2 | |
3 | |
4 | |
5 | |
In Section 4.2 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), APA (2020) states that you should use verb tenses consistently throughout your work. See a chart of when and how to use past tense (Rodriguez found) and present perfect tense (Researchers have shown) at the APA Style website .
In-Text Citation Basics
Author/Date Citation Method
APA publications use the author/date in text citation system to briefly identify sources to readers. Each in-text citation is listed alphabetically in the reference list. All in-text citations referenced in the body of work musr appear in the reference list and vice versa.
- The author-date method includes the author's surname and the the publication year. Do not include suffixes such as Jr., Esq., etc. Example : (Jones, 2009)
- The author/date method is also used with direct quotes. Another component is added in this format: (Jones, 2009, p.19)
- When multiple pages are referenced, use pp. (Jones, 2009, pp.19-21)
Variations of author/date within a sentence Here are some examples of how the author/date citation method are formatted within different parts of a sentence. Please note the author, publication date, and study are entirely fictional.
- Beginning of a sentence: Jones (2009) completed a study on the effects of dark chocolate on heart disease.
- Middle of a sentence: In 2009, Jones's study on the effects of dark chocolate and heart disease revealed...
- End of a sentence: The study revealed that participants who ate dark chocolate bars every day did not develop heart disease (Jones, 2009).
Citing works with more than one author
- One author: Jones (2009) // (Jones, 2009)
- Two authors: Ahmed and Jones (2010) // (Ahmed & Jones, 2010)
- Three or more authors: Tsai et al. (2011) // (Tsai et al., 2011)
- Group/organization author that can be abbreviated: 1st mention: National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2012) // subsequent mentions: NIH (2012)
Sample References
Journal articles
Sharifian, N., & Grühn, D. (2019). The differential impact of social participation and social support on psychological well-being: Evidence from the Wisconsin longitudinal study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 88 (2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415018757213
Shiraev, E. (2017). Personality theories: A global view. SAGE.
Chapter from a book
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin , B. B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 276 320). Cambridge University Press.
Webpage from a website
World Health Organization. (2020, June 15) . Elder abuse . https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/elder-abuse
View many more examples in the APA Style Manual or on the APA Style website .
- << Previous: Formatting Manual & Forms
- Next: Submitting to ProQuest ETD >>
- Last Updated: May 20, 2024 9:49 AM
- URL: https://alliant.libguides.com/LibraryClearance
Scribbr APA Citation Generator
Accurate APA citations, verified by experts, trusted by millions.
Scribbr for Chrome: Your shortcut to APA citations
Cite any page or article with a single click right from your browser. The extension does the hard work for you by automatically grabbing the title, author(s), publication date, and everything else needed to whip up the perfect APA citation.
Add to Chrome. It's free!
⚙️ Styles | APA 7 & APA 6 |
---|
đź“š Source types | Websites, books, articles |
---|
🔎 Autocite | Search by title, URL, DOI, or ISBN |
---|
Rely on accurate APA citations, verified by experts.
You don’t want points taken off for incorrect citations. That’s why our APA citation experts have invested countless hours perfecting our algorithms. As a result, we’re proud to be recommended by teachers worldwide.
Enjoy the APA Citation Generator with minimal distraction.
Staying focused is already challenging enough. You don’t need video pop-ups and flickering banner ads slowing you down. At Scribbr, we keep distractions to a minimum while also keeping the APA Citation Generator free for everyone.
Citation Generator features you'll love
Search for your source by title, URL, DOI, ISBN, and more to retrieve the relevant information automatically.
APA 6th & 7th edition
Scribbr's Citation Generator supports both APA 6 and APA 7 (as well as MLA and Harvard ). No matter what edition you're using, we’ve got you covered!
Export to Bib(La)TeX
Easily export in BibTeX format and continue working in your favorite LaTeX editor.
Export to Word
Reference list finished? Export to Word with perfect indentation and spacing set up for you.
Sorting, grouping, and filtering
Organize the reference list the way you want: from A to Z, new to old, or grouped by source type.
Save multiple lists
Stay organized by creating a separate reference list for each of your assignments.
Choose between Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri, and more options to match your style.
Industry-standard technology
The Scribbr Citation Generator is built using the same citation software (CSL) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy.
Annotations
Create perfectly formatted annotated bibliographies with just a few clicks.
Explanatory tips help you get the details right to ensure accurate citations.
Citation guides
Getting to grips with citation is simple with the help of our highly rated APA citation guides and videos .
Secure backup
Your work is saved automatically after every change and stored securely in your Scribbr account.
- Introduction
- Parenthetical vs. narrative
- Multiple authors
Missing information
Tools and resources
How to create APA citations
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr’s free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations.
This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).
- Cite a webpage
- Cite a book
- Cite a journal article
- Cite a YouTube video
APA in-text citations
APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, publication date, and, if relevant, a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example, (Smith, 2021, p. 170) . See it as a shorter version of the entry in the reference list .
You should include in-text citations every time you’re quoting or paraphrasing someone else’s ideas or words. In doing so, you give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism .
Parenthetical vs. narrative citation
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.
- Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020) .
- Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …
Multiple authors and corporate authors
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
Author type | Parenthetical citation | Narrative citation |
---|
One author | (Smith, 2020) | Smith (2020) |
---|
Two authors | (Smith & Jones, 2020) | Smith and Jones (2020) |
---|
Three or more authors | (Smith et al., 2020) | Smith et al. (2020) |
---|
Organization | (Scribbr, 2020) | Scribbr (2020) |
---|
When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.
Missing element | What to do | Parenthetical citation |
---|
Author | Use the source title.* | ( , 2020) |
---|
Date | Write “n.d.” for “no date.” | (Smith, n.d.) |
---|
Page number | Either use an or omit the page number. | (Smith, 2020, Chapter 3) or (Smith, 2020) |
---|
APA Citation Generator
Generate accurate APA citations in seconds
Get started
APA references
APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
Missing element | What to do | Reference format |
---|
Author | Start the reference entry with the source title. | Title. (Date). Source. |
---|
Date | Write “n.d.” for “no date”. | Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. |
---|
Title | Describe the work in square brackets. | Author. (Date). [Description]. Source. |
---|
Formatting the APA reference page
On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .
Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:
- Double spacing (within and between references)
- Hanging indent of ½ inch
- Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)
- Page number in the top right header
Which sources to include
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
In addition to the APA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.
- Citation Generator : Generate flawless citations in APA, MLA , and Harvard style .
- Citation Checker : Upload your paper and have artificial intelligence check your citations for errors and inconsistencies.
- Free plagiarism checker : Detect plagiarism with unparalleled accuracy with Scribbr’s free plagiarism checker.
- AI Proofreader : Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free!
- Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.
- Grammar checker : Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.
- Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.
- AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.
- Proofreading services : Have a professional editor (or team of editors) improve your writing so you can submit your paper with pride and confidence. Scribbr offers admission essay editing , paper editing , and academic editing .
- Guides and videos : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.
- Free Tools for Students
- APA Citation Generator
Free APA Citation Generator
Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!
🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.
Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.
👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.
🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?
Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:
- Save a considerable amount of time
- Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
- Be rewarded with a higher grade
In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).
⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?
Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:
- Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
- MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
- Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
- Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.
MyBib supports the following for APA style:
⚙️ Styles | APA 6 & APA 7 |
đź“š Sources | Websites, books, journals, newspapers |
🔎 Autocite | Yes |
đź“Ą Download to | Microsoft Word, Google Docs |
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
- Liberty Online
- Residential
- Request More Information
- (434) 582-2000
- Academic Calendar
- Bachelor’s Degrees
- Master’s Degrees
- Postgraduate Degrees
- Doctoral Degrees
- Associate Degrees
- Certificate Programs
- Degree Minors
- Registrar’s Office
- Degree Completion Plans (DCPs)
- Course Catalog
- Policy Directory
- Academic Support (CASAS)
- LU Bookstore
- Research at Liberty
- Eagle Scholars Program
- Honors Scholars
- Quiz Bowl Team
- Debate Team
- Student Travel
- Liberty University Online Academy (K-12)
- Tuition & Costs
- Net Price Calculator
- Student Financial Services
- Scholarships
- Undergraduate
- International
- Apply for LU Online
- Online Admissions
- Online Tuition & Fees
- Military Students
- School of Law
- Osteopathic Medicine
- Convocation
- Campus Community
- LU Serve Now
- Liberty Worship Collective
- Office of Spiritual Development
- Online Engagement
- LU Shepherd
- Doctrinal Statement
- Mission Statement
- Residence Life
- Student Government
- Student Clubs
- Conduct Code & Appeals
- Health & Wellness
- Student Affairs Offices
- Campus Recreation
- LaHaye Rec & Fit
- Intramural Sports
- Hydaway Outdoor Center
- Snowflex Centre
- Student Activities
- Club Sports
- LaHaye Ice Center
- ID & Campus Services
- Dining Services
- Parents & Families
- Commuter Students
- International Students
- Graduate Students
- Disability Support
- NCAA Sports
- Flames Club
- Varsity Club
- Williams Stadium
- Vines Center
- Liberty Baseball Stadium
- Kamphuis Field
- Ticket Information
- Flames Merchandise
- LU Quick Facts
- News & Events
- Virtual Tour
- Strategic Plan
- History of Liberty
- Contact Liberty
- Visit Liberty
- Give to Liberty
- CASAS: Academic Success Center
- Writing Style Guides
APA Format Quick Guide
Additional Navigation
Note to students using Grammarly: See this resource on Grammarly’s Place in the Writing Process
APA-7 delineates two versions: the student version and the professional version. Formatting elements except the title page, running head, and abstract are the same across both versions. At Liberty University, all undergraduate must use the student version and all graduate and doctoral students must use the professional version. Sample papers and templates in each version are linked below.
Have a formatting question?
Online students.
See a list of all services available to online students at www.liberty.edu/onlinewritingcenter
Residential Students
See a list of all services available to residential students at www.liberty.edu/writing
Undergraduate Students
- Will follow APA-7’s “Student Version”
- Simplified title page
- No running head
- No abstract
Detailed sample APA-7 paper with visual aids, indexed by topic for Undergraduate Students APA-7 template for Undergraduate Students
Graduate & Doctoral Students
- Will follow APA-7’s “Professional Version”
- Expanded title page
- Running head required (same on all pages)
- Abstract required (unless specified in instructions)
Detailed sample APA-7 paper with visual aids, indexed by topic for Graduate/Doctoral Students APA-7 template for Graduate/Doctoral Students
Helpful Resources
- Comprehensive APA-7 Reference List (PDF)
- APA-7 References to Legal Materials – Bluebook (PDF)
- Sample Annotated Bibliography for Undergraduate Students (PDF)
- Sample Annotated Bibliography for Graduate/Doctoral Students
- Choosing Appropriate Resources for Academic Papers (PDF)
- Citing Artificial Intelligence (AI) when permitted to use (PDF)
- Use active voice, rather than passive voice (PDF) .
- Be specific and concise.
- Avoid poetic or figurative language; scientific writing is the most appropriate for APA.
- Use past or present perfect tense (e.g., researchers have shown) for a literature review and description, and past tense when referring to results and experiments previously conducted.
- Title case = all significant words, usually those with 4+ letters, must be capitalized. Title case is used for titles of works mentioned in the body of your paper, and for the names of journals in your reference list. All five heading levels also use title case.
- Sentence case = only the first letter of the first word, proper nouns, and the word following a colon, if any, should begin with capital letters. Sentence case is used for all resource titles in the reference list (i.e., book or article titles, webpages, etc.).
- Use quotation marks around the titles of shorter works (i.e., articles or poems) and italics for the names of larger words (i.e., books or plays) mentioned in the body of your paper.
- APA-7 allows a wide array of fonts and sizes but Liberty University prefers all course assignments to be completed in 12-point Times New Romans or 11-point Calibri font .
- APA papers use headings to separate paper sections and establish a hierarchy of information. Short papers (usually five pages or less in the body of the paper) may not have any headings unless required, but longer papers benefit from the organizational aspects of headings.
- Always begin with Level 1 headings and apply the appropriate heading and subheading levels from there. Do not simply progress from Level 1 to Level 2 to Level 3.
- For each heading, include at least two subsection headings or none at all. This follows the same principle as an outline: Section one would be divided into sections A and B or more; A cannot stand alone.
- As such, heading levels align with outline levels: Capital Roman letters in an outline become Level 1 headings, Capital Arabic letters become Level 2 headings, etc.
- Please note that some of the sample papers published by APA to demonstrate proper APA-7 format (including the “professional” version on pp. 50-60 of the APA-7 manual) depict the “Conclusion” section with a Level-2 heading. This is limited to empirical papers that are being submitted for publication in scholarly journals, as those conclusions pertain to the “Discussion” sections in such papers and are not conclusions of the overall papers themselves. Conclusions in academic papers at Liberty University will be Level 1 headings (including dissertations and theses, which are divided by chapters, unlike journal article manuscripts).
- A paper may only have Level 1 headings if it is not divided into smaller subsections — or the content under some Level 1 headings may include two or more Level 2 headings (and some content under Level 2 headings may include two or more Level 3 headings).
- Level 1 : centered, boldface, in title case, with the content beginning on the line below
- Level 2 : left-aligned, boldface, in title case, with the content beginning on the line below
- Level 3 : left-aligned, boldface, italicized, in title case, with the content beginning on the line below
- Level 4 : indented, boldface, in title case with a period, then one space, and begin your content on the same line
- Level 5 : indented, boldface, italicized, in title case with a period, then one space, and begin your content on the same line
- An in-text citation is used whenever another author’s work is directly quoted or paraphrased.
- Citations for paraphrases use an author/date format: (Author, Publication Year), e.g. (Smith, 2007).
- The citation for a direct quote should also include the page number: (Author, Year, p. #). If no page number is available (as in the case of an online webpage), list the paragraph: (Author, Year, para. 11). APA-7 expands this to including descriptive location details to get your reader to that content in longer non-paginated electronic resources such as e-books. In such cases, provide a heading or section name. If the heading or section name is brief (generally four words or less) include the full name, without quotation marks (i.e., Owen, 2020, Attachment Disorders section, para. 8). If the heading or section name is too long (generally, more than four words), use an abbreviation of the heading or section, encapsulated in quotation marks. For example, for a section named “Peace and Power in Modern Day Relationships,” the citation would be (Owen, 2020, “Peace and Power” section, para. 3).
- You can move information from the in-text citations to other parts of the sentence that the quote is part of as long as all required elements are present: e.g. Smith (2007) says, “arrows are sharp” (p. 8). However, the date follows the author’s/authors’ name(s), unless APA’s exception applies for subsequent citations of the same resource in a paragraph in which the first such citation was narrative in-text (not parenthetical; discussed further in Liberty University OWC’s sample APA papers).
- The page number follows a direct quote, even if these elements are split within your sentence. For example, Smith and Harlow (2011) elaborated on this by suggesting that “paper planes can float” (p. 8). Owen (2017) posited that “foxes can fly” (p. 17) in her dream analysis.
- Any quotation longer than 39 words should be made into a freestanding “block” of text, with no quotation marks (see Liberty University OWC’s sample APA papers due to formatting limitations of this webpage ).
- The entire left margin of block quotes should be indented one-half inch as a whole “block” (with no extra indent on the first line).
- The parenthetical citation with the page number on block quotes follows the quote and period, with no additional punctuation after it (unlike shorter quotes, where the parenthetical citation falls within the sentence itself with the period following it).
Special Rule Regarding Repeat Cit ations
- APA-7 allows writers to cite their source only once per paragraph, provided the reader can discern where the other sentence(s) derived from. This requires specific structuring. For example: Owen (2020) claimed that “foxes can fly” (p. 17). She detailed their nocturnal habits. Her research gave critical insight into this population.
- In each of the second and third sentences above, the sentences were structured in such a way that the content clearly refers back to Owen’s work. In the case of Bible verses, it is easy for the reader to understand that subsequent citations of those came from whichever Bible version was cited earlier in that paragraph. For any subsequent verses cited in a paragraph that already has a full Bible citation, you can just use the verse itself. In each new paragraph (or if you change versions in the same paragraph), you will need to include the full citation.
- For example: God calls each of us to witness to others to “make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel” ( New American Standard Bible , 1971/1995, Ephesians 6:19-20). Mark 13:10 and Matthew 28:19 command us to preach to all nations and make disciples… There is no need to add the Bible version in that second sentence because the reader knows both of those verses refer to the same version of the Bible cited in the previous sentence.
- The rules for Bible citations have changed completely; you must now cite the Bible version in the body of the paper and include it in your reference list. Please see the appropriate sample APA-7 paper for your level of study for a detailed discussion of this .
- Note that APA-7 specifies to cite Bibles in “book formats” (p. 302) that are “treated as having no author.” Below are some examples of the hard copy references versus online references of some common versions. The citations are the same for both, as they contain the version name and the year(s) of publication. If you are using a different version, you will format it by following the examples given below (be sure to include a hanging indent, which this webpage cannot feature).
- Scripture should be cited from one of the mainstream Bible versions (see list of some below). Study Bibles are generally NOT considered scholarly, as the notes within can be quite biased depending on the author of those notes, and thus Study Bibles should only be used sparingly by Divinity students as to exegetical projects.
- When including a verse, place it in the locator position after the year (in place of the page number). For example, “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” ( New American Standard Bible , 1971/1995, John 3:16). You can also introduce it in the text of the sentence itself: John 3:16 proclaims that “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” ( New American Standard Bible , 1971/1995).
Christian Standard Bible | ( , 2017) | . (2017). Holman Bible Publishers. |
English Standard | ( 2001/2016) | . (2016). Crossway Bibles. (Original work published 2001)
. (2016). Literal Word. (Original work published 2001) |
King James | ( , 1769/2017). ( , 1769/2017, John 3:16). | . (2017). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1769)
. (2017). King James Bible Online. (Original work published 1769) |
New American Standard | ( , 1971/1995) | . (1995). Thomas Nelson. (Original work published 1971)
. (1995). Literal Word. (Original work published 1971) |
New International | ( , 1978/2011) | . (2011). Zondervan. (Original work published 1978)
. (2011). The NIV Bible. (Original work published 1978) |
New King James | ( , 1982) | . (1982). Thomas Nelson. |
New Living Translation | ( , 1996/2015) | . (2015). Tyndale House Publishing. (Original work published 1996) |
Liberty University Class Lectures
Since the purpose and function of APA references is to ensure the reader has sufficient information to be able to locate the original source if necessary, include course details and credit Liberty University when referencing class lectures and PowerPoint presentations since the URL does not provide sufficient locator details itself. Italicize the name of the lecture itself. If the course has multiple lectures per week, you can include the week and lecture numbers; otherwise omit those elements.
If you have a direct URL, use that (see the Peters reference below); otherwise use the URL to Liberty University’s Canvas homepage (the reference on the left below). If the date is provided (see the Peters reference below), use that; otherwise use the year and semester that you took the course in (the reference on the left below):
When no presenter is named in the video itself, name Liberty University in the author’s position : Liberty University. (2021, Spring). BIOL 102: Human biology. Week one, lecture two: Name of class lecture . https://canvas.liberty.edu
When a presenter is provided, name that person in the author’s position and include Liberty University in the publisher’s position after the name of the lecture: Peters, C. (2012). COUN 506, Week one, lecture two: Defining integration: Key concepts . Liberty University. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/definingintegration-keyconcepts/id427907777?i=1000092371727
References
- Center the word “ References ” (in bold font but without quotation marks) on the top line of a new page following your conclusion. This term is also now regarded as a Level 1 heading. If you have only one resource to cite in the entire paper, APA authorizes the use of singular “ Reference .”
- Use hanging indents (the first line of each entry should be left-justified, with lines two+ indented ½” from the left margin).
- Alphabetize all entries by the first word in each (usually the first author’s last name for each).
- Note that you must include a comma after the author’s name that precedes the ampersand in the reference list, even when there are only two authors. This does not apply to citations in the body of the paper.
- There should only be one space after periods in the reference list entries, just as in the body of the paper.
- If a work has more than 20 authors, list the first 19 followed by an ellipsis (…). Include the last author’s name immediately after the ellipsis as the final author mentioned. Do not include an ampersand (&) in references with 20 or more authors .
- Note that APA-7 allows writers to superscript the suffixes of ordinal numbers, as long as the writer is consistent throughout (see section 6.35 of the APA-7 manual). The examples included in the resources in this Quick Guide include superscripted suffixes for all book edition numbers, in accordance with APA-7’s option to do so.
- Do include reference entries for classical works including the Bible.
- Do not include reference entries for personal communication.
- Do not include a period after a URL or DOI.
- Note that the issue number of a journal article should be connected/attached to the volume number — e.g., 12 (8). The volume number should be italicized, but the attached parentheses and issue number should not.
- Check Google Scholar or Crossref for DOIs of all articles published since 2007, if one is not readily denoted on the article itself.
- Format all DOI entries in URL format (https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxx).
- Omit the publisher city and state in most cases (exception: conferences and symposiums).
- Only include the access date for online content that is likely to change (such as wikis).
- See the links at the top of this page for expansive reference entry examples.
Discussion Board Posts
The formatting in a discussion board post should be the same as that for a paper except that you will not have a title page or pagination, and the reference list will fall immediately under the body of the text (not on a separate page). A basic template is provided at the link below, with the background formatting elements already programmed in (e.g., line-spacing, font, and hanging indent as applicable). I recommend that students use the template and save their file in case of a glitch when uploading, then click Control-A to select all and Control-C to copy all, then go to Canvas and click Control-V to paste. Some of your formatting may not transfer properly to Canvas, but professors should be aware of the inherent formatting issues within Canvas when copying and pasting content.
Discussion Board template (basic)
Video Tutorials
There are a number of video tutorials available in the Online Writing Center channel
- Top 10 APA Errors and Highlights of OWC APA Resources
- Using the APA Template (short)
- Using the APA Template (long)
- Using the Sample APA Paper to Master APA Format
- Using the Comprehensive APA-7 Reference Examples
- Populating the Table of Contents
- Plagiarism series – Video #1 of 4: Introduction: How often can students quote other sources?
- Plagiarism series – Video #2 of 4: How and when to cite your sources
- Plagiarism series – Video #3 of 4: The three kinds of plagiarism
- Plagiarism series – Video #4 of 4: Proactive and foolproof steps to avoid plagiarism
Material on this page and related links adapted from the Seventh Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)
"Doctoral Students" webpage . on The Graduate School website for video tutorials under the "Resources for Writing Your Dissertation" tab. APA Style, 7 th Edition: A Brief Overview This section provides a very brief overview of APA Style formatting. For more thorough information about APA Style, 7 th edition, please refer to
Year of publication: Give the year in brackets followed by a full stop. Title of the PhD thesis: Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. Publication number: Give the identification number of the thesis, if available. Name of the degree awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.
Here are guidelines for formatting the abstract: It should be the second page of a professional (graduate level) paper. The first line should say "Abstract" centered and in bold. The abstract should start one line below the section label. It should be a single paragraph and should not be indented.
Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. Download the free Acrobat Reader. Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication).
APA format: Author last name, Initials.(Year).Dissertation title (Publication No. Number) [Type of dissertation/thesis, University Name]. Database Name.: APA reference entry: Ford, L. (2015). The use of experiential acceptance in psychotherapy with emerging adults (Publication No. 3731118) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., "Undergraduate honors thesis"). Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.). Include a page number on every page.
Provide guidance on APA format style based on the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. Basics of APA Formatting; In Text Citations Toggle Dropdown. In Text Quick View ... The relationship to student academic performance and teacher characteristics (Order No. 3682837) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. ProQuest Dissertations ...
Citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database. If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It's similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences: Structure: Author's last name, F. M. (Year published).
te.Style ManualIt is recommended that APA Style Seventh. is used. It should be in 12-point type using Times. ew Roman font.SpacingThe test in the manuscript should be double-spaced. The right margin of the text should not be justified, but. -aligned, also known as ragged right, like the test in this guide.
How to Cite a Published Dissertation or Thesis in APA. To cite a published dissertation in APA 7th edition, you need to include: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Publication number, if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Publisher.
General APA Guidelines. Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the ...
The Mastering APA Style Student Workbook is an online and interactive workbook for teaching and learning seventh edition APA Style. Explore the workbook to learn more, register for a webinar, watch a demo video, try a sample workbook, and purchase your copy. Adopt the workbook for your course or workshop to use it to teach APA Style and ...
Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities) Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree. Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours. Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work; e.g., a film, artwork, novel.
These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, annotated bibliographies, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.
CEHHS uses the current version of the APA Publication Manual (7th edition) for all matters of format with the exception of some particular requirements for the Title page, pagination (especially of front matter) and top margins. Unless otherwise stated in the CEHHS Ed.D. Dissertation Guide below, defer to APA 7th edition.
The 7th edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was created by the American Psychological Assocation (APA), and contains the complete guidelines on how to format material for publication and cite your research.It is a set of style rules that codifies the components of scientific writing in order to deliver concise and bias free information to the reader.
How to create APA citations. APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations.. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more ...
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page. Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired.
Lynchburg, VA 24515. Tel: APA-7 delineates two versions: the student version and the professional version. Formatting elements except the title page, running head, and abstract are the same across ...
Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.