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 2013. Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM (2005) Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA. Use misc. Notice the {} around first letters of proper nouns in the title. @misc{kirby_2013, author = "K. Kirby and J. Stratton", title = "{V}an {A}llen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring {E}arth's radiation belts", howpublished = "presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference", address = "Big Sky, MT, USA", year = "2013" }

Conference Proceedings

(online)

J. W. Morentz, C. Doyle, L. Skelly, and N. Adam, “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing,” in for Homeland Security, 2009. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032
Morentz JW, Doyle C, Skelly L, Adam N (2009) Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing. , https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032. Variant of inproceedings class. Note "and" between multiple authors.

@inproceedings{morentz_2009,
author = "J. W. Morentz and C. Doyle and L. Skelly and N. Adam",
title = "{Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing}",
booktitle = "2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security",
year = "2009",
url = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032"
}

Conference Proceedings

(print)

I. Katz, K. Gabayan, and H. Aghajan, “A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras,” in , 2007, pp. 133–203.
Katz I, Gabayan K, Aghajan H (2007) A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. (Berlin, Germany), 133–203. @inproceedings{katz_2007,
author = "I. Katz and K. Gabayan and H. Aghajan",
title = "A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras",
booktitle = "Adv. Conc. for Intell. Vis. Sys.: 9th Intl. Conf.",
year = "2007",
pages = "133--203"
}

Paper Presented at a Conference

Unpublished

K. Kirby and J. Stratton, “Van Allen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring Earth’s radiation belts,” presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 2013.
Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM (2005) Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA. Use misc. Notice the {} around first letters of proper nouns in the title.

@misc{kirby_2013,
author = "K. Kirby and J. Stratton",
title = "{V}an {A}llen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring {E}arth's radiation belts",
howpublished = "presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference",
address = "Big Sky, MT, USA",
year = "2013"
}


Database Published	“NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.” Object name IRAS F00400+4059. Accessed Dec. 10, 2012. Available: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/ Suro R (2004) Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news media. Pew Research Center. Accessed April 30, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/hanging-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/. @misc{nsa_ipac_2012, journal = {database}, note = {Accessed Dec. 10, 2012}, organization = {Object name IRAS F00400+4059}, title = {{NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database}}, url = {http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/}}

Database

Published

“NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.” Object name IRAS F00400+4059. Accessed Dec. 10, 2012. Available: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/
Suro R (2004) Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news media. Pew Research Center. Accessed April 30, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/hanging-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.

@misc{nsa_ipac_2012,
journal = {database},
note = {Accessed Dec. 10, 2012},
organization = {Object name IRAS F00400+4059},
title = {{NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database}},
url = {http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/}}


Dictionary / Encyclopedia	"Metamorphosis,” . Accessed July 6, 2017. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis Metamorphosis (2017) . Accessed July 6, 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis. @misc{merriam_2017, title = "Metamorphosis", howpublished = {\emph{Merriam-Webster}. Accessed July 6, 2017}, url = "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis" }

Dictionary / Encyclopedia

"Metamorphosis,” . Accessed July 6, 2017. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis
Metamorphosis (2017) . Accessed July 6, 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis. @misc{merriam_2017,
title = "Metamorphosis",
howpublished = {\emph{Merriam-Webster}. Accessed July 6, 2017},
url = "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis"
}


Fact Sheet	Texas Instruments, , SNAS548D, 2015. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf Department of Labor (2008) , http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm. @manual{texas_2015, author = {{Texas Instruments}}, howpublished = {SNAS548D}, title = {LM555 timer}, url = {http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdfs}, year = {2015}}

Fact Sheet

Texas Instruments, , SNAS548D, 2015. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf
Department of Labor (2008) , http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm. @manual{texas_2015,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
howpublished = {SNAS548D},
title = {LM555 timer},
url = {http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdfs},
year = {2015}}

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

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Directive
Directive	, DOD Directive 5000.1, Under Secretary of Defense (AT&L), Washington, DC, USA, 2003. Available: http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf Department of Defense (2005) . DoD Directive 8570.01-M. Washington, DC, http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf. @manual{dod_5000.1, title = "The Defense Acquisition System", howpublished = "DOD Directive 5000.1", organization = "Under Secretary of Defense (AT\&L)", address = "Washington, DC, USA", year = "2003", url = "http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf" }
Doctrine
Doctrine	Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, JP-1, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC, USA, 2017. Available: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf Joint Chiefs of Staff (2017) . JP 3-01. Washington, DC, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_01_20172104.pdf. @manual{JP1, title = "Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States", howpublished = "JP-1", organization = "Joint Chiefs of Staff", address = "Washington, DC, USA", year = "2017", url = "https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf" }
Field Manual / Military Regulation
Field Manual / Military Regulation	, FM 23-10, U.S. Dept. of the Army, Washington, DC, USA, 1995. Available: https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf Department of the Army (1995) . FM 23-10. Washington, DC, USA, https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf. @manual{sniper_2011, title = "Sniper Training", howpublished = "FM 23-10", organization = "U.S. Dept. of the Army", address = "Washington, DC, USA", year = "1995", url = "https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10\%2894\%29.pdf" }
Government Report
CRS or GAO Report	M. C. Erwin, “Intelligence issues for Congress,” CRS Report No. RL33539, Washington, DC, USA, 2011. Available: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/ RL33539.pdf TBA @misc{erwin_2011, author = "M. C. Erwin", title = "Intelligence issues for {C}ongress", address = "Washington, DC, USA", howpublished = "CRS Report No. RL33539", year = "2011", url = "http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf" }
NEED CODE for White House. National Security Strategy
Instruction
Instruction	, DOD Instruction 1000.01, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2012, pp. 1-1–1-10. See . @manual{instruction_1000.01, title = "Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention", howpublished = "DOD Instruction 1000.01", organization = "Department of Defense", address = "Washington, DC, USA", year = "2012", pages = "1\hyphen1--1\hyphen10" }
Memorandum
Memorandum	T. M. Takai, “Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense,” official memorandum, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2013. Available: http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/ 2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf N/A @misc{takai_2013, author = "T. M. Takai", title = "Adoption of the national information exchange model within the {D}epartment of {D}efense", address = "Washington, DC, USA", howpublished = "official memorandum, {D}epartment of {D}efense", year = "2013", url = "http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28\%20Adoption\%20of\%20the\%20NIEM\%20within\%20the\%20DoD.pdf" }


Print	Communications, 3rd ed., Western Elect. Co., Winston- Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60. Western Elect. Co. (1985) , 3rd ed. (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). @manual{transmission_comm_85, title = "Transmission Systems for Communications", edition = "3rd", organization = "Western Elect. Co.", address = "Winston-Salem, NC, USA", year = "1985", pages = "44--60" }

Communications, 3rd ed., Western Elect. Co., Winston- Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60.
Western Elect. Co. (1985) , 3rd ed. (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). @manual{transmission_comm_85,
title = "Transmission Systems for Communications",
edition = "3rd",
organization = "Western Elect. Co.",
address = "Winston-Salem, NC, USA",
year = "1985",
pages = "44--60"
}


Online	G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka, “Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support,” Econ., vol. 19, no. 2, Apr. 2018. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419 Sanico G, Kakinaka M (2018) Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support. 19(2) (April), https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419. @article{sanico_2018, author = {G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka}, doi = {10.1080/10242690701505419}, journal = {Def. \& Peace Econ.}, month = Apr, number = {2}, title = {Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support}, volume = {19}, year = {2018}}
Print	W. Q. Wang and H. Shao, “High altitude platform multichannel SAR for wide-area and staring imaging,” , vol. 29, no. 25, pp. 12–17, Mar. 2014. Griffin G (2009) Managing peacekeeping communications. 3(2):317–327. @article{wang_2014, author = "W. Q. Wang and H. Shao", title = "High altitude platform multichannel {SAR} for wide-area and staring imaging", journal = "Aerosp. and Electron. Syst.", volume = "29", number = "25", month = mar, year = "2014", pages = "12--17" }

Online

G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka, “Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support,” Econ., vol. 19, no. 2, Apr. 2018. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419
Sanico G, Kakinaka M (2018) Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support. 19(2) (April), https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419. @article{sanico_2018,
author = {G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka},
doi = {10.1080/10242690701505419},
journal = {Def. \& Peace Econ.},
month = Apr,
number = {2},
title = {Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support},
volume = {19},
year = {2018}}

W. Q. Wang and H. Shao, “High altitude platform multichannel SAR for wide-area and staring imaging,” , vol. 29, no. 25, pp. 12–17, Mar. 2014.
Griffin G (2009) Managing peacekeeping communications. 3(2):317–327. @article{wang_2014,
author = "W. Q. Wang and H. Shao",
title = "High altitude platform multichannel {SAR} for wide-area and staring imaging",
journal = "Aerosp. and Electron. Syst.",
volume = "29",
number = "25",
month = mar,
year = "2014",
pages = "12--17"
}


Legislative Document	--> U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, of Military Action. Available: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH INFORMS: No reference required. @electronic{congress_1991, author = {{U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session}}, month = {Jan. 11}, title = {H. Con. Res. 1, \emph{Sense of the Congress on Approval of Military Action}}, url = {http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH}, year = {1991}}
Public Law Published in the	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101. 1991. No reference required. @misc{americans_1991, howpublished = {42 U.S.C. {\S} 12101}, journal = {law}, title = {Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990}, year = {1991}}

Legislative Document

-->

U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, of Military Action. Available: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH
INFORMS: No reference required.

@electronic{congress_1991,
author = {{U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session}},
month = {Jan. 11},
title = {H. Con. Res. 1, \emph{Sense of the Congress on Approval of Military Action}},
url = {http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH},
year = {1991}}

Public Law

Published in the

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101. 1991.
No reference required. @misc{americans_1991,
howpublished = {42 U.S.C. {\S} 12101},
journal = {law},
title = {Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990},
year = {1991}}


Google Map	Google. “Monterey Bay.” Accessed Jul. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106, -122.0843052,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311 N/A @misc{Google_2017, author = {Google}, journal = {map}, note = {Accessed Jul. 6, 2017}, title = {Monterey {B}ay}, url = {https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/ data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311}}

Google Map

Google. “Monterey Bay.” Accessed Jul. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,
-122.0843052,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311
N/A

@misc{Google_2017,
author = {Google},
journal = {map},
note = {Accessed Jul. 6, 2017},
title = {Monterey {B}ay},
url = {https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/
data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311}}


Online	L. Linguine, “Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair,” , Jul. 15, 2016. Available: http://www.chickenyodeling.com/ dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/ Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? (January 1), https://pastadynamics.com/2014/11/03/skettibrrrrrrr.html. @article{linguine_2016, author = {L. Linguine}, journal = {Knife and Spork Semi-Weekly}, month = {Jul. 15,}, title = {Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair}, url = {http://www.chickenyodeling.com/dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/}, year = {2016}}
Print	J. Stulberg, “The art of creating crossword puzzles,” , Jul. 15, 2016. Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? (January 1). @article{stulberg_2016, author = {J. Stulberg}, journal = {New York Times}, month = {Jul. 15,}, title = {The art of creating crossword puzzles}, year = {2016}}

Online

L. Linguine, “Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair,” , Jul. 15, 2016. Available: http://www.chickenyodeling.com/ dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/
Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? (January 1), https://pastadynamics.com/2014/11/03/skettibrrrrrrr.html. @article{linguine_2016,
author = {L. Linguine},
journal = {Knife and Spork Semi-Weekly},
month = {Jul. 15,},
title = {Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair},
url = {http://www.chickenyodeling.com/dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/},
year = {2016}}

J. Stulberg, “The art of creating crossword puzzles,” , Jul. 15, 2016.
Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? (January 1). @article{stulberg_2016,
author = {J. Stulberg},
journal = {New York Times},
month = {Jul. 15,},
title = {The art of creating crossword puzzles},
year = {2016}}


Patent	A. G. Bell, “Improvement in telegraphy,” U.S. Patent 174 465, Mar. 7, 1876. Available: https://www.google.com/patents/US174465 Bell AG (1876) U.S. Patent No. 174,465. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, https://www.google.com/patents/US174465. @patent{bell_1876, author = "A. G. Bell", title = "Improvement in telegraphy", nationality = "United States", number = "174465", day = "7", month = Mar, year = "1876", url = "https://www.google.com/patents/US174465" }

Patent

A. G. Bell, “Improvement in telegraphy,” U.S. Patent 174 465, Mar. 7, 1876. Available: https://www.google.com/patents/US174465

Bell AG (1876) U.S. Patent No. 174,465. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, https://www.google.com/patents/US174465. @patent{bell_1876,
author = "A. G. Bell",
title = "Improvement in telegraphy",
nationality = "United States",
number = "174465",
day = "7",
month = Mar,
year = "1876",
url = "https://www.google.com/patents/US174465"
}


	R. Ajanlekoko, private communication, Sep. 2009. Wunkerbunk TT (2002) Moss-growing statistics provided to the author via personal communication, June 11. @misc{ajanlekoko_2009, author = "R. Ajanlekoko", howpublished = "private communication", year = "2009", month = "Sep." }

R. Ajanlekoko, private communication, Sep. 2009.
Wunkerbunk TT (2002) Moss-growing statistics provided to the author via personal communication, June 11. @misc{ajanlekoko_2009,
author = "R. Ajanlekoko",
howpublished = "private communication",
year = "2009",
month = "Sep."
}


Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper	L. Dixon , “The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City,” RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, RR-1776-NYCEDC, 2017. Available: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/ RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf Dixon L, Clancy N, Miller BM, Hoegberg S, Lewis MM, Bender B, Ebinger S, et al. (2017) The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City. Report RR-1776-NYCEDC, RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf. @techreport{dixon_2017, address = {Santa Monica, CA, USA}, author = {Lloyd Dixon and Noreen Clancy and Benjamin M. Miller and Sue Hoegberg and Michael M. Lewis and Bruce Bender and Samara Ebinger and Mel Hodges and Gayle M. Syck and Caroline Nagy and Scott R. Choquette}, institution = {RAND Corp.}, number = {RR-1776-NYCEDC}, title = {The cost and affordability of flood insurance in {N}ew {Y}ork {C}ity}, url = {https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf}, year = {2017}}
Technical Report
Technical Report Author given (online)	S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson, “The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2009. Available: https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK, https://www.beanfeast.org/badegg/wahwah.pdf. @techreport{effendi_2009, author = "S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson", title = "The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella", institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.", address = "Madison, WI, USA", number = "Rep. 17-59", year = "2009", url = "https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html" }
Technical Report Author given (print)	K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov, “The absorption rate of E. coli in cats,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2012. Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK. @techreport{abdulatipov_2012, author = "K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov", title = "The absorption rate of {E}. coli in cats", institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.", address = "Madison, WI, USA", number = "Rep. 17-59", year = "2012" }
Technical Report Organization as author (online)	National Toxicology Program, “Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethy- lolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies),” Washington, DC, USA, Rep. TR-576, 2012. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580?/listedreports/tr576/index.html TBA @techreport{national_toxicology_2012, address = {Washington, DC, USA}, institution = {National Toxicology Program}, number = {Rep. TR-576}, title = {Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate {(CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies)}}, url = {https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580 ?/listedreports/tr576/index.html}, year = {2012}}

Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper

L. Dixon , “The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City,” RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, RR-1776-NYCEDC, 2017. Available: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/ RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf

Dixon L, Clancy N, Miller BM, Hoegberg S, Lewis MM, Bender B, Ebinger S, et al. (2017) The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City. Report RR-1776-NYCEDC, RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf. @techreport{dixon_2017,
address = {Santa Monica, CA, USA},
author = {Lloyd Dixon and Noreen Clancy and Benjamin M. Miller and Sue Hoegberg and Michael M. Lewis and Bruce Bender and Samara Ebinger and Mel Hodges and Gayle M. Syck and Caroline Nagy and Scott R. Choquette},
institution = {RAND Corp.},
number = {RR-1776-NYCEDC},
title = {The cost and affordability of flood insurance in {N}ew {Y}ork {C}ity},
url = {https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf},
year = {2017}}

Technical Report

Author given

(online)

S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson, “The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2009. Available: https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html
Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK, https://www.beanfeast.org/badegg/wahwah.pdf. @techreport{effendi_2009,
author = "S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson",
title = "The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella",
institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",
address = "Madison, WI, USA",
number = "Rep. 17-59",
year = "2009",
url = "https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html"
}

Technical Report

Author given

(print)

K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov, “The absorption rate of E. coli in cats,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2012.
Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK. @techreport{abdulatipov_2012,
author = "K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov",
title = "The absorption rate of {E}. coli in cats",
institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",
address = "Madison, WI, USA",
number = "Rep. 17-59",
year = "2012"
}

Technical Report

Organization as author

(online)

National Toxicology Program, “Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethy- lolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies),” Washington, DC, USA, Rep. TR-576, 2012. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580?/listedreports/tr576/index.html
TBA @techreport{national_toxicology_2012,
address = {Washington, DC, USA},
institution = {National Toxicology Program},
number = {Rep. TR-576},
title = {Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate {(CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies)}},
url = {https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580 ?/listedreports/tr576/index.html},
year = {2012}}


Standard	Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5, 1968. N/A @manual{standard_1968, title = "Letter Symbols for Quantities", howpublished = "ANSI Standard Y10.5", year = "1968" }

Standard

Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5, 1968.
N/A @manual{standard_1968,
title = "Letter Symbols for Quantities",
howpublished = "ANSI Standard Y10.5",
year = "1968"
}


Dissertation (print)	Check your output: J. Rivera, “Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010. Yoshi H (1988) Effects of pizza consumption on katana-wielding dexterity in terrapinoids. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Reptile Bellicosity, Eastman & Laird University, New York, NY, https://hdl.handle.net/6576565753/splinter.html. @phdthesis{rivera_2010, author = "J. Rivera", title = "Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems", school = "Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ.", address = "Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "2010" }
Thesis From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun	T. D. Moon, “Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam,” M.A. thesis, Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS, Monterey, CA, USA, 1993. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694 Nekeip R (2008) Pescatarians and daisies: A match made in sushi heaven. Master’s thesis, Garden of Sushi School of Sushi, Maui, HI, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3300426). @mastersthesis{Moon_1993, author = "T. D. Moon", title = "Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and {C}hinese influence in {V}ietnam", school = "Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS", address = "Monterey, CA, USA", type = "M.A. thesis", year = "1993", url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694" }

Dissertation

(print)

Check your output:

J. Rivera, “Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010.
Yoshi H (1988) Effects of pizza consumption on katana-wielding dexterity in terrapinoids. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Reptile Bellicosity, Eastman & Laird University, New York, NY, https://hdl.handle.net/6576565753/splinter.html. @phdthesis{rivera_2010,
author = "J. Rivera",
title = "Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems",
school = "Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ.",
address = "Cambridge, MA, USA",
year = "2010"
}

Thesis

From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun

T. D. Moon, “Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam,” M.A. thesis, Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS, Monterey, CA, USA, 1993. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694

Nekeip R (2008) Pescatarians and daisies: A match made in sushi heaven. Master’s thesis, Garden of Sushi School of Sushi, Maui, HI, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3300426). @mastersthesis{Moon_1993,
author = "T. D. Moon",
title = "Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and {C}hinese influence in {V}ietnam",
school = "Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS",
address = "Monterey, CA, USA",
type = "M.A. thesis",
year = "1993",
url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694"
}


Unpublished Work Accepted for publication	R. Briscoe, “Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception,” unpublished. Horse BB (1995) Back in the saddle. Unpublished memoir, Leaping H Ranch, Peoria, IL. @unpublished{briscoe_unpub, author = "R. Briscoe", title = "Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception", note = "unpublished" }

Unpublished Work

Accepted for publication

R. Briscoe, “Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception,” unpublished.
Horse BB (1995) Back in the saddle. Unpublished memoir, Leaping H Ranch, Peoria, IL. @unpublished{briscoe_unpub,
author = "R. Briscoe",
title = "Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception",
note = "unpublished"
}


Author and date given	R. Roth, “75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history,” CNN, Apr. 18, 2017. Available: http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle- raid/index.html Sushi UQ (1995) Absorption of cats in sushi. Sushi Lab. Accessed November 9, 1999, http://www.wallcrust.com/hgtehrwOIASD.html. @misc{Roth_2017, author = "R. Roth", title = "75 years ago, the {D}oolittle {R}aid changed history", howpublished = "CNN", month = "Apr. 18,", year = "2017", url = "http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html" }
Organization as author	Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Forging papers to sell fake art,” Apr. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art Federal Bureau of Investigation (2017) Forging papers to sell fake art. Apr. 6, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art. @misc{FBI_2017, author = {{Federal Bureau of Investigation}}, title = {Forging papers to sell fake art}, month = "Apr. 6,", year = "2017", url = "https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art" }
Organization as author, no date given	Department of Defense, “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed Apr. 18, 2017. Available: https://www.defense.gov/About/ Python M (2017) Finding a dead parrot on a silly walk. Ministry of Silly Walks. Accessed August 6, 2017, https://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers. @misc{dep_defense_2017, author = {{Department of Defense}}, note = {Accessed Apr. 18, 2017}, title = {{About the Department of Defense (DOD)}}, url = {https://www.defense.gov/About/}}
Janes example	“Mali: Executive summary,” Jane’s, May 31, 2017. Available: https://customer.janes.com/ Jane's (2017) Mali: Executive summary. May 31, https://customer.janes.com/. @misc{Janes_2017, howpublished = {Jane's}, month = {May 31,}, title = {Mali: Executive summary}, url = {https://customer.janes.com/}, year = {2017}}


Wikipedia	“Psychology,” . Accessed May 17, 2011. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology Psychology (2016) . Accessed May 17, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology. @article{wiki_2016, journal = {Wikipedia}, note = {Accessed May 17, 2011}, title = {Psychology}, url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology}}

Wikipedia

“Psychology,” . Accessed May 17, 2011. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

Psychology (2016) . Accessed May 17, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology. @article{wiki_2016,
journal = {Wikipedia},
note = {Accessed May 17, 2011},
title = {Psychology},
url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology}}


Working Paper / Occasional Paper	U. Q. Sushi, “Three-handed Fibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in Hilbert space,” working paper, Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron., Pierre, SD, USA, 2021. Available: https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf%oii%/gonzoponzu.html TBA @misc{sushi_2021, address = {Pierre, SD, USA}, author = {U. Q. Sushi}, howpublished = {working paper}, organization = {Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron.}, title = {Three-handed {F}ibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in {H}ilbert space}, url = {https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf\%oii\%/gonzoponzu.html}, year = {2021}}

Working Paper / Occasional Paper

U. Q. Sushi, “Three-handed Fibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in Hilbert space,” working paper, Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron., Pierre, SD, USA, 2021. Available: https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf%oii%/gonzoponzu.html

TBA @misc{sushi_2021,
address = {Pierre, SD, USA},
author = {U. Q. Sushi},
howpublished = {working paper},
organization = {Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron.},
title = {Three-handed {F}ibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in {H}ilbert space},
url = {https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf\%oii\%/gonzoponzu.html},
year = {2021}}

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bibtex entry for my master's thesis:

@MastersThesis{Nannen:Thesis:2003, author = {Volker Nannen}, title = {{The Paradox of Overfitting}}, school = {Rijksuniversiteit Groningen}, address = {the Netherlands}, year = {2003}, }

Special Symbols

How to use BibTeX

Create your bibtex-file.

Just create a plain text file and apply what has been explained in section BibTeX File Format .

Create your LaTeX-File

Most LaTeX Editors make using BibTeX even easier than it already is. In case you want to process myarticle.tex on the command line just do this:

Using BibTeX with MS Word

Guide to BibTeX Type PhdThesis

BibTeX is a reference management tool that is commonly used in LaTeX documents. The “phdthesis” BibTeX type is used for PhD dissertations or theses. In this guide, we will explain the required and optional fields for the “phdthesis” BibTeX type.

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Required Fields

The “phdthesis” BibTeX type requires the following fields:

author : The author of the thesis.
title : The title of the thesis.
school : The name of the institution that awarded the degree.
year : The year the degree was awarded.

Optional Fields

In addition to the required fields, the “phdthesis” BibTeX type also has a number of optional fields that can be used to provide additional information. These fields include:

type : The type of the thesis, such as “PhD thesis” or “Master’s thesis”.
address : The location of the institution.
month : The month the thesis was submitted.
note : Any additional information about the thesis.

Here is an example of how to use the “phdthesis” BibTeX type:

In this example, the BibTeX entry defines a PhD thesis authored by John Smith titled “An Analysis of Example”. The degree was awarded in 2022 by the University of Example, and the thesis was submitted in June in Example City, CA. The type of the thesis is specified as “PhD thesis”, and a note is included that provides a URL for the thesis.

BibTeX phdthesis template

The phdthesis entry type is intended to be used for a PhD thesis.

Minimal template

Minimal template with required fields only for a BibTeX phdthesis entry.

Full template

Full template including required and optional fields for a BibTeX phdthesis entry.

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Make PhD citations say "dissertation" rather than thesis

At my school, PhD works are generally referred to as dissertations rather than theses.

My bibtex file has this entry:

And it gets rendered as:

Is there any way to make it say "PhD dissertation" rather than "PhD thesis"?

On another note, why is this the default in LaTeX? Would it be unusual or poor form to change it?

Edit: I'm using the plain bibliography style. I could probably use ieeetr as well:

This depends on your bibliography style, not your .bib file. So you need to show the LaTeX code you are using to produce the bibliography for us to help you. – Alan Munn Commented May 4, 2014 at 2:28
@AlanMunn Thanks, see edit. Using plain style. – jtpereyda Commented May 4, 2014 at 2:37

2 Answers 2

The text used in plain.bst is hard coded into the file itself, and so isn't customizable from within your document.

What you can do is make a copy of plain.bst and edit it, and then use the copy as your bibliography style.

On a TeX Live system, plain.bst is located in /usr/local/texlive/2013/texmf-dist/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst . Make a copy of this file and call it plain-diss.bst (or some other name). Save this in the same folder as your document, or put it in your local texmf folder in texmf/bibtex/bst/ .

Edit the file and search for "thesis". You will find the following function:

Change "PhD thesis" to "PhD dissertation" and then save the file.

In your document, use \bibliographystyle{plain-diss} instead of {plain} .

The same general solution will also work for the ieeetr.bst .

A biblatex solution

Another way to do this would be to use biblatex , which provides easy customization of these sorts of things. Here's a schematic document that shows how to do this:

Thanks! Worked perfectly. I had to search my system (Cygwin) for the file with find / -name plain.bst . My plain.bst was at /usr/share/texmf-dist/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst . – jtpereyda Commented May 15, 2014 at 16:35
Somebody at my school also pointed out that my PhD titles were italicized while my master's titles were not. Comparing the entries, I changed format.btitle "title" output.check to format.title "title" output.check to make them not italic. – jtpereyda Commented May 16, 2014 at 2:09

For a quick fix, you can use the type field, although it makes the file non portable.

this seems perfect, but could you pls elaborate on the "non portable" part? – davyjones Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:09
@davyjones If you use the bib file for other purposes, you probably need to remove the type field. – egreg Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:23
that's nice. I thought the generated pdf file would be somehow self-contradictorily non-portable. Thanks~ – davyjones Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:29

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$bibtex ms thesis$

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BibTeX amsalpha bibliography style [examples]

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MS THESIS
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COMMENTS

BibTeX template: mastersthesis
BibTeX template files for @mastersthesis: • author • title • school • year. The quick BibTeX guide All you ever need to know about ... BibTeX Format Templates. BibTeX mastersthesis template. The mastersthesis entry type is intended to be used for a Master's thesis. Minimal template. Minimal template with required fields only for a ...
bibtex
Copy the code of the entire function (ca. 16 lines) and paste the copy below the existing function. Change the new function's name from mastersthesis to bachelorsthesis. Change the string "Master's thesis" to "Bachelor's thesis". Save the new .bst file either in the same directory as your main .tex file or somewhere in your TeX distribution's ...
How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX (Part 4): Bibliographies with ...
In the previous post we looked at using images and tables in our thesis. In this post we are going to look at adding a bibliography to our thesis. To do this we are going to use the biblatex package.This involves creating a list of sources in a separate file called a .bib file.. The Bib File
@MastersThesis {} entry results in "MA thesis" output instead of
[96] Firstname Lastname. "Title goes here". Master's thesis. University of the South Pole, YEAR. which it should according to the biblatex manual but [96] Firstname Lastname. "Title goes here". MA thesis. University of the South Pole, YEAR. In my latex file, I use the following configuration
Guide to BibTeX Type MasterThesis
In this example, the BibTeX entry defines a master's thesis authored by Jane Doe titled "A Study of Example". The degree was awarded in 2022 by the University of Example, and the thesis was submitted in June in Example City, CA. The type of the thesis is specified as "Master's thesis", and a note is included that provides a URL for ...
Bibliography management with bibtex
By default, this thebibliography environment is a numbered list with labels [1], [2] and so forth. If the document class used is article, \begin{thebibliography} automatically inserts a numberless section heading with \refname (default value: References).If the document class is book or report, then a numberless chapter heading with \bibname (default value: Bibliography) is inserted instead.
Citation Management and Writing Tools: LaTeX and BibTeX
BibTeX is a bibliographic tool that is used with LaTeX to help organize the user's references and create a bibliography. A BibTeX user creates a bibliography file that is separate from the LaTeX source file, wth a file extension of .bib. Each reference in the bibliography file is formatted with a certain structure and is given a "key" by which ...
LaTeX Guide : Citing with BibTeX
Mendeley. Mendeley is a free citation manager. Follow the directions below to create a BibTeX file containing the references from a Mendeley collection. Save all your references into a single folder. Navigate to that folder in Mendeley Reference Manager. Choose File > Export All from the main menu. Choose BibTeX (*.bib) and save your file.
Guide to Writing Your Thesis in LaTeX
Generating the Bibliography and References. The bibliography and list of references are generated by running BibTeX. To generate the bibliography, load the file thesisbib.tex into your editor, then run BibTeX on it. If each chapter has its own list of references, you will need to run BibTeX on each chapter to update its list of references.
LibGuides: Overleaf for LaTeX Theses & Dissertations: Home
BibTeX is a file format used for lists of references for LaTeX documents. Many citation management tools support the ability to export and import lists of references in .bib format. Some reference management tools can generate BibTeX files of your library or folders for use in your LaTeX documents. LaTeX on Wikibooks has a Bibliography ...
Institute Name in @masterthesis Citations
24. Use @master s thesis (with an s after master) instead of @masterthesis (which doesn't exist and probably defaults to some other type), then school will appear. The entry type @unpublished doesn't support school, so I'd suggest using note instead, as is recommended in the biblatex documentation:
Formatting of theses and dissertations
BibTeX command; LaTeX bibliography file; LaTeX editors and compilers; Sample LaTeX file with bibliography; ... Among the available thesis and dissertation templates provided by the Graduate School is also a LaTeX template (ZIP archive). This template has been uploaded to Overleaf and placed in the Cornell template directory.
BibTeX Code
Master's thesis, Garden of Sushi School of Sushi, Maui, HI, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3300426). Use mastersthesis class. Type field is optional if "M.S. thesis"; otherwise, enter the appropriate degree, Master of Arts ("M.A. thesis") this case.
BibTeX format explained [with examples]
The reference entries are stored in BibTeX's own special format, which is usually denoted with the file extension *.bib. Managing your references with BibTeX comes in especially handy for large documents such as a PhD thesis or a research paper. For even greater ease in reference management consider using reference manager with BibTeX support.
master's thesis bibtex entry
bibtex entry for my master's thesis: @MastersThesis{Nannen:Thesis:2003, author = {Volker Nannen}, title = {{The Paradox of Overfitting}},
@masterthesis doesn't work for bibtex citation [duplicate]
My bibliography at the end of the paper gets wrong. I'm using abntcite.sty. Here goes the code: @masterthesis{Filho2016Automatic, author = {Silva{ }Filho, P. F. F.}, institution = {Dissertação (Mestrado) - ITA}, pages = 159, school = {Dissertação (Mestrado) - ITA}, title = {Automatic Landmark Recognition in aerial images for the autonomous ...
BibTeX Guide: Mastering Reference Management for Bibliographies
Understanding BibTeX. Developed in the 1980s by Oren Patashnik and Leslie Lamport, BibTeX has become the go-to software for managing and formatting bibliographies in LaTeX and markdown documents. Its widespread acceptance in academic circles, especially in fields like math, computer science, and physics, is a testament to its efficiency.
Using BibTeX
Most LaTeX Editors make using BibTeX even easier than it already is. In case you want to process myarticle.tex on the command line just do this: $ latex myarticle $ bibtex myarticle $ latex myarticle $ latex myarticle Using BibTeX with MS Word It is possible to use BibTeX outside of a LaTeX-Environment, namely MS Word using the tool Bibshare.
Cite Master's Thesis using natbib
1. I'm currently writing my Bachelor's thesis and I want to cite a Master's thesis. I have some issues and I'm really new to Latex why I do not know how to help myself. As you always want a code example, here you go: \usepackage{natbib} \bibliographystyle{unsrt}
Guide to BibTeX Type PhdThesis
Required Fields. The "phdthesis" BibTeX type requires the following fields: author: The author of the thesis.; title: The title of the thesis.; school: The name of the institution that awarded the degree.; year: The year the degree was awarded.; Optional Fields. In addition to the required fields, the "phdthesis" BibTeX type also has a number of optional fields that can be used to ...
citing
Define a new bibstring diplomathesis and give it a useful replacement text. diplomathesis = {diploma thesis}, author = {Dagobert Duck}, title = {Seashells as Currency after the Brexit}, type = {diplomathesis}, % mathesis and phdthesis work here. institution = {University of Ducktown}, year = {2019}, The known strings are.
BibTeX template: phdthesis
BibTeX template files for @phdthesis: • author • title • school • year. The quick BibTeX guide All you ever need to know about ... The phdthesis entry type is intended to be used for a PhD thesis. Minimal template. Minimal template with required fields only for a BibTeX phdthesis entry. @phdthesis {citekey, author = "", title ...
bibtex
Make a copy of this file and call it plain-diss.bst (or some other name). Save this in the same folder as your document, or put it in your local texmf folder in texmf/bibtex/bst/. Edit the file and search for "thesis". You will find the following function: FUNCTION {phdthesis} { output.bibitem.

Advisory note

Introduction

Bibliography: just a list of \bibitems

A note on compilation times

Enter \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)

Some notes on using \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\) and .bib files

Taking another look at .bib files

Multiple authors in \(\mathrm{Bib\TeX}\)

Multiple-word last names

I tried to use % to comment out some lines or entries in my .bib file, but I got lots of error messages instead?

How/where do I actually get those .bib files?

Help from GUI-based .bib editors

Export from reference library services

I’ve already got a reference list in a Microsoft Word/HTML/PDF file; can I somehow reuse the data without re-typing everything?

Summary and further reading

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LaTeX & BibTeX

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LaTeX Guide : Citing with BibTeX

Citation Managers and LaTeX/BibTeX

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Guide to Writing Your Thesis in LaTeX

Generating the Bibliography and References

How to Add a Bibliography Entry

Types of List of References

Supported Bibliography Entry Types

Additional Comments

About the Bibliography Format

Overleaf for LaTeX Theses & Dissertations: Home

Managing References

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5-part Guide on How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX

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LaTeX Resources for Graduate Students: Formatting of theses and dissertations

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Citation Guide

NPS Thesis Template v2.7 (rel. 3 April 2023): Code Examples (Using template version ≤ 2.6? Click here: IEEE or INFORMS )

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bibtex entry for my master's thesis:

How to use BibTeX

Create your LaTeX-File

Using BibTeX with MS Word

Guide to BibTeX Type PhdThesis

Need a simple solution for managing your BibTeX entries? Explore CiteDrive!

Required Fields

Optional Fields

BibTeX phdthesis template

Minimal template

Full template

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Make PhD citations say "dissertation" rather than thesis

2 Answers 2

A biblatex solution

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