what is a conceptual framework in dissertation

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What is the Conceptual Framework of a Dissertation?

Published by Anastasia Lois at August 13th, 2021 , Revised On August 22, 2023

Before you start researching your dissertation, it is recommended to develop a dissertation’s conceptual framework.

Conceptual Framework for Testing Research

The  type of research  you are performing will determine whether or not developing a conceptual framework will prove to be helpful. A conceptual framework for the  dissertation  provides the liberty to the theorists and researchers to test the  hypothesis  and see if they will verify an idea. You can also observe whether appropriate variables have been selected for the research purpose.

How Does the Conceptual Framework Relate to Cause-effect Relationship?

It is important to understand that the  conceptual framework in research  is just like test-drive before buying a car to see and check whether it is suitable for you or not? It involves the cause-effect relationship where we figure out the effect of one subject’s action on the other and vice versa.

Example of Cause-Effect Relationship – Let’s understand it by an illustration:

Sia is a university student who got a gold medal for her tremendous CGPA throughout her degree program. She received the gold medal for the continuous hard work she had been doing for 4 years. She came to know that the cause of getting a gold medal was hard work.

Use the conceptual framework to identify the expected results before methodologically showcasing a cause-effect relationship for your dissertation and recognise the relevant variables. Variables hold the attributes which describe the cause-effect relationship. In the example given above, two variables “Gold Medal” and “Hard Work” were used.

Dependent and Independent Variables

Two variables constitute a cause-effect relationship, i.e., the independent and dependent variables. If we look at our example, “hard work” is an independent variable, while the “gold medal” is the dependent variable. In simple words, to achieve a gold medal, you need to work hard. As a result, the gold medal is dependent on hard work.

There can be more than one independent variable that can affect the dependent variable. For instance, another independent variable that we can extract from the same example is; “CGPA”. This means that “excellent CGPA” resulted in achieving “gold medal”, which in this case “CGPA’ is the independent variable and “gold medal” is the dependent variable.

Developing a Conceptual Framework in Dissertation

Now that we have established the two types of variables (independent & dependent), we can  answer the question  of  a conceptual framework in the dissertation . At this stage, we start to construct a conceptual framework for the dissertation, including all of its components, including boxes, arrows, and lines.

Start by mentioning each variable in a box. To represent the cause-effect relationship, you can make use of arrows. Arrows would start from the independent variable and should point towards the dependent variable.

If there isn’t a cause-effect relationship, you should use a simple line instead of an arrow despite the correlation relationship between the variables.

These components are mentioned below:

Underneath is a conceptual framework describing the cause-effect relationship, starting from the independent variable (hard work) and pointing towards the dependent variable (gold medal).

Sample conceptual framework using an independent variable and a dependent variable

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Expanding the Conceptual Framework

There are some further types of variables that can be used for the  conceptual framework in research . These variables expand the scope of the conceptual framework depending on the type of research.

Moderator variables

A moderator variable is one which changes the effect on a dependent variable caused by an independent variable. It fluctuates the effect when being used in an effect-cause relationship between two variables.

Mediator variables

A mediator variable allows the cause-effect relationship to be understood in a better way. Mediator variables are not straightforward to understand and must to be supported by stats for the rational outcome.

Control variables

A control variable is a variable that, along with the independent variable, alters the effect on the dependent variable.

Also Read: Primary or Secondary Research in my Dissertation?

What to Do Next?

After completing the conceptual framework, you need to research to get to know about the relationships between variables. There are  numerous research methods  (qualitative and quantitative) from which you can choose:

• Literature reviews

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do you write a conceptual framework for a dissertation.

To write a conceptual framework for a dissertation:

• Define key concepts.
• Identify relationships between them.
• Connect to existing theories.
• Explain the framework’s purpose.
• Illustrate with diagrams if needed.
• Align with research questions and guide study design.

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What is a Conceptual Framework?

A dissertation is a complex document with many moving parts. Several theories and concepts are likely to inform the argument you make in your dissertation, which will draw on many ideas to support the viability of your hypothesis. The conceptual framework is an essential part of your dissertation, one that will shape the focus of your research. 

Since conceptual frameworks can vary by discipline, you’ll want to look at sample documents from your field. Better yet, ask your advisor to share examples of conceptual frameworks written by recent graduates from your program. This section of your dissertation can be difficult to write, and it’s a good idea to ask questions. The conceptual framework can be intimidating because the theories you’re working with feel complex and abstract. The good news is, you’re better prepared to write this section than you realize. 

Conceptual Framework Questions

Let’s consider some of the questions often asked about the conceptual framework: 

• What is a conceptual framework?
• When is a conceptual framework introduced? 
• How long should my conceptual framework be? 
• How do I structure my conceptual framework?

A conceptual framework is the lens through which your research is being viewed. Concepts are the theoretical underpinnings used to frame research in your field. A clear conceptual framework anchors your research in the context of known models and established theories used by scholars in your field. It also offers insight into how your research will build upon earlier contributions to the body of knowledge. 

Conceptual Framework Examples

A lens is a good metaphor for describing the role a conceptual framework plays in a dissertation. It offers direct access to the perspective from which research is being evaluated and interpreted in your dissertation, and distinguishes it from other approaches. For instance, research examining economic trends using feminist theory will be quite different from research that relies on legal or post-structural or game theory. 

For me, writing the conceptual framework of my dissertation was all about making connections. It made me think deeply about how my topic was rooted within an ecosystem of tangled, interconnected ideas. Writing the conceptual framework of your dissertation is an intellectual exercise that shows how dynamic the production of knowledge really is, and also how mutable topics are depending on the lens you’re looking at them through. 

As you are reading different conceptual framework examples, pay attention to the references the authors make. What theories do they cite? Which researchers are influential? The conceptual framework is a section of the dissertation where you can expect to see landmark studies and seminal works used as a solid foundation for further research. As a faculty mentor once told me, find the North Star of your research, and then figure out which theories will help you get there. 

When is a Conceptual Framework Introduced?

The conceptual framework is an established section in most dissertations. Though in some creative fields the conceptual framework is part of the introduction , it is conventionally located in Chapter 1 or Chapter 2 of the dissertation. In some dissertations, there will be a conceptual framework section in each of those chapters.

Clarity is key when introducing your conceptual framework. It’s important to quickly establish a reference point for your readers and let them know which theories have been foundational to your research. It’s best to begin this section by stating your conceptual framework and then the theories and researchers who developed it. Provide any information that you feel is essential to understanding your approach to your research. 

How Long is a Conceptual Framework?

Length is another area where conceptual frameworks vary by program, discipline, and university. Before you begin, ask your advisor about the expectations for your department. While conceptual frameworks are generally 1-3 pages, they can be more extensive. In dissertations where conceptual framework is discussed in multiple chapters, the first section may consist of a brief introduction to the conceptual framework being used, with a more in-depth discussion taking place in the next chapter. 

When outlining your conceptual framework, remember to be clear and concise. Though the document is intended to reflect the wealth of research you’ve already done, resist the urge to overwrite. There will be plenty of opportunities throughout your dissertation to discuss your ideas in depth. 

Writing a conceptual framework is an act of brevity. It’s a great opportunity to show your audience that you have a firm grasp on the theories you’re working with, and you can explain their relevance to your topic in a way that is short and to the point. It may take you a few drafts to get your conceptual framework right, but these revisions will be a sound investment of your time and energy. 

Conceptual Framework Structure

The structure of your conceptual framework should provide insight and perspective into the way in which you approach your research. If your conceptual framework comprises multiple theories or lenses, you’ll want to show how you believe they are connected. If you think this sounds tricky, fear not. These are deep intellectual waters that you’re swimming in, but you’re well-prepared for the challenges ahead. 

While the bulk of your conceptual framework will be written, visuals are also an option that many doctoral students use to illustrate their process. The images may include models that show the intersection of the theories that make up your conceptual framework. Flow charts and concept maps that are relevant to your conceptual framework may also be helpful. 

Creating Context

Having a clear conceptual framework helped me put complex–and sometimes competing–ideas in context. My topic–authenticity of reconstructed literary landmarks in the South–felt perilously narrow and isolated until I started thinking about my conceptual framework. It offered a clear illustration of the disparate elements that I would be looking at in my qualitative research. 

The theories that explain the phenomena of tourism are cross-disciplinary and far-reaching. My conceptual framework, which covered everything from heritage economies to cultural production, gave me a way to explain why that is. It allowed me to see the phantom threads tying my own theoretical assertions together. I could feel that there was something there, and my conceptual framework showed me how to prove it. 

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Courtney Watson, Ph.D.

Courtney Watson, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of English at Radford University Carilion, in Roanoke, Virginia. Her areas of expertise include undergraduate and graduate curriculum development for writing courses in the health sciences and American literature with a focus on literary travel, tourism, and heritage economies. Her writing and academic scholarship has been widely published in places that include  Studies in American Culture ,  Dialogue , and  The Virginia Quarterly Review . Her research on the integration of humanities into STEM education will be published by Routledge in an upcoming collection. Dr. Watson has also been nominated by the State Council for Higher Education of Virginia’s Outstanding Faculty Rising Star Award, and she is a past winner of the National Society of Arts & Letters Regional Short Story Prize, as well as institutional awards for scholarly research and excellence in teaching. Throughout her career in higher education, Dr. Watson has served in faculty governance and administration as a frequent committee chair and program chair. As a higher education consultant, she has served as a subject matter expert, an evaluator, and a contributor to white papers exploring program development, enrollment research, and educational mergers and acquisitions.

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Home » Conceptual Framework – Types, Methodology and Examples

Conceptual Framework – Types, Methodology and Examples

Table of Contents

A conceptual framework is a structured representation of the variables, relationships, and theories underlying a research study. It provides a visual or written guide to help researchers define the scope of their work, clarify research objectives, and connect findings to broader theoretical foundations. A well-crafted conceptual framework ensures that research is coherent, organized, and grounded in established knowledge.

This article explores the types of conceptual frameworks, the methodology for developing them, and practical examples to illustrate their application.

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework outlines the key concepts, variables, and their interconnections in a study. It is often depicted through diagrams or models that represent the theoretical structure of the research. The framework serves as a foundation, linking theoretical knowledge to research questions and methodologies.

Key Features:

• Defines Variables: Identifies the independent, dependent, and mediating variables in the study.
• Establishes Relationships: Shows how variables interact or influence each other.
• Guides Research: Helps researchers design studies, collect data, and interpret results systematically.

Example: In a study examining the impact of social media usage on academic performance, the conceptual framework might include variables like “time spent on social media,” “type of content accessed,” and “study habits.”

Importance of a Conceptual Framework

• Clarity and Focus: Provides a clear understanding of the research topic and its boundaries.
• Connection to Theory: Links the research to established theories and models.
• Guides Methodology: Influences the choice of research methods and data collection techniques.
• Interprets Results: Offers a lens through which to analyze and understand findings.
• Enhances Credibility: Demonstrates the academic rigor and depth of the study.

Types of Conceptual Frameworks

1. descriptive conceptual framework.

• Focus: Describes the key concepts and their relationships without predicting outcomes.
• Use Case: Ideal for exploratory studies aiming to understand phenomena.
• Example: A framework illustrating the factors influencing consumer preferences, such as price, quality, and branding.

2. Explanatory Conceptual Framework

• Focus: Explains causal or correlational relationships between variables.
• Use Case: Suitable for studies aiming to test hypotheses or causal links.
• Example: A framework showing how work environment affects employee productivity through motivation.

3. Predictive Conceptual Framework

• Focus: Forecasts outcomes based on relationships among variables.
• Use Case: Common in studies seeking to predict trends or behaviors.
• Example: A model predicting customer satisfaction based on service quality and response time.

4. Analytical Conceptual Framework

• Focus: Breaks down complex systems into smaller, manageable components.
• Use Case: Used in studies analyzing multifaceted systems or problems.
• Example: Analyzing the impact of government policies on economic growth, breaking it into policy type, sectoral impact, and GDP changes.

5. Integrative Conceptual Framework

• Focus: Combines multiple theories or models to address a research question.
• Use Case: Ideal for interdisciplinary studies requiring insights from various fields.
• Example: Merging psychological and sociological theories to study social media’s influence on mental health.

Methodology for Developing a Conceptual Framework

1. identify the research problem.

Clearly define the issue or question the research aims to address.

• Example: “What is the impact of leadership style on employee satisfaction?”

2. Review Existing Literature

Examine relevant theories, models, and studies to identify key concepts and variables.

• Example: Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory might inform a study on workplace motivation.

3. Define Key Variables

Identify the independent (cause), dependent (effect), and mediating/moderating variables in the study.

• Independent Variable: Leadership Style.
• Dependent Variable: Employee Satisfaction.
• Mediating Variable: Communication Quality.

4. Establish Relationships

Determine how the variables interact or influence each other.

• Example: Leadership style influences employee satisfaction directly and indirectly through communication quality.

5. Design the Framework

Create a visual representation (diagram or flowchart) to illustrate the relationships. Include arrows or lines to indicate causal links or correlations.

6. Refine and Align

Ensure the framework aligns with research objectives and methods. Review it with advisors or peers for clarity and coherence.

Examples of Conceptual Frameworks

Example 1: educational research.

Research Question: How does parental involvement affect students’ academic performance? Conceptual Framework:

• Independent Variable: Parental Involvement (e.g., time spent helping with homework).
• Dependent Variable: Academic Performance (e.g., grades or test scores).
• Mediating Variable: Student Motivation.
• Arrows from “Parental Involvement” to “Student Motivation” and “Academic Performance.”
• An arrow from “Student Motivation” to “Academic Performance.”

Example 2: Business Research

Research Question: What factors influence customer loyalty in online shopping? Conceptual Framework:

• Independent Variables: Website Usability, Product Quality, Customer Support.
• Dependent Variable: Customer Loyalty.
• Moderating Variable: Customer Satisfaction.
• Arrows from each independent variable to “Customer Loyalty,” with “Customer Satisfaction” as a moderator.

Example 3: Healthcare Research

Research Question: How do lifestyle factors impact cardiovascular health? Conceptual Framework:

• Independent Variables: Diet, Exercise, Stress Levels.
• Dependent Variable: Cardiovascular Health.
• Mediating Variable: Body Mass Index (BMI).
• Arrows from “Diet,” “Exercise,” and “Stress Levels” to “BMI” and “Cardiovascular Health.”
• An arrow from “BMI” to “Cardiovascular Health.”

Advantages of a Conceptual Framework

• Organized Approach: Structures the research process and keeps it focused.
• Enhanced Clarity: Clarifies the relationships among variables for both researchers and readers.
• Theory Integration: Bridges theoretical knowledge with empirical research.
• Improved Communication: Visual representations make complex relationships easier to understand.
• Guides Analysis: Provides a reference point for interpreting data and findings.

Limitations of Conceptual Frameworks

• Over-Simplification: May oversimplify complex phenomena by focusing only on selected variables.
• Bias Risk: Frameworks can reflect the researcher’s subjective perspective, leading to biased interpretations.
• Rigidity: Pre-defined structures may limit the exploration of unexpected findings.
• Dependency on Literature: Relies heavily on the availability and quality of existing research.

Tips for Crafting a Strong Conceptual Framework

• Be Specific: Clearly define variables and their roles in the study.
• Use Visuals: Incorporate diagrams to enhance understanding and presentation.
• Align with Objectives: Ensure the framework directly addresses the research goals.
• Incorporate Feedback: Review the framework with mentors or colleagues to refine it.
• Keep it Flexible: Allow room for adjustments based on new insights or findings.

A conceptual framework is a vital component of research that organizes ideas, links theories to research objectives, and visually represents the relationships among variables. By understanding its types, employing a systematic methodology, and using practical examples, researchers can craft frameworks that enhance clarity, coherence, and the overall quality of their work. Whether used in social sciences, business, or healthcare, a well-developed conceptual framework serves as the backbone of meaningful research.

• Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.
• Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach . Sage Publications.
• Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook . Sage Publications.
• Yin, R. K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods . Sage Publications.
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2015). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory . Sage Publications.

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• Conceptual Framework for Dissertation

Dissertation Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework in the Dissertation steers the complete research activity. In simple words. If you are doing a Ph.D.  Then preparing the dissertation is one of the requirements which you need to fulfill. You will also require writing a Conceptual framework for your study.

Undergraduate or Masters’s Students often face issues in developing and expanding the conceptual framework. In this article, our professionals are providing you with step by step guide for designing and expanding the conceptual framework.

What is Conceptual Framework in a Dissertation?

The conceptual framework in the dissertation is a road map that provides information about the way the researcher will perform an investigation. It represents the action that needs to be taken to achieve the desired objective of the study. A conceptual framework in a dissertation is an understanding of the researcher about the way different variables of the study link together.

The researcher generally utilizes the Dissertation conceptual framework for illustrating the thing which intends to identify by performing research on a particular topic. It is the framework that helps in the way different variables that you are thinking about related to each other. Before starting to execute research you should first construct a conceptual framework.

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How to design a conceptual framework for a Dissertation?

The 5 steps of designing a conceptual framework for research on a particular Dissertation Topic are:

Step 1: Selection of topic for writing Dissertation

At the time of developing a conceptual framework in Ph.D. dissertation Research, you need to determine the Research topic for writing a Dissertation .

Step 2: Test research

During the time of developing a conceptual framework, you based on the type of research need to determine whether designing the conceptual framework will be helpful or not. The designing of the conceptual framework can be helpful in content when you intend to perform Hypothesis Testing during research. In such circumstances, a conceptual framework that you have designed can help review the hypothesis. It will also help you in determining whether you can scientifically prove your idea or not.

Step 3: Write a Literature Review

You are required relevant and updated research on the theme which you need to determine to work on after scrutiny of the problem. Researchers can use scientific Journals for gathering reliable sources of information to write a Literature review .

Step 4: Isolation of important variable

At this step, you are required to find particular variables that are described in Literature and figure out the way these are related. The initial step in scientifically demonstrating a cause-effect relationship is to analyze your expectations utilizing a conceptual framework. Before performing this activity, it is very much essential for identifying relevant variables. If you are facing difficulty in identifying the variables of the study then you are required to review your research methodology section.

A relationship between cause and effect always include two types of variables these are dependent and independent variable. For example, a researcher is executing research for identifying the influence of using a laptop during the night on the sleeping patterns of people. In this example using a laptop during the night is an independent variable and sleeping at night is a dependent variable. The cause and effect relationship involves different independent variables that might influence dependent variables.

Note: Variables are characteristics that describe the relationship between cause and effect.

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Step 5: Design a conceptual framework to first determine the topic for writing a Dissertation.

After the successful identification of independent and dependent variables, you can start constructing a conceptual framework.

You can design your conceptual framework by utilizing a mixture of variables in the scientific journals you have read. It is the Problem statement in research that helps in designing a conceptual framework. In effect, your research would attempt to answer research questions that are not explained by other researchers. It is very much important for you to address a knowledge gap. You can utilize arrows, boxes, and lines for representing the variables. Arrow can be used for indicating the variables which have an effect and point to the dependent variables that are yet influence. You can draw a line representing the expected correlation between two or more variables of the study.

Conceptual Framework: Example

Thesis statement : Direct exposure to blue light from the LED screen diminishes the melatonin level. Hence, it leads to a decline in the number of sleeping hours among people belonging to middle age.

The research claims that blue light from LED slows down the generation of melatonin (a hormone that controls sleep and wakes upcycle. People suffering from insomnia disease sleep for a few hours. The main cause of insomnia is spending long hours working on laptops at night.

In the above-given example number of hours spent during the night using a laptop is an independent variable and the number of hours slept at night is the dependent variable.  You can utilize Correlational analysis for analyzing the way independent variables such as spending number of hours on laptops influence the dependent variable which is sleeping pattern. It is the correlational analysis that will help you in demonstrating whether the relationship between the dependent and independent variable is Important or not.

Expansion of conceptual framework in the dissertation

A conceptual framework is not always restricted to just independent and dependent variables. You can also incorporate other types of variables in your study.  The other types of variables that you can include in your study are Moderator, Mediator, and Control variables.  By including the additional variables in your study you can demonstrate new aspects of cause and effect relationships.

From the above study, it has been concluded that a conceptual framework can help determine the relationship between cause and effect. Another fact that has been found from the above is that the conceptual framework provides a way to present research questions.

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Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks for Thesis Studies: What you must know

A theoretical framework is a conceptual model that provides a systematic and structured way of thinking about a research problem or question. It helps to identify key variables and the relationships between them and to guide the selection and interpretation of data. Theoretical frameworks draw on existing theories and research and can be used to develop new hypotheses or test existing ones. They provide a foundation for research design, data collection, and analysis and can help to ensure that research is relevant, rigorous, and coherent. Theoretical frameworks are common in many disciplines, including social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities, and are essential for building knowledge and advancing understanding in a field.

This article explains the importance of frameworks in a thesis study and the differences between conceptual frameworks and theoretical frameworks. It provides guidelines on how to write a thesis framework, definitions of variable types, and examples of framework types.

What is a research framework and why do I need one?

When planning your thesis study, you need to justify your research and explain its design to your readers. This is called the research framework.

When planning your thesis study, you need to justify your research and explain its design to your readers. This is called the research framework. Think of it as the foundation of a building. A good building needs a strong foundation. Similarly, your research needs to be supported by reviewing and explaining the existing knowledge in the field, describing how your research study will fit within or contribute to the existing literature (e.g., it could challenge or test an existing theory or address a knowledge gap), and informing the reader how your study design aligns with your thesis question or hypothesis.

Important components of the framework are a literature review of recent studies associated with your thesis topic as well as theories/models used in your field of research. The literature review acts as a filtering tool to select appropriate thesis questions and guide data collection, analysis, and interpretation of your findings. Think broadly! Apart from reviewing relevant published papers in your field of research, also explore theories that you have come across in your undergraduate courses, other published thesis studies, encyclopedias, and handbooks.

There are two types of research frameworks: theoretical and conceptual .

What is a conceptual framework?

A conceptual framework is a written or visual representation that explains the study variables and their relationships with each other. The starting point is a literature review of existing studies and theories about your topic.

Steps to develop a conceptual framework

• Clarify your study topic by identifying and defining key concepts in your thesis problem statement and thesis question. Essentially, your thesis should address a knowledge gap.
• Perform a literature review to provide a background to interpret and explain the study findings. Also, draw on empirical knowledge that you have gained from personal experience.
• Identify crucial variables from the literature review and your empirical knowledge, classify them as dependent or independent variables, and define them.
• Brainstorm all the possible factors that could affect each dependent variable.
• Propose relationships among the variables and determine any associations that exist between all variables.
• Use a flowchart or tree diagram to present your conceptual framework.

Types of variables

When developing a conceptual framework, you will need to identify the following:

• Independent variables
• Dependent variables
• Moderating variables
• Mediating variables
• Control variables

First, identify the independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables in your study. Then, identify variables that influence this relationship, such as moderating variables, mediating variables, and control variables. A moderating variable changes the relationship between independent and dependent variables when its value increases or decreases. A mediating variable links independent and dependent variables to better explain the relationship between them. A control variable could potentially impact the cause-and-effect relationship but is kept constant throughout the study so that its effects on the findings/outcomes can be ruled out.

Example of a conceptual framework

You want to investigate the hours spent exercising (cause) on childhood obesity (effect).

Now, you need to consider moderating variables that affect the cause-and-effect relationship. In our example, the amount of junk food eaten would affect the level of obesity.

Next, you need to consider mediating variables. In our example, the maximum heart rate during exercise would affect the child’s weight.

Finally, you need to consider control variables. In this example, because we do not want to investigate the role of age in obesity, we can use this as a control variable. Thus, the study subjects would be children of a specific age (e.g., aged 6–10 years).

What is a theoretical framework?

A theoretical framework provides a general framework for data analysis. It defines the concepts used and explains existing theories and models in your field of research.

A theoretical framework provides a general framework for data analysis. It defines the concepts used and explains existing theories and models in your field of research. It also explains any assumptions that were used to inform your approach and your choice of specific rationales. Theoretical frameworks are often used in the fields of social sciences.

Purpose of a theoretical framework

• Test and challenge existing theories
• Establish orderly connections between observations and facts
• Predict and control situations
• Develop hypotheses

Steps to develop a theoretical framework

• Identify and define key concepts in your thesis problem statement and thesis question.
• Explain and evaluate existing theories by writing a literature review that describes the concepts, models, and theories that support your study.
• Choose the theory that best explains the relationships between the key variables in your study.
• Explain how your research study fills a knowledge gap or fits into existing studies (e.g., testing if an established theory applies to your thesis context).
• Discuss the relevance of any theoretical assumptions and limitations.

A thesis topic can be approached from a variety of angles, depending on the theories used.

• In psychology, a behavioral approach would use different methods and assumptions compared with a cognitive approach when treating anxiety.
• In literature, a book could be analyzed using different literary theories, such as Marxism or poststructuralism.

Structuring a theoretical framework

The structure of a theoretical framework is fluid, and there are no specific rules that need to be followed, as long as it is clearly and logically presented.

The theoretical framework is a natural extension of your literature review. The literature review should identify gaps in the field of your research, and reviewing existing theories will help to determine how these can be addressed. The structure of a theoretical framework is fluid, and there are no specific rules that need to be followed, as long as it is clearly and logically presented. The theoretical framework is sometimes integrated into the literature review chapter of a thesis, but it can also be included as a separate chapter, depending on the complexity of the theories.

Example of a theoretical framework

The sales staff at Company X are unmotivated and struggling to meet their monthly targets. Some members of the management team believe that this could be achieved by implementing a comprehensive product-training program, but others believe that introducing a sales commission structure will help.

Company X is not achieving their monthly sales targets

To increase monthly sales.

Research question:

How can Company X motivate their sales team to achieve its monthly sales targets?

Sub-questions:

• Why do the sales staff feel unmotivated?
• What is the relationship between motivation and monetary rewards?
• Do the sales staff feel that they have sufficient product knowledge?

Theoretical framework:

A literature search will need to be performed to understand the background of the many different theories of motivation in psychology. For example, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (basic human needs—physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization—have to be fulfilled before one can live up to their true potential), Vroom’s Theory of Expectancy (people decide upon their actions based on the outcomes they expect), and Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory (goals are a key driver of one’s behavior). These theories would need to be investigated to determine which would be the best approach to increase the motivation of the sales staff in Company X so that the monthly sales targets are met.

A robust conceptual or theoretical framework is crucial when writing a thesis/dissertation. It defines your research gap, identifies your approach, and guides the interpretation of your results.

A thesis is the most important document you will write during your academic studies. For professional thesis editing and thesis proofreading services, check out Enago's Thesis Editing service s for more information.

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What type of framework is used in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) domain? +

Theoretical frameworks are typically used in the HSS domain, while conceptual frameworks are used in the Sciences domain.

What is the difference between mediating versus moderating variables? +

The difference between mediators and moderators can be confusing. A moderating variable is unaffected by the independent variable and can increase or decrease the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. A mediating variable is affected by the independent variable and can explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. T he statistical correlation between the independent and dependent variables is higher when the mediating variable is excluded.

What software should I use to present my conceptual framework? +

The software program Creately provides some useful templates that can help you get started. Other recommended programs are SmartDraw , Inkscape , and diagrams.net .

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Conceptual Framework: Complete Guide With Definition, Tips, & Examples

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A conceptual framework is a structure that guides the research process and provides a basis for interpreting and analyzing data. It helps researchers to understand how various factors and variables interact with each other in a study. The conceptual framework allows to identify the most important aspects of a research topic and figure out how to go about investigating it. It's usually presented as a diagram or flowchart that shows how the different variables influence fit together.

If you are reading this, chances are you are engaged in serious research and wondering what a conceptual framework means and why it matters. One of the requirements when conducting a study or preparing a research proposal , whether you are a novice or experienced scholar, is writing a conceptual framework. Therefore, it is essential to have a clear understanding of what a conceptual framework is and how to develop it. This guide offers a detailed conceptual framework definition, describes a step-by-step process of creating it, highlights its importance in qualitative research, and identifies which types you can use. The article also provides conceptual framework examples and additional tips to enhance your research skills and help you grasp ways of presenting a scientific paper.  Alternatively, you can simply reach out to our professional dissertation writers and get your study finished for you effort-free.

What Is a Conceptual Framework: Definition

Conducting research is an integral part of life because it serves as a source of knowledge, innovation, and reliable information. It is also a demanding activity requiring one to assess information about specific issues. This is normally realized through formulating research questions or writing a hypothesis , investigating and analyzing data critically, and identifying solutions to a problem.  To ensure the study is presented coherently to readers, a conceptual framework must be created. It allows you to explain the elements of the work, provide a detailed and logical view of concepts, and highlight how the various components of a project are interrelated. Conceptual frameworks are usually used as visual depictions that help in clarifying and organizing ideas or identifying relationships that will be used in framing your work. They are considered a way of synthesizing existing knowledge and helping readers understand the issues a study is focusing on. Conceptual frameworks can be built around new ideas, existing viewpoints, or new interpretations of preexisting problems. The purpose of a conceptual framework is to create a structure that maps out interconnected concepts across the investigation.

Conceptual Framework in Research

The conceptual framework can be a confusing component of qualitative research . This term is often incorrectly used interchangeably with a theoretical model . However, the two differ in their basis and extent.  A conceptual framework is a broad representation of key concepts and their relationships that researchers develop based on their own experiences, observations, or ideas. It is used to organize and clarify ideas and variables within a study. On the other hand, a theoretical framework is based on established theories or models from prior research studies or academic literature. It provides a lens or perspective through which to view the research problem and guides the selection of research methods, data collection , and analysis. In essence, a conceptual framework is more subjective and developed by the researcher, while a theoretical framework is more objective and grounded in established theories or models.  Think of a conceptual framework in research as a bridge that connects the context, theory, and structure of your work. Specifically, you use it to integrate your knowledge of different aspects of an investigation and create a logical tool that shows how various distinct parts are interlinked. Ideally, you will reflect on this part when deliberating on the implications of your results.

Importance of Conceptual Frameworks

Now that you have a clear understanding of what a conceptual framework is in research and its role, it is essential to highlight the significance of conceptual frameworks. Here are some additional points to consider:

• Offer a structure to organize your ideas about the research problem and look into your work’s objectives
• Help address questions comprehensively by providing a basis for refining your research design and methodology
• Function as a frame for choosing suitable techniques to assist in collecting and analyzing data, which directs your focus to relevant information
• Act as a system that you use to identify, select, engage with, and integrate appropriate theories and studies
• Make your findings understandable and relatable to other works
• Keep you on track by simplifying and presenting the association between complex variables
• Help conceptualize your position, reflect on how you approach an inquiry, and select relevant methodological direction
• Serve as a mechanism for considering and thinking about the significance of your dissertation or thesis and further research in the field.

Types of Conceptual Framework

The different types of conceptual frameworks arise mainly because studies are unique and have various purposes. Scholars usually select the most suitable model based on their hypothesis and objectives. Note that no particular structure is superior to another since each fulfills a specific aim. Here is a list of conceptual framework styles you may be interested in:

• Taxonomy Apply this in organizing your concepts logically or classifying relevant elements of a framework.
• Conceptual model Is used as the basis for developing a conceptual framework by helping you establish a solid understanding of vital ideas.
• Visual representation You can also create a visual map to illustrate how different thoughts are linked together in your work. Consider this as a mind map.
• Mathematical description If your focus is on technical subjects such as computer science or mathematics, this one is for you. It allows to explain and gain insights into how mathematical objects or notations are related.
• Working hypothesis Used for testing new ideas by focusing your study on specific details.
• Descriptive categories Suitable for creating, organizing, and understanding complex systems/problems by dividing them into small units/parts.
• Pillar questions Focuses on exploring factors influencing success within organizations.
• Practical type Applicable to programming where it helps in developing, managing, and manipulating types such as their hierarchies, how they are related, or safety issues.
• Models of operations research Emphasizes the scientific method when approaching research in which facts are established objectively through experimentation and testing.
• Formal hypothesis Requires identifying an issue, relevant dependent and independent variables, and controls.

Conceptual Framework Example Diagram

Various sample illustrations can help you in developing your understanding if you need to learn more about how to write a conceptual framework. For instance, you can use a conceptual framework template and fill in your project’s details. This is a quick and effective way of presenting your underlying variables and elements, as well as demonstrating how they are related. Below is an example of a conceptual framework diagram.

How to Create a Conceptual Framework?

After learning the basics of creating a conceptual framework, it is necessary to start developing your own. This should be a straightforward undertaking if you follow the process described here below. Remember that it does not have to look exactly like others because factors such as amount of ideas to be incorporated, your research phenomenon, and the extent of your model must be considered. In this section, we offer a deeper description of how to develop a conceptual framework through a step-by-step process. 

1. Determine Key Concepts in Existing Literature

Commence developing a conceptual framework by examining the existing body of literature on your research topic to find key ideas that other researchers have used. Focus on specific factors described in publications that are important for your work or dissertation proposal , what the literature says about them, and how they are related. Also, you should attend to what you read by looking at section’s titles as this helps orient you in a direction of the most essential information. Besides, consider the beginning and end of a study because most authors respectively introduce and summarize important issues in these sections. Additionally, take note of recurring phrases or words in documents because the frequency with which some variables occur demonstrates their relative value and will point you toward that main concept.

2. Come Up With a Research Question

After conducting the literature review, you have insights into the main ideas surrounding your topic. A vital phase of developing your conceptual frame work that follows involves formulating a research question to guide the exploration. You need to be specific here by laying out specific details about the what, who, where, when, how , and why of your theme. Keep in mind that providing concise and defined answers to anything you come up with is essential at this stage. If you cannot address an issue wholly and accurately, create another one. This is important because a problem forms a foundation of the conceptual framework as it influences the selection of appropriate designs and approaches to be used in your work. For example, you can formulate a question such as: 

“What is the influence of service quality on service loyalty ?”

 Potential methods for a study here may include surveys, questionnaires, and an experiment.

3. Identify Your Independent and Dependent Variables

The next step, as you continue creating a conceptual framework, necessitates identifying your independent and dependent variables . This is usually done after you have explored other studies thoroughly and identified essential concepts for your work.  An independent variable is that which you can control, such as “ service quality ” from our previous example.  A dependent variable is what you will measure, e.g. “ service loyalty ”.  While the two differ, they are related directly because if one changes, the other acts correspondingly. As can be seen, the question formulated earlier determines the ideas selected in this part of developing a research paper , thesis, or dissertation conceptual framework.

4. Create a Model Representing Causal Relationship

Now that you have your essential variables, you must establish how they relate to each other. Note that any direct connection between them does not automatically mean that there is already a cause-and-effect type of association. You should still demonstrate how they affect each other. An effective technique here entails creating a visual representation with an arrow indicating how your ideas interact. This acts as the framework and conceptual map for a study that clarifies how an independent variable causes changes in your dependent variable.  A pictorial example of conceptual framework demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship between service quality and service loyalty is provided below.

5. Include Other Variables

You also need to define other variables and include them in your conceptual framework. After reviewing other studies, you must have encountered numerous concepts that affect your topic. However, since you cannot select all the existing ideas for your research, it is important to focus on the most relevant ones. Additional variables that you should consider include:

Moderating Variables

Moderating variables are those that influence the relationship between your two main variables in the research conceptual framework by altering their strength or direction. They are represented by illustrating when or based on which conditions a certain effect is anticipated.  You can use them to reinforce, refute, or influence how your independent construct relates to the dependent one. This helps in determining your findings’ external validity.  Using moderating variables is beneficial as they demonstrate the association between different ideas in your topic, enhance your study design, and offer an explanation of why a specific outcome happened.  In turn, this provides more accurate and realistic findings by presenting insights into connotations that could otherwise not have been achieved. In our sample of conceptual framework in the research paper, the customer’s income is an example of a moderator variable .

Mediating Variables

Mediating variables are also essential in a conceptual framework because they help you understand the mechanism by which your two primary variables are connected. You can either include them in your research design, in which case the study will focus on changing the mediator, or in your findings to explain how a specific effect happened.  Mediating variables are usually caused by an independent variable and affect your dependent variable . This enables you to describe the kind of linkage between them. In turn, this contributes to determining the nature of your work more functionally and accurately.  Based on our previous question, an example of a mediator in a conceptual framework would be customer satisfaction .

Control variables

You should also consider control variables in your conceptual framework. They allow you to define the factors under your control . These elements may potentially affect your project’s findings. However, they are not very important when developing your model, meaning that you will not be studying them.  Control variables have an ability to decrease the impact of other elements outside your work’s scope. This enhances your study’s validity by ensuring that nothing affects the relationship you are examining. As you continue learning about how to make a conceptual framework, remember that these variables are generally kept constant throughout the investigation.  You can depict them directly by altering only an independent construct, indirectly through random selection to lessen their influence, or statistically to isolate their effects.  An example of a control variable in a conceptual model is a health condition requiring a special diet.

6. Revise Your Conceptual Framework

Now that you have followed all previous steps, the final phase is to edit and revise your conceptual framework and make any necessary changes. Regardless of how you demonstrate your model, ensure that all variables, including their names, are laid out. Also, make sure that your diagram illustrates connections between concepts using arrows, lines, and boxes. Remember that you should reflect on your research question at this stage as this makes the framework relevant to your topic.

Conceptual Framework Examples

At this point, you have what it takes to prepare your framework. However, you must examine numerous samples concerning your topic since this makes the creation process more accurate and significant. If you still need a better understanding of the entire process of developing a model, look at the following concrete examples of conceptual framework. Example of conceptual framework in research paper

Tips on Developing a Conceptual Framework

Here are extra tips to help you make a conceptual framework:

• Keep things simple by avoiding fancy designs during the development process.
• Seek feedback and suggestions by sharing your model with the research panel or peers in your field. This leaves room for revisions and improvements based on the response you will get.
• Always double-check whether you clearly understand your model’s objective.
• Focus on your comprehension of different variables and how they relate to each other during the creation process.
• Ensure that all the included concepts are aligned with your work’s aims.

Bottom Line on Conceptual Framework

In this article, you have learned what a conceptual framework is. Defining this term should not be troublesome now. It is a key part of any research study because it helps you articulate your main ideas, their relationship, and why your work is important.  The guide also offered an extensive description of this model’s role in research, its structure, and how to write a conceptual framework for your project. You can now start writing to practically secure grasping all the stated points. If you face any difficulties, look at the examples of conceptual framework templates offered here to reinforce your understanding.

If you face any difficulties with creating a conceptual framework for dissertation or any other kind of research, don’t hesitate and ask for help from a team of professional academic writers. Buy dissertations written from scratch and have your study completed by an expert. 

FAQ on Conceptual Frameworks

1. what is the purpose of having a conceptual framework.

Use a conceptual framework as:

• An analytical tool to examine the state of concepts or variables through research and how they interact.
• A guide for identifying your study methodology and hypotheses.
• An illustration of your research approach.
• A way of generating new interpretations of a topic or concept.
• A means for revealing gaps in knowledge.

2. Is a conceptual framework used in qualitative research?

The basic building blocks of a conceptual framework are concepts, not theories, as used in most quantitative studies. Thus, it is common for scholars to use a conceptual framework in qualitative research because of the exploratory nature of these kinds of investigations. Another reason is that a single concept often cannot address a topic fully in these types of inquiries. Therefore, several ideas and empirical evidence must be extracted, relationships among them highlighted, and their relevance to your investigation mentioned.

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