presentation on network structure

JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser.

Newly Launched - AI Presentation Maker

AI PPT Maker

Powerpoint Templates

PPT Bundles

Kpi Dashboard

Professional

Business Plans

Swot Analysis

Gantt Chart

Business Proposal

Marketing Plan

Project Management

Business Case

Business Model

Cyber Security

Business PPT

Digital Marketing

Digital Transformation

Human Resources

Product Management

Artificial Intelligence

Company Profile

Acknowledgement PPT

PPT Presentation

Reports Brochures

One Page Pitch

Interview PPT

All Categories

Top 10 Network Architecture PowerPoint Presentation Templates in 2024

Network architecture refers to the design and structure of a computer network, outlining how different devices and components are connected and interact with each other. Our fully editable and customizable PowerPoint presentations on network architecture provide a comprehensive overview of various network topologies, protocols, and technologies. Users can easily modify the content to suit their specific needs, whether for educational purposes, professional training sessions, or business presentations. With detailed slides showcasing different types of network architectures such as client-server, peer-to-peer, and hybrid models, our PowerPoint templates offer a clear and visually engaging way to explain the intricacies of networking concepts. Whether you are a student studying IT, a network administrator looking to train your team, or a business professional needing to communicate complex networking ideas to stakeholders, our customizable PowerPoint presentations on network architecture are the ideal tool to effectively convey information and enhance understanding.

Network Monitoring Architecture And Supporting Protocols

This slide mentions the elements of network monitoring architecture and the supporting protocols. It includes event processing, network configuration management, performance monitoring, IP address management and security practices. Presenting our set of slides with Network Monitoring Architecture And Supporting Protocols. This exhibits information on eight stages of the process. This is an easy to edit and innovatively designed PowerPoint template. So download immediately and highlight information on Events Network, Change Configuration, Performance Monitoring.

This slide mentions the elements of network monitoring architecture and the supporting protocols. It includes event processing, network configuration management, performance monitoring, IP address management and security practices.

• Events Network
• Change Configuration
• Performance Monitoring

Related Products

Computer network architecture showing nodes connected to the hub

Presenting this set of slides with name - Computer Network Architecture Showing Nodes Connected To The Hub. This is a two stage process. The stages in this process are Computer Network Architecture, Computer Network Framework, Computer Network Structure.

Our Computer Network Architecture Showing Nodes Connected To The Hub are full of great ideas to chew on. It is akin to a basket of goodies.

• Computer Network Architecture
• Computer Network Framework
• Computer Network Structure

Firewall Migration Proposal Our Proposed Network Architecture For Firewall Migration Proposal

This slide represents the proposed network architecture for the firewall migration proposal. It shows the network architecture after migrating to a new firewall solution, and its components include workstation PCs, internal switch, directory server, internet, internal and external firewalls, etc. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Firewall Migration Proposal Our Proposed Network Architecture For Firewall Migration Proposal. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Architecture, External Firewall, Internal Firewall using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

This slide represents the proposed network architecture for the firewall migration proposal. It shows the network architecture after migrating to a new firewall solution, and its components include workstation PCs, internal switch, directory server, internet, internal and external firewalls, etc.

• architecture
• External Firewall
• Internal Firewall

Our Proposed Network Architecture Proposal

This slide represents the proposed network architecture for the organizations implementation proposal, including its workstation and building management system. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Our Proposed Network Architecture Proposal. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Database Server, Proposed Network Architecture, Building Management System. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide represents the proposed network architecture for the organizations implementation proposal, including its workstation and building management system.

• Database Server
• Proposed Network Architecture
• Building Management System

Network Architecture Powerpoint Ppt Template Bundles

Introduce your topic and host expert discussion sessions with this Network Architecture Powerpoint Ppt Template Bundles. This template is designed using high-quality visuals, images, graphics, etc, that can be used to showcase your expertise. Different topics can be tackled using the twenty six slides included in this template. You can present each topic on a different slide to help your audience interpret the information more effectively. Apart from this, this PPT slideshow is available in two screen sizes, standard and widescreen making its delivery more impactful. This will not only help in presenting a birds-eye view of the topic but also keep your audience engaged. Since this PPT slideshow utilizes well-researched content, it induces strategic thinking and helps you convey your message in the best possible manner. The biggest feature of this design is that it comes with a host of editable features like color, font, background, etc. So, grab it now to deliver a unique presentation every time.

The Network Architecture mini deck contains the working process of network architecture design. It outlines the different layers of the network architecture systems, which include the application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, etc. Additionally, it highlights the modern network architecture components, including intent-based networking, multidomain, and controller-led networking. It also covers the common types of network architecture, including peer-to-peer, client-server, hybrid, cloud-based, and software-defined architecture. Moreover, it gives a comparative analysis of network architecture types, which are client-server and peer-to-peer models. Furthermore, this mini covers the major aspects of network architecture, including timeline, benefits, best practices, and a checklist.

• Peer To Peer Network Architecture
• Client Server Network Architecture
• multidomain
• Controller Led
• Transport Layer
• Data Link Layer

Network Architecture Powerpoint Presentation Slides

While your presentation may contain top-notch content, if it lacks visual appeal, you are not fully engaging your audience. Introducing our Network Architecture Powerpoint Presentation Slides deck, designed to engage your audience. Our complete deck boasts a seamless blend of Creativity and versatility. You can effortlessly customize elements and color schemes to align with your brand identity. Save precious time with our pre-designed template, compatible with Microsoft versions and Google Slides. Plus, it is downloadable in multiple formats like JPG, JPEG, and PNG. Elevate your presentations and outshine your competitors effortlessly with our visually stunning 100 percent editable deck.

Check out our professionally designed Network Architecture PowerPoint presentation. It gives a brief idea about the network architecture, including its overview, importance, and layers. In addition, this Network Design PPT contains the various types of network architecture such as Peer-To-Peer, client or server, etc. Also, the Network Framework PPT presentation includes design components of network architecture, which include hardware, network protocols, and transmission media. Furthermore, this Network Structure template outlines the topologies structure of network architecture, including 3-Tier, 2-Tire, Public, Private, and so on. Moreover, this Networking Blueprint deck comprises a checklist, best practices, training, and a budget for network architecture. Lastly, this Network Design PowerPoint Presentation highlights the various challenges and possible solutions, a roadmap, a timeline, and a dashboard for evaluating network architecture. Download our 100 percent editable and customizable template, which is also compatible with Google Slides.

• 3-Tier Network Topology
• 2-Tier Network Topology
• SOHO Network Topology
• Peer-To-Peer
• Client Or Server
• Controller-Led
• Cloud-Based Architecture
• User Datagram Protocol

External Components Of Zero Trust Network Architecture Identity Defined Networking

This slide gives an overview of external elements of zero trust network architecture. The purpose of this slide is to showcase the various external components and their working, covering CDM systems, industry compliance, threat intelligence, activity logs, data access policy, and so on. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this External Components Of Zero Trust Network Architecture Identity Defined Networking Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Industry Compliance, Threat Intelligence, Activity Logs This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide gives an overview of external elements of zero trust network architecture. The purpose of this slide is to showcase the various external components and their working, covering CDM systems, industry compliance, threat intelligence, activity logs, data access policy, and so on.

• Industry Compliance
• Threat Intelligence
• Activity Logs

IoT Network Architecture Template Bundles

Engage buyer personas and boost brand awareness by pitching yourself using this prefabricated set. This IoT Network Architecture Template Bundles is a great tool to connect with your audience as it contains high-quality content and graphics. This helps in conveying your thoughts in a well-structured manner. It also helps you attain a competitive advantage because of its unique design and aesthetics. In addition to this, you can use this PPT design to portray information and educate your audience on various topics. With twenty six slides, this is a great design to use for your upcoming presentations. Not only is it cost-effective but also easily pliable depending on your needs and requirements. As such color, font, or any other design component can be altered. It is also available for immediate download in different formats such as PNG, JPG, etc. So, without any further ado, download it now.

Introducing our comprehensive PowerPoint presentation on IoT Network Architecture, designed to enlighten and empower your understanding of the digital landscape. Dive deep into the intricacies of Cloud Network Architecture, discovering how it forms the backbone of scalable IoT ecosystems, enabling seamless data exchange and storage. Explore the innovative Smart Home Network Architecture, unraveling the secrets behind intelligent, interconnected homes that simplify daily life. Delve into the critical realm of IoT Security Architecture, safeguarding your network against vulnerabilities and threats. With visually engaging graphics and expert insights, this PPT equips you to navigate the dynamic world of IoT network design. Whether you are a tech enthusiast or a professional, gain invaluable knowledge to harness the potential of IoT for a smarter, safer future. Elevate your expertise with our IoT Network Architecture presentation today.

• Cloud Network Architecture
• Smart Home Network Architecture
• IOT Security Architecture
• Wearable Device Network Architecture

Peer To Peer Network Powerpoint Ppt Template Bundles

Engage buyer personas and boost brand awareness by pitching yourself using this prefabricated set. This Peer To Peer Network Powerpoint Ppt Template Bundles is a great tool to connect with your audience as it contains high-quality content and graphics. This helps in conveying your thoughts in a well-structured manner. It also helps you attain a competitive advantage because of its unique design and aesthetics. In addition to this, you can use this PPT design to portray information and educate your audience on various topics. With seven slides, this is a great design to use for your upcoming presentations. Not only is it cost-effective but also easily pliable depending on your needs and requirements. As such color, font, or any other design component can be altered. It is also available for immediate download in different formats such as PNG, JPG, etc. So, without any further ado, download it now.

Our Peer To Peer Network Powerpoint Ppt Template Bundles are topically designed to provide an attractive backdrop to any subject. Use them to look like a presentation pro.

• P2p Networking
• P2P Process
• Peer To Peer Process

Peer network architecture ppt powerpoint presentation ideas samples cpb

Presenting this set of slides with name Peer Network Architecture Ppt Powerpoint Presentation Ideas Samples Cpb. This is an editable Powerpoint five stages graphic that deals with topics like Peer Network Architecture to help convey your message better graphically. This product is a premium product available for immediate download and is 100 percent editable in Powerpoint. Download this now and use it in your presentations to impress your audience.

Our Peer Network Architecture Ppt Powerpoint Presentation Ideas Samples Cpb are explicit and effective. They combine clarity and concise expression.

• Peer Network Architecture

Network Architecture

Jan 31, 2014

360 likes | 1.49k Views

Network Architecture. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE PROTOCOLS STANDARDS STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS ISO OSI REFERENCE MODEL PHYSICAL LAYER DATA LINK LAYER NETWORK LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER SESSION LAYER PRESENTATION LAYER APPLICATION LAYER . Network Architecture.

Share Presentation

• standard organization
• different hardware
• osi reference model
• iso osi reference model
• many protocols
• system network architecture

Presentation Transcript

Network Architecture • NETWORK ARCHITECTURE • PROTOCOLS • STANDARDS • STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS • ISO OSI REFERENCE MODEL • PHYSICAL LAYER • DATA LINK LAYER • NETWORK LAYER • TRANSPORT LAYER • SESSION LAYER • PRESENTATION LAYER • APPLICATION LAYER

Network Architecture • The term architecture means the formation of a • structure, or an orderly, interconnected, complex • arrangement of parts. • An architecture encompasses hardware, software, data • link controls, standards, topologies, and protocols.

Protocols • The term protocol defines how network components • establish communications, exchange data, and terminate • communications. • Protocols are sets of rules and agreements. • Modern networks are implemented using the concept of • layered protocols. • The OSI model was created in an attempt to unify • network development, but many protocols were already in use • (and quite popular) before the OSI model was developed.

Protocol • Since these existing networks were already functional, • compliance with the model necessitated retrofitting. • Some vendors did this, some did not. Many are still working on • the problem. • Although the introduction of the layered protocol did have a • profound influence on newer protocols, the collection of • protocols available today includes some that conform well to • the OSI and some that do not.

Standards • Today's protocols demonstrate various degrees of • conformance to the OSI model. • As many protocols exist, the standard organizations have to do • something. In the context of networking, some protocols are • standards. • For example, TCP/IP is the Department of Defense Standards. • This means that the Department of Defense has legislated the • use of these standards in their environments. • Legislated standards are often referred to as de jure (by law) • standards.

Standard • Standards that come into common use, are called de facto • (by fact) standards. • TCP/IP and related protocols are also de facto standards • by virtue of their widespread commercial and educational use. • IBM's System Network Architecture (SNA), which defines • how computers and terminals and printers can talk to each • other, is an example of de facto standard. • MS-DOS 6.x, Novell's NetWare are de facto standards • because they hold important positions in the market.

De jure and de facto • Proprietary standards are those that are invented and controlled • by a single, private commercial organization. • Examples are SNA from IBM, DECnet from Digital and • NetWare from Novell. • Standards developed by standard bodies and other committees • are non-proprietary. • Examples include TCP/IP, IEEE 802.3, and OSI protocols

CCITT Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony International Organization for Standardizing ISO Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Standards Organizations The major international bodies actively producing standards for computer communications are CCITT, ISO, and IEEE.

CCITT & ISO • CCITT is the best-known standard organization in the world of • telecommunications. • CCITT makes technical recommendations on telegraphy, • telephone, and data communication interfaces. • One popular CCITT standard is V.24 in Europe (which is the • RS-232-C standard in North America) • ISO is an international standard organization that defines and • develops standards on vast variety of topics. i.e Networking. • The OSI protocols are well-known ISO standards.

IEEE • The IEEE is the largest professional organization in the world. • It sponsors a group that develops computing and electrical • engineering standards. • The widely used IEEE802 networking series of standards are • examples of IEEE products. • IEEE 802.3 Ethernet (CSMA/CD) • IEEE 802.4 Token bus • IEEE 802.5 Token ring • IEEE 802.6 MAN • IEEE 802.7 Broadband CATV • IEEE 802.8 Fiber-Optics

OSI Reference Model • In the network world today (and the next decade), the OSI • RM is one of the most powerful architectures in use.   • It provides a complete model of the functions of • communications system so that two computers using OSI • RM would be able to communicate, even if they were based • on different hardware and software platforms. • Do all people use the OSI model? • The answer is some do and some don't. • OSI does not fit everyone's needs and it isn't available on all • manufacturer's computers. • Conformance refers to meeting the standards. • Conformance testing is the way conformance is • established. •  The conformance testing process is complicated and • expensive.

OSI reference Model • Different computer platforms exist, different networking • products on the rise, networking is pervasive, so governments • must do something. • They decided to select this model and issue a Government • OSI Profile, usually called a GOSIP.   • This means that if a vendor wants to sell communications • system to, for example, U.S., UK. French, or German • government department, the vendor must adhere to the parts • of OSI model specified by the country's GOSIP specification. • This is very important because it helps ensure that the • communication systems from any vendor will communicate • with products from any other vendor.

OSI RM The OSI RM is divided into seven layers.  (7-layers figure) Each layer builds upon the last so that each layer adds functionality to the services of the previous layer.

OSI RM • The important thing about the OSI RM is that it doesn't • actually say how the layers will be built--it doesn't care • what goes inside them, it concentrates on how the layers • work with each other. • It means that the model is concerned with communication • (the structure of passing messages) rather than • implementation (what passes the messages). • Building a complex communication system in a structured • way means if you have to make changes after you have • built your system well, you only have to change the details • in a layer instead of redesigning the entire system.

Physical layer • Physical layer corresponds to basic network hardware. For • example, the specification of RS-232. • The purpose of the physical layer is to deliver data from one • computer to another. • Specifically, the physical layer translates bits of data into a • format suitable for transmission or receives a transmission and • translates it back into bits. • This layer sees all data as a stream of bits. • There are four areas covered by the physical layer: • Electrical: what voltages and currents are used. • Mechanical: the physical shape and size of the connectors. • Functional: the significance of a connector pin and the voltage on that pin. • Procedural: the sequence of functional changes that indicate event occurrences.

Physical layer • A very important concept to remember is that the physical • layer is not the same as the physical media (the wires that • connect the computers are not part of the physical layer). • Conceptually, they sit below the physical layer, and they • aren't part of the physical layer specification. It is a network • dependant layer.

Data Link layer • Data link layer protocol specifies how to organize data into • frames and how to transmit frames over a network. For • example, the discussion of frame format, bit or byte stuffing, • and checksum computation are classified as layer 2. • Responsible for the reliable transfer of information across the • physical link. • Sends blocks of data (frames) with the necessary • synchronization, flow control and error control. • It is a network dependant layer. • Examples of standards at this layer are HDLC, LAPB, LLC, • and LAPD.

Network layer • Network layer protocol specifies how addresses are assigned and • how packets are forwarded from one end of the network to • another • It relies higher layers of the need to know anything about the • underlying data transmission and switching techniques used to • connect systems. • Responsible for establishing, maintaining and the routing of data • between addresses, assembling incoming frames into blocks of • data and segmenting blocks of data to be sent into frames, and • terminating connections. • A network dependant layer.

Transport Layer • Network independent layer. • It has three major functions that support the transparent • transfer of data to and from the session layer above it: • Provides reliable transfer of data between end points. • Provides end-to-end error recovery and flow control • Releasing the connection. • The reason for this apparent duplication of effort is that the data link layer deals with only a single, direct link, whereas the transport layer deals with a chain of network nodes and links.

Session layer • This layer protocols specify how to establish a • communication session with a remote systems (e.g. how to • login to a remote timesharing computer). Specifications for • security details such as authentication using passwords • belong in this layer. • The session layer provides the mechanism for controlling • the dialogue between the two end systems. • Example • FTP session with discipline of half-duplex, TALK is also • Full-duplex.

Presentation layer • Layer 6 protocols specify how to represent data. Such protocols • are needed because different brands of computers use different • internal representations for integers and characters. Thus, layer • 6 protocols are needed to translate from representation on one • computer to the representation on another. • The presentation layer defines the format of the data to be • exchanged between applications. • Offers application programs a set of data transformation • (presentation, syntax) services, such as graphics, binary or • ASCII data. Data compression or data encryption could occur at • this level.

Each layer 7 protocol specifies how one particular application • uses a network. For example, the specification for an application • that transfer files from one computer to another belongs in this • layer. This protocol specifies the details of how an application • program on one machine makes a request (e.g. how to specify the • name of the desired file) and how the application on another • machine responds. • This layer provides support for the applications (processes) • that use the Network. • Example: telnet grail.cba.csuohio.edu, the telnet process • needs help from the application layer to resolve • grail.cba.csuohio.edu into an address to pass it down the • stack. • The Application layer has a function to go after some sort of • name resolution procedure to service the telnet process. and • so on, for other processes like FTP, http, and e-mail. Application layer

Stacks: Layer Software • When protocols are designed according to a layering model, the resulting protocol software follows the layered organization. • The protocol software on each computer is divided into modules, with one module corresponding to each layer. • Layering determines the interactions among modules. • In theory when protocol software send or receives data, each module only communicates with the module for the next highest layer and the module for the next lowest. • Thus, outgoing data passes down through each layer, and incoming data passes up through each layer.

• More by User

GSM Network Architecture

GSM Network Architecture. ELET 6302. Motivation. Outline. Introduction and history. GSM architecture. Implementation. Technology and standards. Summary. Introduction. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Anybody – 500 million users (may 2001) Anywhere – 168 countries (may 2001)

592 views • 12 slides

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE MODELS

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE MODELS. Xiao Chen Fall2009 CSc 8320. INDEX. Section One: Basic Introduction Introduction System Architecture Communication Network Section Two: Current Projects IEEE 802.11b for “Automobile” Users

655 views • 29 slides

Resilient Network Architecture

Resilient Network Architecture. AfNOG Workshops Philip Smith. “The Janitor Pulled the Plug…”. Why was he allowed near equipment? Why was problem noticed only afterward? Why did it take 6 weeks to determine problem? Why wasn’t there redundant power? Why wasn’t there network redundancy?.

832 views • 60 slides

RMDCN Network Architecture

RMDCN Network Architecture. Vienna, RMDCN Steering Group 4-6 June 2008 Remy Giraud ECMWF. Standard Service Elements. Bandwidth for each User Site; User Site-specific service and traffic management through COS mechanisms Service Levels depending on the Service Type selected by User Sites;

418 views • 19 slides

Network Security Architecture

Information Assurance Fall 2006. Network Security Architecture. Reading Material. Intrusion Detection: Chapter 25 from Computer Security, Matt Bishop Network Security: Chapter 26 Computer Science: Art and Science

736 views • 45 slides

Current Network Architecture

Current Network Architecture. First eVLBI with JIVE: September 2004. The first eVLBI test observations took place on Sept. 10, 2004. The source, 0528+134, was observed at 1.6 GHz using an array consisting of Arecibo, Cambridge (UK), Torun (Poland) and Westerbork (Netherlands).

224 views • 5 slides

IABIN Network Architecture

IABIN Network Architecture. Washington, DC, April 4, 2007. Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN). IABIN (Summit of the Americas on Sustainable Development, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia 1996)

234 views • 11 slides

SENSOR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

SENSOR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE. By Shweta Shrivastava Manali Joglekar Gaurav Rajguru. Outline. Introduction to sensor networks Evolution Applications Architecture Some commercial sensor networks The ZigBee Alliance. Introduction.

2.77k views • 73 slides

Network/Protocol Architecture

Network/Protocol Architecture. Network Architecture: Integrated vs. Overlay. Overlay Mobile Network (e.g. GSM) + broadband services. More suitable for scalable/ubiquitous services. Basic architectural options for broadband wireless systems:. Multiple radio air interfaces “plugged in”

396 views • 17 slides

Cellular Network Architecture

Cellular Network Architecture. Location Register (Database). Radio Network. Mobile Switching Center. Base Station Controller. MSC. Backbone Wireline Network. Mobile Terminal. Base Station. Cell. Mobility Management. Enables telecomm networks to

1.53k views • 59 slides

Other Network Architecture

Other Network Architecture. Chapter 6. Chapter Objectives - I. Explain token ring topology Explain token bus topology Differentiate between token ring, token bus and Ethernet Explain FDDI Describe signaling and connection standards. Chapter Objectives - II. Understand ATM

1.3k views • 43 slides

Access Network Architecture

IETF63 Paris L2VPN WG LDP Autodiscovery LDP-based Autodiscovery draft-stein-ldp-auto-00.txt joint work with Simon Delord. CORE PE (S-PE). fiber access node. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. DSLAM. CE. CE. CE. CE. CE. CE. CE. CE. CE. Access Network Architecture. MPLS-enabled

267 views • 8 slides

Network Architecture. Objectives of Lecture. Show how network architecture can be understood using a layered approach. Introduce the OSI seven layer reference model. Introduce the concepts of internetworking and routing. Understand the difference between network protocols and services.

1.21k views • 56 slides

Network Architecture Characteristics

Network Architecture Characteristics. Explain four characteristics that are addressed by network architecture design Fault tolerance Scalability Quality of service Security. Network Architecture Characteristics.

1.31k views • 11 slides

Network Architecture. Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. Fidelity National Financial Distinguished Professor of CIS School of Computing, UNF. Introduction. To reduce design complexity, networks are organized as a series of layers, each one built upon its predecessor.

423 views • 10 slides

Network Architecture. Networks trained using conjugate gradient algorithm, over fifty epochs and with ten Ntuples. Values given are averages over the networks in the lowest error function bin. Training of networks. Two aspects of training studied;

293 views • 13 slides

Network Architecture. IS250 Spring 2010 John Chuang [email protected]. Network Abstracted as Cloud. Network utility: ping. Network. client server. A. 1. B. 2. Hosts. Links. 4. 3. or local. C. networks. 5. D. 6. E. Routers. Network as Routers & Links.

306 views • 19 slides

Network Management Architecture

Network Management Architecture. By Dr. Shadi Masadeh. 1. Network Management Architecture. Background Network management (NM) consists of the set of functions to control, plan, allocate, deploy, coordinate, and monitor network resources.

893 views • 30 slides

WiMAX Network Architecture

WiMAX Network Architecture. 潘仁義 國立中正大學通訊工程學系 [email protected]. Outline. WiMAX Introduction WiMAX QoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG) Network Reference Model Network Entry Authentication, Authorization, and Key Hierarchy IP Configuration Setup Mobility Management

1.08k views • 97 slides

Network Architecture. By Dr. Shadi Masadeh. 1. Network Architecture. Background What is network architecture? In general , architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing, or the discipline dealing with the principles of design and building .

339 views • 29 slides

Network Architecture. Layout designed and constructed by: Vicki Kertz. TOPOLOGIES. Bus Ring Star Hybrid Enterprise-wide WAN. Bus. a central cable that connects all devices on a local-area network. Ring.

275 views • 22 slides

Network Architecture. Protocol hierarchies Design Issues for the layers Connection-oriented and connectionless services Service Primitives. Protocol hierarchies.

241 views • 17 slides

• Preferences

Network Fundamentals: Intro to Network Structure and Protocol LAN, WAN, TCPIP - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Network Fundamentals: Intro to Network Structure and Protocol LAN, WAN, TCPIP

Communications activity associated with distributing or exchanging information ... basics: complete idiots guide to networking, 3rd edition (wagner and negus) ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Chuong Huynh
• NIH/NLM/NCBI
• Bangkok, Thailand
• Basic concepts in communications
• Understanding Networking.
• Understanding Transmission Medium (Network Cables)
• Understanding Network Hardware
• WAN and LAN
• Understanding Network Protocols
• Communications activity associated with distributing or exchanging information
• Telecommunications technology of communications at a distance that permits information to be created any where and used everywhere with little delay
• Today it, involves
• Data digital and analog
• Voice spoken word
• Video telelcommunication imaging
• Must have a message
• Message must have a transmitter
• Message must have a medium
• Message must be understood
• Message must have some level of security
• Text input information
• Input data digital bit stream
• Transmitted analog signal
• Received analog signal
• Output data digital bit stream
• Text output information
• Collection of computers interconnected so any computer can send messages to another computer by providing an address.
• For example, a telephone network
• Networks needs to interconnect at a distance by a form of point to point or point to multiple point connected media
• A network is a group of computers connected together in such a way as to allow
• Networks that are interconnected have proven to be low cost, reliable, and efficient means of communicating at a distance
• Node anything connected to the network, usually a computer, but it could be a printer or a scanner
• Segment any portion of a network that is separated by a switch, bridge or a router from another part of a network.
• Backbone the main cabling of a network that all of the segment connect to. Usually, the backbone is capable of carrying more information than the individual segments.
• Topology The way each node is physically connected to the network
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology
• Switched Topology
• Physical loop or ring
• Unidirectional
• Connection radiate out from a common point (hub)
• Each device can access the media independently.
• Share the hubs available bandwidth
• Prob. Most common topology used today. Combines elements of the star and bus topologies to create a versatile network environment.
• Nodes in particular areas are connected to hubs (and create star topology), and hubs are connected together along the network backbone (like a bus network).
• Often you have stars nested within stars.
• Some basic network topologies not previously mentioned
• Hierarchical
• Client-server
• Multiple nodes
• Multiple connections to a switching hub
• Increase the aggregate bandwidth
• Reducing the number of devices to share the bandwidth
• Simplex information flows in only one direction
• Half-duplex information flows in two directions, but only in one direction at a time.
• Full-duplex information flows in two directions at the same time
• Bit binary digit, either 0 or 1
• Baud (dont really use anymore not accurate) one electronic state change per second
• Bit rate a method for measuring data transmission speed bits per second
• Mbps millions of bits per second (data speed measure of bandwidth total information flow over a given time) on a telecommunication medium
• 8 bits 1 byte
• Mb million bits (quantity of data)
• MB million bytes (quantity of data)
• Gbps Billion bits per second (data speed)
• Teraflops trillion operations per second
• Successful transmission of data depends on
• The quality of the signal being transmitted
• Characteristics of the transmission medium
• Data rate bits per second in data communications
• Bandwidth bandwidth or signal is constrained by the transmitter and the nature of the transmission in cycles per second or hertz
• Noise Average level of noise over the communication path.
• Error rate rate at which errors occur where error in 1 or 0 bit occurs
• Medium is the physical path between transmitter and receiver in a data transmission system
• Guided Medium waves are guided along a solid medium path (twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber).
• Unguided medium waves are propagated through the atmosphere and inner/outerspace (satellite, laser, and wireless transmissions).
• Conductive twisted pairs and coaxial cables
• Electromagnetic microwave
• Light lasers and optical fibers (need clear line of sight)
• Wireless inner/outerspace satellite (omnidirectional ? security issues)
• Widely installed for use in business and corporation ethernet and other types of LANs.
• Consists of inter copper insulator covered by cladding material, and then covered by an outer jacket
• Physical Descriptions
• Applications
• TV distribution (cable tv) long distance telephone transmission short run computer system links
• Local area networks
• Transmission characteristics
• Can transmit analog and digital signals
• Usable spectrum for analog signaling is about 400 Mhz
• Amplifier needed for analog signals for less than 1 Km and less distance for higher frequency
• Repeater needed for digital signals every Km or less distance for higher data rates
• Operation of 100s Mb/s over 1 Km.
• Physical description
• Each wire with copper conductor
• Separately insulated wires
• Twisted together to reduce cross talk
• Often bundled into cables of two or four twisted pairs
• If enclosed in a sheath then is shielded twisted pair (STP) otherwise often for home usage unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Must be shield from voltage lines
• Application
• Common in building for digital signaling used at speed of 10s Mb/s (CAT3) and 100Mb/s (CAT5) over 100s meters.
• Common for telephone interconnection at home and office buildings
• Less expensive medium limited in distance, bandwidth, and data rate.
• Physical Description
• Glass or plastic core of optical fiber 2to125 µm
• Cladding is an insulating material
• Jacket is a protective cover
• Laser or light emitting diode provides transmission light source
• Long distance telecommunication
• Greater capacity 2 Gb/s over 10s of Km
• Smaller size and lighter weight
• Lower attenuation (reduction in strength of signal)
• Electromagnetic isolation not effected by external electromagnetic environment. Aka more privacy
• Greater repeater spacing fewer repeaters, reduces line regeneration cost
• multimode fiber is optical fiber that is designed to carry multiple light rays or modes concurrently, each at a slightly different reflection angle within the optical fiber core. used for relatively short distances because the modes tend to disperse over longer lengths (this is called modal dispersion) .
• For longer distances, single mode fiber (sometimes called monomode) fiber is used. In single mode fiber a single ray or mode of light act as a carrier
• Frequency range (line of sight)
• 26 GHz to 40 GHz for microwave with highly directional beam as possible
• 30 MHz to 1 GHz for omnidirectional applications
• 300MHz to 20000 GHz for infrared spectrum used for point to point and multiple point application (line of sight)
• Physical applications
• Terrestrial microwave long haul telecommunication service (alternative to coaxial or optical fiber)
• Few amplifier and repeaters
• Propagation via towers located without blockage from trees, etc (towers less than 60 miles apart)
• Satellite is a microwave relay station
• Geostationary orbit (22,000 miles) and low orbit (12000 miles)
• Satellite ground stations are aligned to the space satellite, establishes a link, broadcast at a specified frequency. Ground station normally operate at a number of frequencies full duplex
• Satellite space antenna is aligned to the ground station establishes a link and transmits at the specified frequency. Satellite are capable of transmitting at multiple frequencies simultaneously, full duplex.
• To avoid satellites from interfering with each other, a 4 degree separation is required for 4/6 GHz band and 3 degree for 12/14 GHz band. Limited to 90 satellites.
• Disadv not satellite repair capability greater delay and attenuation problems.
• Wireless LAN
• HiperLAN (European standard allow communication at up to 20 Mbps in 5 GHz range of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum.
• HiperLAN/2 operate at about 54 Mbps in the same RF band.
• A hub is the place where data converges from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more directions.
• Seen in local area networks
• A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network. On the internet, in terms of routing, the network consists of gateway nodes and host nodes.
• Host nodes are computer of network users and the computers that serve contents (such as Web pages).
• Gateway nodes are computers that control traffic within your companys network or at your local internet service provider (ISP)
• A router is a device or a software in a computer that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination.
• Allow different networks to communicate with each other
• A router creates and maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and uses this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for a given packet.
• A packet will travel through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination.
• a bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or token ring).
• A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on the other interconnected LAN (or LANs).
• Bridge device to interconnect two LANs that use the SAME logical link control protocol but may use different medium access control protocols.
• Router device to interconnect SIMILAR networks, e.g. similar protocols and workstations and servers
• Gateway device to interconnect DISSIMILAR protocols and servers, and Macintosh and IBM LANs and equipment
• Allow different nodes of a network to communicate directly with each other.
• Allow several users to send information over a network at the same time without slowing each other down.
• Local Area Networks (LAN)
• A network of computers that are in the same general physical location, within a building or a campus.
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
• Wide Area Networks (WAN)
• Issues of size and breadth.
• WANs were developed to communicate over a large geographical area (e.g. lab-to-lab city-to-city east coast-to-west coast North America-to-South America etc)
• WANs require the crossing of public right of ways (under control and regulations of the interstate commerce and institute of telephone and data communications established by the govt and international treaties).
• WANs around the world relies on the infrastructure established by the telephone companies (common carrier) or public switched telephone network (PSTN).
• WANs consists of a number of interconnected switching nodes (today computers). Transmission signals are routed across the network automatically by software control to the specified destination. The purpose of these nodes are to route messages through switching facilities to move data from node to node to its destination.
• WANs originally implemented circuit switching and packet switching technologies. Recently, frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks have been implemented to achieve higher operating and processing speeds for the message.
• WAN transmission speeds are _______
• WAN are owned by the common carrier in the U.S. and governement in most foreign countries.
• Interconnected devices, I.e. LANs or Personal Computers (PC) or Workstation or Servers can be (usually are) privately owned by companies.
• Circuit switching is a dedicated communications path established between two stations or multiple end points through nodes of the WAN
• Transmission path is a connected sequence of physical link between nodes.
• On each link, a logical channel is dedicated to the connection. Data generated by the source station are transmitted along dedicated path as rapidly as possible.
• At each node, incoming data are routed or switched to the appropriate outgoing channel without excessive delay. However, if data processing is required, some delay is experienced.
• Example of circuit switching above is the telephone networks.
• It is not necessasry (as in circuit switching) to dedicate transmission capacity along a path through the WAN rather data are sent out in a sequence of small chucks, called packets.
• Each packet, consisting of several bits is passed through the network from node to node along some path leading from the source to the destination
• At each node along the path, the entire packet is received, stored briefly, and then transmitted to the next node.
• At destination all individual packets are assembled together to form the complete text and message from the source. Each packet is identified as to its place in the overall text for reassembly.
• Packet switching networks are commonly used for terminal-to-computer and computer-to-computer communications.
• If packet errors occur, the packet is retransmitted.
• Packet switching was developed at a time (1960s) when digital long distance transmission facilities exhibited a relatively high error rate compared to todays facilities. A large amount of overhead was included for error detection and control. Each packet included additional bits and each node performed additional processing to insure reliable transmission.
• Frame relay has removed the overhead bits and additional processing. It has become unnecessary to invoke these overhead checks and thereby enables higher capacity transmission rates.
• Frame relay takes advantage of these high rates and low error rates.
• Frame relay networks are designed to operate efficiently at user data rates of 2 Mb/s and higher. (packet switching originally designed with a 64 Kb/s data rate to the end user).
• Frame relay achieves these higher rates by stripping out most of the overhead involved with error control.
• ATM also referred to as Cell Relay
• Evolution from frame relay and circuit switching.
• Major differences Frame relay uses variable length packets called frames. ATM uses fixed length packets called cells.
• ATM provides little overhead for error control like frame relay, and depends on inherent reliability of the transmission system and on higher layers of logic in the end systems to identify and correct errors.
• ATM is designed to operate in range of 10s to 100 Mb/s compared to frame relay (2 Mb/s)
• ATM allows multiple virtual channels with higher data rates for transmission paths. Each channel dynamically sets on demand.
• Integrated services digital network (ISDN) was intended to be a world wide public telecommunication network to replace existing public telecommunication networks and deliver a wide variety of services.
• ISDN has standardized user interfaces, implemented a set of digital switches and paths supporting a broad range of traffic types and providing a value added processing service
• ISDN is multiple networks, but integrated to provide user with single, uniform accessibility and world wide interconnection.
• First generation ISDN was narrowband, 64 Kb/s channel of switching and circuit switching orientations. Frame relay resulted from the ISDN narrowband efforts.
• Second generation is broadband ISDN. It supports high data rates of 100s Mb/s and has a packet switching orientation. ATM resulted from the broadband ISDN efforts.
• Small interconnected of personal computers or workstations and printers within a building or small area up to 10 Kms.
• Small group of workers that share common application programs and communication needs.
• LANs are capable of very high transmission rates (100s Mb/s to G b/s).
• LAN equipment usually owned by organization. Medium may be owned or leased from telephone company provider or common carrier.
• PC or Workstation interconnected to medium (twisted pair fiber optics etc) through concentrators to servers. LAN is interconnected with other networks via switches and router/gateways.
• Advanced LANs using circuit switching are available. ATM LANs, fibre channel baseband, and broadband LANs are being used. Etc.
• A group of standards for defining a local area network that includes standards in cabling and the structure of the data sent over those cables as well as the hardware that connects those cables.
• Independent of the network architecture
• Flavors of ethernet
• IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Specification
• Great detail specifying cable types, data formats, and procedures for transferring that data through those cables
• IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Specification
• Every computer and most devices (e.g. a network printer) is connected to network through an NIC. In most desktop computers, this is an Ethernet card (10 or 100 Mbps) that is plugged into a slot on the computer motherboard.
• Using MAC addresses to distinguish between machines, Ethernet transmits frames of data across baseband cables using CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3)
• Media Access Control (MAC) Address are the physical address of any device, e.g. a NIC in a computer on the network. The MAC address has two parts of 3 bytes long. The first 3 bytes specify the company that made the NIC and the second 3 bytes are the serial number of the NIC.
• All computers are connected in a ring or star topology and a binary digit or token passing scheme is used in order to prevent the collision of data between two computers that want to send messages at the same time.
• Empty information frames are continuously circulated on the ring.
• When a computer has a message to send, it inserts a token in an empty frame (this may consist of simply changing a 0 to a 1 in the token bit part of the frame) and inserts a message and a destination identifier in the frame.
• The frame is then examined by each successive workstation. If the workstation sees that it is the destination for the message, it copies the message from the frame and changes the token back to 0.
• When the frame gets back to the originator, it sees that the token has been changed to 0 and that the message has been copied and received. It removes the message from the frame.
• The frame continues to circulate as an "empty" frame, ready to be taken by a workstation when it has a message to send.
• Protocol are used for communication between computers in different computer networks. Protocol achieves
• What is communicated between computers?
• How it is communicated?
• When it is communicated?
• What conformance (bit sequence) between computers?
• Key elements of a protocol are
• SYNTAC Data format and signal levels
• SEMANTICS Control information for coordination and error handling
• TIMING Synchronization, speed matching, and sequencing
• Examples of protocols
• WAN Protocol TCP/IP
• LAN Protocol Media Access Control Contention Token Passing
• Architecture provides high degree of cooperation between two computers.
• INSERT DIAGRAM of file transfer ?
• Open Systems Interconnection
• No one really uses this in the real world.
• A reference model so others can develop detailed interfaces.
• Value The reference model defines 7 layers of functions that take place at each end of communication and with each layer adding its own set of special related functions.
• Flow of data through each layer at one
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level
• Internet Protocol (IP) uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level
• Is the predominate network protocol in use today (Other includes OSI Model) for interoperable architecture and the internet.
• TCP/IP is a result of protocol research and development conducted on experimental packet switched network by ARPANET funded by the defense advanced research projects agency (DARPA). TCP/IP used as internet standards by the internet architecture board (IAB).
• Application Layer contains the logic needed to support the various user applications. Separate module are required for each application.
• Host-to-host or transport Layer collection of mechanisms in a single and common layer
• Internet Layer IP provides the routing functions across the multiple networks
• Network access layer concerned with access to and routing data across a network for two end systems attached to the same network.
• Physical Layer covers physical interface between PC or workstation and a transmission medium or network
• Web Server serves HTML pages
• TCP layer in the server divides the file into one or more packets, numbers the packet, then forward packets individually to IP.
• Note each packet has the same destination IP address, it may get routed differently through the network.
• TCP (on the client) reassembles the individual packets and waits until they have arrived to forward them as a single file.
• Connection-oriented protocol
• Connectionless protocol (I.e. no established connection between the end points that are communicating.)
• Responsible for delivery the independently treated packet !!!!
• TCP responsible for reassembly.
• Multimedia (audio/video stream) Bioinformatics Educational CDs as an example of extending network capacity
• Basics Complete Idiots Guide to Networking, 3rd Edition (Wagner and Negus)
• Practical Network Cabling (Freed and Derfler)
• Networking books by William Stallings
• Business Data Communications
• Operating Systems Internals and Design Principles
• Data Computer Communications
• Local and Metropolitan Area Networks
• High-speed networks TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles
• Online Audio/Video Recording of Networking Class
• http//www.cis.ohio-state.edu/jain/videos.htm

PowerShow.com is a leading presentation sharing website. It has millions of presentations already uploaded and available with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every day. Whatever your area of interest, here you’ll be able to find and view presentations you’ll love and possibly download. And, best of all, it is completely free and easy to use.

You might even have a presentation you’d like to share with others. If so, just upload it to PowerShow.com. We’ll convert it to an HTML5 slideshow that includes all the media types you’ve already added: audio, video, music, pictures, animations and transition effects. Then you can share it with your target audience as well as PowerShow.com’s millions of monthly visitors. And, again, it’s all free.

About the Developers

PowerShow.com is brought to you by  CrystalGraphics , the award-winning developer and market-leading publisher of rich-media enhancement products for presentations. Our product offerings include millions of PowerPoint templates, diagrams, animated 3D characters and more.

Home PowerPoint Templates Network

Network PowerPoint Templates

Communicate network structures, strategies, and processes using our Network PowerPoint template selection. These networking PPT templates are designed to cater to a wide range of needs, from detailing IT network infrastructures to showcasing social networking strategies or organizational networks.

With these network-themed templates, you can make presentations about the Internet, computer networks and network infrastructure, social media, and social networking, as well as presentations on topics like biochemistry, business, marketing, globalization, etc.

Featured Templates

Animated Network Diagram PowerPoint Template

Simple Network Diagrams for PowerPoint

Flat Networking Icons for PowerPoint

Network Diagram Template for PowerPoint

Latest templates.

OSI Model PowerPoint Template

6-Item Hub & Spoke Diagram PowerPoint Template

Cyber Security PowerPoint Slides

Atom Globe Concept PowerPoint Template

Global Concept Slide for PowerPoint

3 Item Animated 3D Connected Structure PowerPoint Template

6 Item Animated 3D Connected Structure PowerPoint Template

8 Item Animated 3D Connected Structure PowerPoint Template

Smart Grid PowerPoint Template

Wifi Signal Level Shapes for PowerPoint

Global Network Concept for PowerPoint

Network Design Concept for PowerPoint

Network PowerPoint templates offer a foundation for presentations that depict networks in any form. Whether IT professionals explain network architectures and protocols, business strategists illustrate networking strategies, or HR managers demonstrate organizational structures, these templates provide a versatile tool for a clear and effective presentation.

The application of network PPT templates can span across various industries. For instance, IT and Cybersecurity consultants can implement these creative slides to discuss cybersecurity threats and actions to mitigate potential risks. Business and marketing professionals can apply them to illustrate networking strategies, market connections, and relationships with customers across the globe. The options are varied, and we also have an option for a network PPT template free download for those who want to test our products.

In a highly visual format, our networking presentation templates incorporate diagrams, node structures, and connectivity icons to ease the understanding of the presented concepts. Users can tailor these templates to their specific presentation needs, adjusting the color theme, changing shapes, and adding content at placeholder areas.

Reduce the preparation time for your presentations – work with our network PowerPoint templates and see how it impacts your presentation performance.

What is a Network PowerPoint Template?

A Profile PowerPoint template is a pre-designed slide containing visual elements that facilitate the presentation and explanation of network-related concepts.

How Do I Create a Network Layout in PowerPoint?

To create a network layout in PowerPoint, open a new slide and select Insert from the top menu. Choose Shapes to insert circles (nodes) and lines (connections) to represent your network components and their relationships. Arrange the shapes to reflect your network’s structure, using the Align and Distribute tools under Shape Format for uniform spacing and alignment. Customize the appearance of your nodes and connections by adjusting colors and line styles, and adding text labels for clarity. Group components together for easier manipulation.

You can save countless hours and work with professionally designed network layouts by downloading our network PPT templates.

Why Create a Network Diagram?

Creating a network diagram is essential for visualizing the structure and relationships within a network, whether it’s for IT infrastructure, organizational hierarchies, or social connections. It simplifies complex systems, making understanding connections, dependencies, and the flow of information or resources easier.

Download Unlimited Content

Our annual unlimited plan let you download unlimited content from slidemodel. save hours of manual work and use awesome slide designs in your next presentation..

Network Architecture Explained: Understanding the Basics of Modern Networks

In an era of increasing network complexity, understanding the ins and outs of network architecture is more crucial than ever. This article provides a comprehensive introduction to network architecture and its various components, bridging the gap between NetOps professionals and the general audience interested in the subject.

What is Network Architecture?

Network architecture defines the structured interaction between network services, devices, and clients to meet their connectivity requirements. It forms a blueprint dictating the layout, communication protocols, and connectivity patterns of network systems, functioning as a critical foundation for any digital environment.

Network architecture encompasses services like DHCP and DNS to cater to specific client needs. It includes diverse types such as access networks, facilitating intra-office connectivity; data center networks that provide data access and host applications; and Wide-Area Networks (WANs), enabling users to connect to resources over expansive distances.

Each architecture type is unique, with particular network security considerations, connectivity requirements, and service provisions. The significance of network architecture is twofold - ensuring efficient intra-network communication and fortifying against security threats. As a result, network architecture is a fundamental component in managing and designing any digital ecosystem.

Network Architecture vs. Internet Architecture

Network architecture and internet architecture are two related but distinct concepts. They may sound similar, but each has unique characteristics that set them apart.

Network architecture refers to the specific design and framework of a particular network. This includes how network devices and services are structured to cater to the connectivity requirements of the network’s users. It lays out the network’s structure, from hardware components like network routers and switches to protocols and services like DHCP and DNS. It’s about network design and constructing the network itself, focusing on efficient communication, secure data transfer, and performance optimization.

On the other hand, internet architecture describes the structure and protocols that make the global internet function. It doesn’t concern itself with individual networks but looks at how all networks interact to form the internet. Its focus is on the global system of interconnected computer networks and the protocols they use to communicate, such as TCP/IP.

While network architecture provides a network’s physical and logical design, internet architecture focuses on the global set of rules and standards that allow individual networks to work together as a coherent system—the internet.

The two architectures interact and complement each other. Network architecture lays the foundation for how devices and services interact within a particular network, while internet architecture provides the rules and protocols that enable these individual networks to interact and form the global internet.

To understand internet architecture better, let’s look at its layers: IP, TCP, and Application Protocol.

IP (Internet Protocol) Layer : The IP layer delivers packets from the source host to the destination host based on the IP addresses. This layer ensures that data is sent and received over the internet.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Layer : The TCP layer provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of bytes between applications running on hosts communicating over an IP network. It is responsible for ensuring that data packets are transmitted without errors and in the correct order.

Application Protocol Layer : The Application Protocol layer contains all the higher-level protocols like HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and others. These protocols are used by internet applications to send and receive data.

Each layer plays a crucial role in the functionality of the internet. The IP layer ensures the data gets to the right place, the TCP layer ensures the data is correct and in order, and the Application Protocol layer allows users to access and use the internet in a meaningful way.

Understanding network and internet architecture is critical for any professional involved in planning, designing, or managing network systems. This knowledge ensures that individual networks are designed and maintained effectively and that they can interact seamlessly with the larger internet system.

Understanding the Layers of Network and Internet Architecture: The OSI Model

In network architecture, networks are often considered to be composed of different layers, as described by the OSI model. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a widely accepted framework that describes how different network protocols interact to provide network services.

While the OSI model consists of seven layers, for the sake of understanding network and internet architecture, we will focus on five essential layers: the application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, and physical layer. Each layer performs a specific function and interacts with the layers above and below it.

Application Layer

At the top of the stack in the OSI model, the application layer (layer 7) provides an interface for users to interact with network services. This layer hosts various application-specific protocols like HTTP for web browsing, SMTP for email, FTP for file transfers, and DNS for domain name resolution.

Transport Layer

The OSI model’s transport layer, layer 4, ensures reliable data transfer. This layer utilizes two key protocols: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which offers reliable data transmission, and UDP (User Datagram Protocol), which provides faster but less reliable transmission.

Network Layer

Layer 3 in the OSI model, the network layer is responsible for routing data packets, i.e., deciding the most efficient path for data transfer from the source to the destination.

Data Link Layer

Layer 2 of the OSI model, the data link layer, is responsible for the reliable transmission of data frames between nodes on the same network layer. This layer establishes and terminates network connections, corrects errors that might occur at the physical layer, and decides how devices on the network share resources.

Physical Layer

The foundation of the OSI model, the physical layer (layer 1), is in charge of transmitting raw bitstreams over the physical medium. This includes the processes that physically transmit data and control the network interfaces on which data is transmitted. It deals with the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural characteristics of the physical connections between devices.

Key Components of Network Architecture Design

Network architecture design involves an intricate blend of components that must work harmoniously to deliver a reliable and efficient network. This involves hardware and software elements, which create a network capable of supporting an organization’s operations. To understand how these elements come together, let’s explore some of the key components in more detail:

The hardware elements of network architecture design refer to the physical devices that facilitate communication within a network. These include:

Routers : Routers act as the postmasters of the network, directing data traffic. They connect networks and shuttle data packets between them based on the data’s destination IP address.

Switches : Switches are network traffic controllers that channel data to the correct device within a network. Unlike routers, switches operate within a single network.

Servers : Servers are high-powered computers that host data and applications that devices within the network can access. They can serve many roles, including file storage, hosting websites, or running applications.

Firewalls : Firewalls are the security guards of the network, protecting the network from unauthorized access and malicious attacks.

Network Protocols

Network protocols are sets of rules that govern how devices on a network communicate. They define how data is formatted, addressed, transmitted, and received. Some key network protocols include:

Internet Protocol (IP) : IP is responsible for addressing and routing data packets so they can travel across networks and reach the right destination.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) : TCP ensures data is reliably delivered across a network. It breaks data into packets, transmits them, and reassembles them at their destination.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) : Unlike TCP, UDP does not guarantee the delivery of packets, making it faster but less reliable. It’s often used for live streaming and gaming, where speed is more important than perfect accuracy.

Transmission Media

Transmission media refers to the physical or virtual paths by which data travels from one point to another in a network. There are two primary types of transmission media:

Wired : Wired networks use cables, most commonly Ethernet cables, to connect devices. These networks tend to offer faster data transfer rates and more security as they are less susceptible to interference and unauthorized access. However, they are less flexible due to the physical constraints of the cables, and their installation can require significant effort and resources, especially in large or complex environments.

Wireless : Wireless networks transmit data using radio waves (or, less commonly, infrared signals). The most prevalent forms of wireless networking are Wi-Fi and cellular data transmission protocols like 4G and 5G. These networks are highly flexible, allowing devices to connect from virtually anywhere within signal range, and are relatively easy to set up, as they require no physical cabling between devices. However, wireless connections generally offer slower data transfer rates than wired networks and may be more vulnerable to interference and security breaches. Implementing robust network security measures, such as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA3), is crucial when deploying a wireless network.

These transmission media serve as communication paths that link the nodes within a network. The choice between wired and wireless connections can significantly impact a network’s speed, reliability, security, and cost.

Network Topologies

The topology of a network refers to the physical or logical layout of the devices on the network. Modern networks have evolved significantly from traditional topologies, embracing more complex and efficient designs. Here are some of the modern network topologies:

Mesh Network Topology : Each device (node) is connected to every other network node, providing multiple paths for data to travel. Mesh networks offer robustness and redundancy, reducing the chances of network failure.

Hybrid Network Topology : This topology combines two or more different topologies to create a more complex and efficient network. It offers the benefits of each topology type it incorporates, enhancing reliability and ease of management.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) : SDN separates the control plane (making decisions about how data packets are routed) from the data plane (forwarding data packets based on these decisions). By managing the network centrally through software and separating the physical and logical layout of the network, SDN offers greater flexibility and easier management.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network Topology : In P2P networks, interconnected nodes share resources without relying on a central server. This decentralized approach is common in file-sharing and distributed computing systems.

Tree (Hierarchical) Network Topology : This topology combines star and bus topologies, with multiple levels of devices connected hierarchically. It’s commonly used in wide area networks (WANs) and large-scale internetworks.

Virtual Network (Overlay Network) Topology : Virtual networks are created on top of existing physical networks and can have their own topology, independent of the underlying infrastructure. They offer flexibility and are often used for virtual private networks (VPNs) and software-defined wide-area networks (SD-WANs).

Cloud (Multi-tenant) Topology : In cloud-based network topologies, multiple organizations share the same network infrastructure provided by a cloud service provider. This topology offers scalability, flexibility, and cost savings.

Hybrid-Cloud Topology : This topology combines on-premises (private) and public cloud services. It offers scalability and flexibility while maintaining control and security over sensitive data and applications in the private cloud or on-prem infrastructure.

Multicloud Topology : While not, strictly speaking, a “topology,” multicloud is a strategy that integrates cloud services from multiple independent cloud providers, taking advantage of the distinct services and efficiencies of each. For example, a network might utilize AWS for machine learning, Google Cloud for analytics, and Azure for Microsoft product integration. Unlike hybrid cloud setups, each cloud in multicloud operates separately, focusing on maximizing the strengths of each provider.

Note that the traditional network topologies – bus, ring, and star – laid the foundation for these modern network designs, but more efficient and flexible topologies have largely supplanted them. The selection of network topology will depend on the specific needs and constraints of the network, such as cost, performance, security, and scalability requirements.

These are just a few components involved in network architecture design. A robust network architecture must consider all these elements and more, including network security protocols, network software, network services, and the network users’ needs. By understanding these components, network architects can design networks that are resilient, efficient, and capable of supporting the organization’s needs.

Public Networks vs. Private Networks: A Comparison

Public and private networks offer unique benefits and drawbacks based on their design and purpose. Public networks, being accessible to any user, are generally less secure but provide broad accessibility, which makes them suitable for information exchange on a large scale. Conversely, private networks are highly restricted, typically offering enhanced security and control over data. Organizations often prefer them to protect sensitive information and maintain privacy.

Benefits and Challenges of Different Network Architectures

Different network architectures cater to various needs based on their scale and reach, and each presents unique advantages and limitations. For example, Local Area Networks (LANs) provide high-speed connectivity and efficient data transfer within limited geographical areas, like offices or homes. Conversely, Wide Area Networks (WANs) offer broad coverage spanning cities or countries but at the cost of slower data transfer rates due to the large distances involved.

Common Types of Network Architectures

Networks can be structured to manage and control the flow of data and communication in various ways. The most common types (or styles) of network architecture include:

Peer-to-Peer (P2P): In a peer-to-peer network, all devices, often called “peers,” have equal capabilities and responsibilities. This architecture doesn’t require a central server, and all devices communicate directly with each other. The distribution of resources in P2P networks makes them potentially more resilient to failure than centralized architectures, as the failure of one node doesn’t significantly impact the entire network.

Client-Server: In a client-server architecture, some computers (servers) provide services, and other computers (clients) use those services. The server has more processing power and storage and performs most of the work. This centralization can make network maintenance easier but also presents a single point of failure.

Hybrid: Hybrid networks combine elements of the client-server and peer-to-peer architectures. Some devices in the network act as clients and access services, while others act as servers and provide services. Some devices fulfill both roles.

Cloud-Based Architecture: Cloud-based networks offer services and storage over the internet. Users don’t need to maintain their hardware and software; instead, they can access applications and storage provided by cloud service providers. This flexibility allows for easy scaling and global accessibility.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN): In an SDN architecture, the network’s control and forwarding functions are decoupled. This separation allows for centralized management and control over the entire network, promoting flexibility and rapid deployment of new services.

Types of Networks Based on Coverage Area

In addition to their architectural style, networks can also be classified based on their range or coverage area, such as:

Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN connects devices within a limited area like a home or office. It is efficient and offers high-speed connectivity.

Wide Area Network (WAN): WANs connect devices over larger geographical areas, such as between cities or countries. They are often slower than LANs due to the vast distance data has to travel.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): MANs connect users within a city. They’re larger than LANs but smaller than WANs.

Personal Area Network (PAN): PANs connect devices within an individual’s workspace or personal range.

The Internet (A Network of Networks): The internet is a global network of computer networks connected via TCP/IP protocols.

How Kentik Helps Network Architects

Kentik offers a robust network observability platform packed with features to help network architects design, manage, and optimize their network architecture:

Kentik Map : This feature provides a visual representation of your network infrastructure, both on-premises and cloud-based. It helps architects quickly understand the interconnection of network components and their impact on traffic patterns, network health, and application delivery. Whether you’re dealing with hybrid network architectures or focusing on network health or traffic, Kentik Map gives you the clarity you need.

Network Capacity Planning : Kentik automates network capacity planning, offering growth forecasts and projected run-out dates. This enables architects to decide when to upgrade bandwidth or tweak network configurations for better optimization. From monitoring network provider capacity to advising clients on network upgrades, Kentik simplifies capacity management.

Discover Peers : With Kentik, network architects can monitor utilization trends on peering and transit interfaces, informing decisions about augmenting services or establishing new ones. Whether it’s identifying cost optimization opportunities, evaluating potential peering partners, or enforcing peering agreements, Kentik empowers data-driven decision-making.

Network Traffic Engineering : Kentik aids in BGP traffic engineering by identifying groups of prefixes impacting congested interfaces. It automates data collection and collation for traffic engineering tasks, precisely measures traffic impacts, and helps architects avoid capacity crises with its proactive, intelligent analysis.

Kentik’s network observability platform equips network architects with powerful tools to design, visualize, manage, and optimize network infrastructure. To see how Kentik can bring the benefits of network observability to your organization, start a free trial or request a personalized demo today.

• Multi-Cloud Observability
• Network Monitoring System (NMS)
• SD-WAN Monitoring
• Network Security and Compliance
• Synthetic Monitoring
• Peering and Interconnection
• Subscriber Intelligence
• Network Telemetry
• Universal Data Explorer
• Observability Data Pipeline
• Integrations
• Kentik Data Engine
• Reduce Cloud Spend
• Migrate To and From Any Cloud
• Improve Cloud Performance
• Optimize Enterprise WAN
• Network Performance Monitoring
• Deliver Exceptional Digital Experiences
• Detect and Mitigate DDoS
• Harden Zero-Trust Cloud Network Policy
• Investigate Security Incidents
• Visualize All Cloud and Network Traffic
• Troubleshoot Any Network
• Understand Internet Performance
• Consolidate Legacy Tools
• Optimize Peering and Transit
• Plan Network Capacity
• Google Cloud

New and Notable

• Cloud Latency Map
• 2024 EMA Radar Report for Network Operations Observability
• Cloud doesn't have to mean compromise
• Case Studies
• Resource Library
• Telemetry Now Podcast
• Kentik Network Analysis Center
• Product Updates
• Documentation
• Plans and Pricing
• Kentik Slack Community
• Privacy Policy
• Terms of Use