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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Report in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Report in Chicago/Turabian

Reports are a commonly cited type of resource and are usually published by government agencies, non-profit organizations, or corporations. In Chicago style, citations for reports are similar to citations for books, although their formatting may change slightly depending on the type of information available for a report. This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for print and online reports using the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style .

Guide Overview

• Citing an online report
• Citing a print report
• Citing a report with the same author and publisher

Citing an Online Report

Chicago style online report citation structure:.

• First name Last name, Title of Work (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication), URL.

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. Title of Work . Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication. URL.

Chicago Style Online Report Citation Example:

• Yulia Gorbunova, Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013), https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.

Gorbunova, Yulia. Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.

Note:  With this source, the report only specifies a publication country. To find the city of publication and other bibliographic data, search for the ISBN or publication title on a website like WorldCat.org (in this case, it is New York).

Citing a Print Report

Chicago style print report citation structure:.

• First name Last name, Title of Work (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication).

Last name, First name. Title of Work . Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication.

Chicago Style Print Report Citation Example:

The main difference between the citation for an online report and a print report is that a URL will not be included for a print report.

• Turnitin, What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?: Evaluating the Sources Used by Students (Oakland: iParadigms, LLC, 2013).

Turnitin. What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?: Evaluating the Sources Used by Students . Oakland: iParadigms, LLC, 2013.

Citing a Report with the Same Author and Publisher

Often, for reports published by organizations, corporations, or government agencies, a specific author is not named. In this instance, you can usually treat the author and the publisher as the same entity. When citing a report where the author and the publisher are the same, the publisher’s name can be used in the author slot in addition to the publisher slot.

Chicago Style Report Citation Structure:

• Organization/Company Name, Title of Report , (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication), URL.

Organization/Company name. Title of Report. Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication. URL.

Chicago Style Report Citation Example :

• Microsoft, Annual Report 2021 , (Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2021), https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar21/index.html.

Microsoft. Annual Report 2021 . Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2021. https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar21/index.html.

Note:  If the report was not written by the publisher and an author name still cannot be found, omit the author field and begin the citation with the title of the report instead. 

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

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How to Cite Primary Sources: Interviews and Surveys

• Autobiographies and Memoirs
• Diaries, personal letters, correspondence
• Interviews and Surveys
• Internet communications on email, blogs, social media
• Photographs and Artwork
• Speeches and oral histories
• Birth certificates, deeds, trial transcripts
• Artifacts such as tools, coins, clothing, furniture
• Audio recordings, DVDs, and video recordings
• Government documents

For interviews that are published (in a book, newspaper, magazine, etc) the citation in your bibliography should follow the formatting styles of these source types. Here we will go over personal interviews, or otherwise unpublished interviews and how to cite them. 

When using APA format, personal interviews require no formal citation in a bibliography. Instead, these can be cited in-text using the following format:  Name of communicator (First initial, last name), "personal communication", and date.

For example: (G. Hoverson, Personal Communication, June 4, 2024)

Online resources and websites with interviews can be cited the same way. 

When using Chicago style, refer to the following format:  First Name Last Name (interviewee), Discussion of Interview Type with First Name Last Name (interviewer), Location of Interview, Date. 

For example: Doug Hoverson, interview with Jim Thomas, Milwaukee, WI, June 4th, 2024. 

For an online resource or website, here is an example:  ABC Sportscaster Lynn Swann interviewing FSU head football coach Bobby Bowden - Tallahassee, Florida.  1997-10-18. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory. < https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/11227 >, accessed 24 October 2024.

When using MLA format, refer to the following:  Last name, First name. Interview. Conducted by name. Date.

For example: Thomas, Jim. Interview. Doug Hoverson. June 4th, 2024. 

For an online resource or a website, here is an example:  ABC Sportscaster Lynn Swann interviewing FSU head football coach Bobby Bowden - Tallahassee, Florida.  1997-10-18. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.< https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/11227 >

When using MLA format, refer to the following:  Survey Conductor. Parent Organization. URL

For example: Gale George Data Center. Pew Research Group. https://gale-research.org

When using Chicago Style, refer to the following:  Name of Survey, Survey conductor, URL and dates (if possible)

For example: Guitar Players Who Use Fender Guitars, Pew Research Group, 2021. 

When using APA format, cite surveys in-text only unless they are published. If they are published, cite based on the format of publication (website, book, newspaper, etc.)

• << Previous: Diaries, personal letters, correspondence
• Next: Internet communications on email, blogs, social media >>
• Last Updated: Nov 14, 2024 12:52 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=1372184

How to Cite a Survey in Different Citation Styles

When you’re trying to build a case for something or need to increase credibility for a particular argument, a great way to start is to cite a survey . You can do this by finding an existing, published survey that supports your position, or by creating your own survey and sending it out, hoping that the majority of responses will favor what you believe to be true. 

Create your first survey, form or poll now!

Regardless of your survey results , however, it’s necessary to let your audience know where and how you obtained the information in your report. That’s when using survey citations—and the right research citation format —comes into play.

What is a Citation?

No, we’re not talking about that traffic citation you got a while back. In the world of research and writing, a citation is how you inform readers that a reference or quote you’re using in your research came from another source. 

Citations also provide your audience with a method of finding the source again. In an internet blog such as this, it could be as simple as including a hyperlink that directs the reader to the original site housing the information you referenced. 

When it’s not possible to link, such as in a printed piece, it’s important to include the following information:

• Author’s (or authors’) name(s)
• Title of the work
• Publisher’s name
• Publication date
• Page(s) or section(s) referenced

Benefits of Citing Sources

Because of the wealth of information at our fingertips online, “borrowing” information without giving credit is all too common. So, the most obvious benefit of properly citing an outside source is that it protects you from accusations of plagiarism. But there are other great benefits:

• Citing outside sources lends credibility to your ideas or arguments.
• Citing sources shows that significant research was involved.
• If the information you’re citing happens to be wrong or inaccurate, adding a citation absolves you of having to take full ownership of the misinformation.

Sourcing a Survey and Survey Citation Formats

When you want to reference a survey, you need to let readers know where the survey results came from. Otherwise, they may not believe you. Sourcing and citing a survey properly comes down to whether you conducted the survey yourself or are referencing a published survey as well as which citation style you are using. There are three citation formats:

• Modern Language Association (MLA) style
• American Psychological Association (APA) style
• Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)

Citing a Survey You Conducted

When citing a survey that you conducted on your own, clarify that you designed and distributed the survey in the body of your content rather than citing it at the end of the survey. You should explain the methodology you used (e.g., “an online survey distributed to 1,000 graduate students”). While not necessary, including the survey itself, either as an appendix or through an online link, helps your audience better understand the methodology. You may even choose to disclose data sets, being sure to remove any personal or private information, in a spreadsheet.

Speaking of anonymity, if you refer to a comment made by a respondent in your survey, always refer to them as “a respondent,” not by name. You can, however, give them pseudonyms to avoid repetition as long as you note that the names have been changed to protect privacy.

Citation Styles : MLA vs APA vs Chicago

There is no standard citation format . Which citation format you use will depend upon your field of research, your educational institution, or the publication you’re writing for. 

How to Cite a Survey in APA and MLA Styles

MLA and APA guidelines are similar. In both citation styles, you should use in-text citations that correlate with a “Works Cited” list as the end of the report. For example, say you were referencing a statistic from this Pew Research Center survey on internet usage, published by Andrew Perrin and Madhu Kumar. In the body of your report, you’d cite the authors’ last names and the page number (since this is a web page, use page 1) and put their words into quotations. 

Today, everyone is online. In fact, “about three-in-ten U.S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online” (Perrin & Kumar 1). 

Then, in your “Works Cited” list at the end of the report, you’d give the complete details or the citation.

Perrin, Andrew, and Kumar, Madhu. “About three-in-ten U.S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online.” Pew Research Center , 25 July 2019, p. 1

How to Cite a Survey in Chicago Style

In CMOS, you would instead include a superscript number that correlates to the source, which will be noted at the bottom of the page and in the Bibliography at the end of the report (similar to a “Works Cited” page). So, in the body of your report, that same sentence would look like this:

Today, everyone is online. In fact, “about three-in-ten U.S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online” .¹ 

At the end of that same page, you would insert a small footnote with that superscript number attached for reference:

1 Perrin, Andrew, and Kumar, Madhu. About three-in-ten U.S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online. (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2019)

Again, this same information would appear, in a list along with other citations, in a final Bibliography at the end of the report.

It’s important to understand that we’re painting with a broad brush; citing surveys with MLA, APA , and CMOS comes with little quirks, and there are exceptions to many rules. To gain a full understanding of how to cite surveys with each citation format, you may want to refer to Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab (OWL) which gets very in-depth.

Citing surveys and other data in your research is a great way to build a case for something or increase credibility for a particular argument. Now that you have a better understanding of how to cite a survey and what the three citation formats are, you’re probably ready to start creating your survey! SurveyLegend offers both fun and professional survey templates you can use for any industry, and they’re responsive, so they’ll scale down to the size of a smartphone. Swing by the SurveyLegend website and take a tour of our capabilities to discover all that you can do.

Which citation method do you prefer? (Hey, that’s a good topic for a survey…) Let us know in the comments!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

In research and writing, a citation is noting in your text that you are referencing or quoting another source.

Citing outside sources gives credibility to your argument, shows that research was conducted, and absolves you from taking full ownership of misinformation if the source happens to be inaccurate.

Modern Language Association (MLA) style, American Psychological Association (APA) style, and Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS).

Which citation format you use will depend upon your field of research, your educational institution, or the publication you’re writing for. 

Jasko Mahmutovic

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Polling, surveys, & public opinion: citing sources.

• Background Information
• Local Opinion Polls
• International Opinion Polls
• Tracking Polls

Citing Sources

Citation management software.

Capture and organize citations from the Web, journals, library catalogs, etc.

A free, open-source program from the George Mason University.

• Citing Government Documents A guide created by the Government Information Librarian at Columbia
• Effective Writing in the Public Sector Available in hard copy in Lehman Reference, JF1525.R46 S83 2014
• Writing Public Policy: A Practical Guide to Communicating in the Policy Making Process Available in h ard copy in Lehman Reference, JF1525.C59 S64 2010

Writing Style Manuals

• APA Website For help with APA style citation try the Instructional Aids, Tutorials, and Guides   The Manual of the American Psychological Association is also available in the libraries. Call Number: BF76.7 .P83
• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing
• Chicago Style Guide Website
• For help citing sources, visit the Quick Guide to see examples of how to use Chicago-style citation.
• Turabian Style Guide Website A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations: Chicago style for students and researchers Call Number: LB2369 .T8 2007
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Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Websites

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & E-Books
• Government & Legal Documents
• Secondary Sources
• Videos & DVDs
• How To Cite: Other Notes & Bibliography
• How To Cite: Other Author-Date
• Quotations vs Paraphrases
• Short Form & Ibid.
• Additional Help

Important Notes

1. Author-Date Style: Websites are often cited only within the text of the paper. A corresponding Reference List entry is not needed as long as the item has been documented in the text.

Notes & Bibliography Style

Entire website (no separate pages or sections).

Bibliography:

“Religion & Public Life.” Pew Research Center. Accessed January 26, 2021. https://www.pewforum.org.

1. “Religion & Public Life,” Pew Research Center, accessed January 26, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org.

Page or Section From a Website

“Roman Catholic Church.” Religious Groups. American Religion Data Archives. Accessed July 15, 2020. http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_836.asp.

1. “Roman Catholic Church,“ Religious Groups, Association of Religion Data Archives, accessed July 5, 2020, http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_836.asp.

Author-Date Style

Reference List:

Author of the Site. Year of Publication. "Title of Web Page."  Owner/Sponsor of Site . Published, Modified, or Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

In-Text Citation:

If No Reference List Entry Is Used: (Watson 2011, "Tunisians Vote in First Election Following Arab Spring,"  CNN.com , last modified October 23, 2011)

If A Reference List Entry Is Used: (Watson 2011)

Website With No Author

Owner/Sponsor of Site. Year of Publication or n.d. (if no date is available). "Title of Web Page." Published, Modified, or Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

If No Reference List Entry Is Used: ("Victorian Smoking Rates Hit Record Low," n.d., 9 News, accessed August 17, 2012)

If A Reference List Entry Is Used: (9 News, n.d.)

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Purdue Online Writing Lab College of Liberal Arts

Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).