disaster risk management dissertation topics

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99 Disaster Management Dissertation Topics Ideas

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What are Disasters?

Disasters in their natural forms can prove to be quite harmful to the survival of human beings on Earth. Therefore, it is imperative to come up with new and innovative strategies to manage the damages due to natural disasters. Dissertation topics on disaster management cover all such strategies, policies, and plans.

In addition to this, disaster management research topics also include assessing the disasters and their impacts on different populations in different ways. The risks that arise as a result of natural disasters are also included in the subject matter of this field. Check out more related posts on Marketing Management and Event Management .

Best Disaster Management Dissertation Topics ideas for college students

Given below is a list of some very interesting disaster management thesis topics. We are available for guidance and help if you like to prepare your thesis/dissertation on any of the given topics:

Common Disaster Management Topics

The role played by occupational therapists in the domain of disaster management: a systematic analysis.
Investigating the role of disaster management in maintaining resilience for victims of floods: a quantitative study.
Relationship of community-based organizations in dealing with local disaster management issues.
Comparative analysis of the Turkish and Chinese disaster management systems and recommendations.
Investigation of the role played by weather radar in disaster management practices: a descriptive approach.
Ethics in disaster management policies and practices: a comparative analysis.
Information technology and the disaster management domain: potential challenges and opportunities.
Effects of an integrated geospatial information service system on disaster management domain.
Cyclone disaster management system: issues and their potential solutions.
How is disaster management maintained through big data computing and social sensing? A qualitative approach.
Comparative analysis of the disaster management systems of developed and developing countries of the world.
The role played by social workers in the disaster management systems in X country.
Decision-making strategies in disaster management: how emergencies are tackled with?
Disaster management systems for disabled people: a descriptive approach.
The role played by drone applications in the disaster management systems: a review of the literature.
Hurricane Katrina: lessons for university disaster management degrees.
Globalization of disaster management systems: potential challenges and interventions.
The role played by IT in mitigation, preparedness, and responses to natural disasters: a correlational analysis.
Community-based disaster management: how communities can work together?
UAV-assisted disaster management strategies: potential opportunities for updating the services.
Medicine supplies in high earthquake risk areas: how disaster management strategies are developed?
The role played by media in forecasted natural disasters: a review of the literature.
Community planning, public participation, and disaster management: focus on the achievement of sustainable hazard mitigation.
The role played by financial resources and digitalization in keeping a disaster management organization operational: a systematic study.
Pre-disaster management strategies: potential challenges and interventions.
Importance of geospatial support in disaster management strategies: a descriptive approach.
Remote sensing technologies and disaster management strategies: a review of the literature.
The role played by NGOs in disaster management systems for developing countries of the world.
Disaster management and hazardous waste cleanup.
Importance of governance in disaster management systems.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

The Role of Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Enhancing Resilience
The Impact of Early Warning Systems on Disaster Preparedness
The Role of Land-Use Planning in Reducing Disaster Risk
The Effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies in Coastal Communities
The Role of Public Awareness Campaigns in Reducing Disaster Vulnerability
The Impact of Climate Change on Disaster Risk Reduction Efforts
The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Disaster Risk Reduction
The Effect of Urbanization on Disaster Risk in Mega Cities
The Role of Education in Promoting Disaster Risk Awareness
The Impact of Building Codes on Reducing Earthquake Risk

Disaster Preparedness

The Role of Emergency Preparedness Plans in Enhancing Community Resilience
The Impact of Disaster Drills on Community Preparedness Levels
The Role of Government Policies in Enhancing Disaster Preparedness
The Effectiveness of School-Based Disaster Preparedness Programs
The Role of Technology in Enhancing Disaster Preparedness
The Impact of Social Media on Disaster Preparedness and Communication
The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Preparedness
The Effect of Public-Private Partnerships on Disaster Preparedness
The Role of Disaster Simulations in Preparing for Large-Scale Emergencies
The Impact of Cultural Factors on Disaster Preparedness in Rural Areas

Disaster Response

The Role of Humanitarian Organizations in Disaster Response
The Impact of Logistics Management on Disaster Response Effectiveness
The Role of Volunteerism in Disaster Response Operations
The Effectiveness of Crisis Communication Strategies during Disaster Response
The Role of Technology in Enhancing Disaster Response Efforts
The Impact of Coordination among Agencies on Disaster Response Outcomes
The Role of Social Media in Facilitating Disaster Response
The Effectiveness of Rapid Response Teams in Natural Disasters
The Role of the Military in Disaster Response and Relief Operations
The Impact of Cultural Sensitivity on Disaster Response in Diverse Communities

Disaster Recovery

The Role of Post-Disaster Recovery Planning in Community Resilience
The Impact of Disaster Recovery Funding on Long-Term Reconstruction
The Role of Housing Reconstruction in Post-Disaster Recovery
The Effectiveness of Livelihood Restoration Programs in Disaster Recovery
The Role of Psychosocial Support in Post-Disaster Recovery
The Impact of Infrastructure Development on Disaster Recovery Efforts
The Role of Government Policies in Facilitating Disaster Recovery
The Effect of Public Participation on Post-Disaster Recovery Outcomes
The Role of Insurance in Supporting Post-Disaster Recovery
The Impact of Climate-Resilient Infrastructure on Post-Disaster Recovery

Disaster Resilience

The Role of Resilient Infrastructure in Mitigating Disaster Impacts
The Impact of Social Capital on Community Resilience to Disasters
The Role of Governance in Building Disaster-Resilient Communities
The Effectiveness of Ecosystem-Based Approaches in Enhancing Resilience
The Role of Disaster Resilience in Sustainable Urban Development
The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Household Resilience to Disasters
The Role of Women in Building Disaster-Resilient Communities
The Effect of Resilient Supply Chains on Disaster Response and Recovery
The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Enhancing Community Resilience
The Impact of Disaster-Resilient Housing on Vulnerable Populations

Climate Change and Disasters

The Role of Climate Change Adaptation in Reducing Disaster Risk
The Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Communities and Disaster Management
The Role of Climate-Smart Agriculture in Enhancing Food Security during Disasters
The Effectiveness of Green Infrastructure in Mitigating Climate-Related Disasters
The Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Urban Disaster Management
The Role of Renewable Energy in Disaster Risk Reduction
The Effect of Climate Change on Water Resource Management in Disaster-Prone Areas
The Role of International Cooperation in Addressing Climate-Induced Disasters
The Impact of Climate Change on Disaster-Induced Migration
The Role of Disaster Management in Achieving Climate Resilience

Above is the best Disaster Management Dissertation Topics list if you are still looking for some topics fill out the form below and get the topic mini proposal on your requirement from experts. Click here to place an order for Disaster Management Dissertation at a 25% discount.

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Risk Management Dissertation Ideas

Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On August 18, 2023

Identifying and assessing risks in various life situations is the focus of risk management dissertation topics. The key focus of risk management research topics is on risk prevention and risk mitigation. This field is growing in popularity among students every day because of the need for businesses and organisations to prevent and manage risks as part of their damage control strategies.

The decision of what to write about for your dissertation can be difficult. But there is no need to panic yet because you’ve come to the right place if you’re looking for risk management dissertation topics .

For Your Consideration, Here Are Some Excellent Risk Management Dissertation Ideas.

Investigating the relationship between risk management and organizational performance.
A review of the literature on the effects of decision support on risk management strategies in business contexts.
How do insurance companies approach risk management in their organizations? Is it fair, or do some changes need to be made to improve it?
Earthquake risk management should concentrate on potential barriers and opportunities.
A descriptive analysis of the relationship between earthquake risk management and earthquake insurance.
How social and environmental factors relate to risk management, either directly or indirectly.
A review of empirical evidence on long-term risk management.
Geotechnical risk management: a comparison of developed and developing countries.
Investigating the guidelines and principles related to the risk management domain.
The impact of the relationship between key individuals and business concepts, as well as the degree to which risk management tools are related.
Investigating the connection between consumer safety and risk management.
A quantitative study focuses on the factors for optimizing risk management in services.
A detailed review of empirical evidence for a futuristic analysis of the risk management domain.
Which of the following factors is a business’s most important risk management?
Smart grid security risk management is a new area to research.
Investigating the risk management strategies used in organizations in the UK.
A correlational study of risk management and population health.
Investigating the relationship between supply chain risk management and performance measurement.
International comparison of traditional versus modern risk management strategies.
A review of the literature on an international disaster risk management system.
A descriptive analysis of risk management strategies in the pharmaceutical development industry.
A correlational analysis of the relationship between risk perception and risk management.
Focus on potential challenges and interventions in enterprise risk management.
Risk management and big data in engineering and science projects.
A review of empirical evidence on community-based disaster risk management.
Portfolio risk management should emphasize the significance of six sigma quality principles.
Using financial tools and operational methods to integrate supply chain risk management.
Discovering risk management’s practical applications in Third World countries. Risk Management in a Supply Chain: How Have Current Trends in Global Supply Chain Management Influenced the Evolution of Risk-Management Strategies?
Critical Success Factors for Financial Services Organizations Implementing an Operational Management System.

Nothing is more critical to a business than managing risks, whether large or small and bringing positive results to their customers. There is no doubt that the course will be interesting, and you will be able to find topics to write about using research methods such as diversity. Get expert assistance with your dissertation topics by placing an order for our dissertation topic and outline service today. You can take inspiration from the above-mentioned risk management dissertation ideas as well.

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To find risk management dissertation topics:

Study industry challenges.
Explore emerging risks.
Analyze case studies.
Review risk frameworks.
Consider regulatory changes.
Select a specific risk aspect or sector that intrigues you.

A review of themes in disaster resilience literature and international practice since 2012

Cite this article
https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2018.1507240

1. Introduction

2. resilience: a conceptual overview, 3. literature review methodology, 4. resilience themes in the literature, 5. insights for practitioners, 6. conclusion, disclosure statement.

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This paper reviews the practice and research trends in disaster resilience and disaster risk reduction literature since 2012. It applies the rapid appraisal methodology to explore developments in the field and to identify key themes in research and practice. In particular, the paper examines how the emerging themes of disaster risk reduction from the Sendai Framework are being integrated into health risk management and disaster governance paradigms. The research findings identify three important emerging themes: socialization of responsibility for resilience; ongoing interest in risk management with an emphasis on public private partnerships as enabling mechanisms; and a nuanced exploration of the concept of adaptive resilience.

disaster risk reduction
Sendai framework

Resilience can be understood as an umbrella term that encompasses a range of ways in which a system responds to external stresses, major disruptions and new circumstances (Holling Citation 1973 ; Kapucu, Hawkins, and Rivera Citation 2013 ; Manyena Citation 2006 ; Mileti Citation 1999 ; Norris et al. Citation 2008 ). While the concept has gained currency in many fields from ecology to psychology, in recent years it has become a prominent concept in the lexicons of climate change adaptation, disaster risk management, and sustainable development (Manyena Citation 2006 ; Adger Citation 2000 ; Nelson, Adger, and Brown Citation 2007 ). The concept has proven to have particular utility due to its ability to encapsulate the behaviour of systems ranging from the cellular to complex socio-economic systems (Holling Citation 2001 ). The promise of disaster resilience has been taken up globally in the pursuit of reducing the impacts of disasters and strengthening communities (United Nations Citation 2015a ; National Research Council Citation 2012 ; The Rockerfeller Foundation Citation 2017 ; Santos and Leitmann Citation 2016 ). Given the broad range of contexts in which the concept has developed and is now being applied it is timely to consider how disaster management policy can be informed by recent developments in resilience theory and practice including how it is being reflected in international policy deliberations.

In this article, we review the literature from 2012 to 2017 on disaster resilience and related concepts. The significant growth in the disaster resilience literature in the preceding years, which is illustrated by Figure 1 has created a rapidly evolving research context. By surveying progress in the preceding half decade, we aim to synthesize and inform practitioners of new and emerging insights and their implications for policy. We identify major themes in the resilience literature and consider significant developments. In particular, we trace the evolution of international disaster management frameworks from the Yokohama Strategy (United Nations Citation 1994 ) to the Sendai Framework as illustrated by Figure 2 (United Nations Citation 2015c ) and identify the emerging consensus on international best practice. We also consider the growth of resilience measurement frameworks and issues that need to be addressed to meaningfully operationalize these concepts.

Figure 1. Number of papers published each year with both disaster and resilience in their titles, keywords, or abstracts, since 2000. Results from Scopus.

Figure 2. Progress towards the Sendai Framework (adapted from Aitsi-Selmi et al. Citation 2015 ).

The paper is organized as follows: We first provide a conceptual overview of resilience along with a synopsis of how the current milieu of disaster risk reduction policy evolved. The next section explains the methodology we used in reviewing the literature and highlights the key themes which emerged from this review. We then provide an overview of the developments in efforts to operationalize and measure disaster resilience. Finally, we draw conclusions that have practical implications for policy-makers and practitioners.

The term resilience was conceptually introduced by Holling ( Citation 1973 ) to further an understanding of the capacity of ecosystems to persist in their original state despite external disruptions. Specifically, Holling defines resilience as “a measure of the ability of ecological systems to absorb changes of state variables, driving variables, and parameters, and still persist” (Holling Citation 1973 , p. 18). The term has since been applied to describe adaptive capacities of individuals, human communities and larger societies (Linnenluecke and Griffiths Citation 2010 ; Nelson, Adger, and Brown Citation 2007 ; Norris et al. Citation 2008 ).

2.1. A short survey of resilience definitions

Norris et al. ( Citation 2008 ) provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of resilience thinking and resilience definitions as applied not only to ecological systems, but also to individual, city, social, physical and community resilience and hazards research. There is no single broadly accepted definition as the concept has been applied in a diversity of settings. Table 1 shows the key themes of resilience definitions collated from across a range of research and policy domains.

Table 1. Key themes of resilience definitions by field of study.

Despite these differing perspectives, the key themes of ‘perturbation’ and ‘recovery’ remain constant. Although not always using those specific terms, the majority of interpretations emphasize the capacity for adaptation in face of external disturbance, stress or adversity. It is worth noting that the emphasis on “successful” adaptation in the climate change and disaster recovery literature represents and an anthropocentric bias towards development and improved functioning in the face of stressful conditions. This positive adaptation bias is present in many policy documents and, without careful consideration, runs the risk of shifting the definition of resilience from what “is” to what “ought to be”. Resilience, from an objective systems perspective, is not a normative term and does not necessarily imply growth or development (Middleton and Latty Citation 2016 ). Rather the emphasis is on the ability of the system to persist within a given set of system parameters (Holling Citation 2001 ; Middleton and Latty Citation 2016 ).

Resilience can be usefully conceptualized as a characteristic of a system when considered as a whole. Traditionally a “stable” system was defined as strong, static and resistant to change (Manyena Citation 2006 ; McEntire et al. Citation 2002 ). Now, a stable system is understood as one that is flexible and able to adjust to stress, remaining more or less the same within a range of conditions (Holling Citation 2001 ; Thompson et al. Citation 2009 ). A resilient system has also been defined as a system that has sufficient adaptive capacity in the face of extreme stress to undergo transformational change and become a different kind of system change (Cartalis Citation 2014 )

Remain stable in the face of external perturbations and stresses;

Recover following a major disruption; and

Adapt to new circumstances.

2.1.1. Approaches to influencing resilience policy

A system, however defined, or one of its components, can be “more or less resilient” with respect to a given “shock”. Nalau and Handmer ( Citation 2015 ) note three distinct types of systemic resilience approaches employed from a policy perspective. Organizations in systems of Type I focus on maintaining the current system, in Type II they take a broader approach in changing some parts of the current system, and in Type III organizations undertake transformational change to stay resilient and adapt to new circumstances. These approaches may be enacted by government agencies to deal with internal change, or be outwardly focused to support systemic community response and adaptation. All of these strategic approaches aim to maintain or increase the resilience of the system but with different outcomes. In this manner, the way a disaster and its impacts are understood and framed also impacts on the type of resilience approach advocated by a policy practitioner or policy community (Nalau and Handmer Citation 2015 ).

The policy literature is also replete with different, if not contrary understandings of resilience. For example, Rosati, Touzinsky, and Lillycrop ( Citation 2015 ) distinguish between “risk management” as a process of managing known risks and hazards (assuming that the system will return to its normal state afterwards) and “resilience” as approaches that require actors to prepare for unknown hazards and risks and think outside the most common scenarios in order to adapt in a constantly changing context. This definition is at odds with the dominant understanding of resilience, as in the overwhelming majority of uses the distinction is not made between known and unknown risks. (Norris et al Citation 2008 ; Manyena Citation 2006 ; Cartalis Citation 2014 for an extended discussion of definitions and interpretations). However, policy practitioners have increasingly recognized the value of resilient and adaptive systems precisely in response to the increasingly interconnected world of complex risk interactions with hard-to-forecast second and third order hazard impacts (Beck Citation 2009 ; Boin, Rhinard, and Ekengren Citation 2014 ). While such theoretical reflections may seem somewhat abstract, they have tangible and practical implications for disaster risk reduction policy and implementation frameworks.

2.2. International disaster risk policy

In the 1990s the UN declared the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, leading to the creation of the Yokohama Strategy; the first to provide international guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of disaster impacts. It focused on incorporating emergency management knowledge that existed in the local level and on improving coping capacities to manage known risks (Tozier de la Poterie and Baudoin, Citation 2015 ). The Strategy was designed to focus international communities on cooperating to implement disaster risk reduction activities.

In the following decade, disaster risk reduction policy shifted to focusing on coping capacities and risk preparedness interventions (Tozier de la Poterie and Baudoin Citation 2015 ). In 2005, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was developed. It outlined specific strategies for disaster risk reduction through actions that focused on understanding risk, reducing risk factors, building knowledge and strengthening preparedness (United Nations Citation 2005 ). Although the HFA had a strong focus on prioritizing disaster risk reduction within communities, institutions lacked the means to measure how effective these policies were. Some authors also note that HFA failed to address and/or include the systemic changes needed to decrease vulnerability and risk (Scolobig et al. Citation 2015 ). During the decade of the HFA (2005–15), disasters around the world continued to produce human, economic, infrastructure, and ecological losses, especially in the most vulnerable and poorest nations (Tozier de la Poterie and Baudoin Citation 2015 ).

A review of the HFA resulted in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (United Nations Citation 2015c ). The scope of the Sendai Framework is broader than the HFA, with an enhanced focus on “large and small, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by natural and man-made hazards and related environmental, technological and biological hazards” (Oxley Citation 2015 , p. 11). The Sendai Framework includes a set of quantitative targets to measure resilience, gauging the extent to which actions are implemented and their effectiveness (Aitsi-Selmi and Murray Citation 2015 ; United Nations Citation 2015c ).

The Framework also reflects complex contemporary global challenges. These include a rapidly changing climate, increased globalization, and the development of new technologies in the field of risk prediction and early warning systems (Tozier de la Poterie and Baudoin Citation 2015 ). A notable inclusion in the Sendai Framework is the prioritization of health risks from hazards and the need to focus on health resilience. It promotes collaboration amongst the disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and science communities to develop strategies that protect and manage health risks arising from extreme weather and climate events (Sauerborn and Ebi Citation 2012 ).

In addition to the Sendai Framework, 2015 saw the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), followed by the ratification of the Paris Agreement (United Nations Citation 2015a , Citation 2015b ). Although often implemented separately, these frameworks are interrelated and can be drawn upon in synergy to build resilience. For example, managing risks of disasters can contribute to progress towards the SDGs and integrating climate change adaptation into policy design and decision-making can promote resilient communities.

The Sendai Framework timelines are tied to the Paris Agreement and to the highly ambitious SDG global targets. However, the Sendai Framework provides little advice on translating these to the local level, and lacks attention to the role of ecosystems in disaster risk reduction (Oxley Citation 2015 ). The Sendai Framework has also been criticized for not incorporating novel approaches to disaster reduction, but rather just continuing using the HFA approaches and concepts that have not been successful in reducing disasters worldwide (Glantz Citation 2015 ). While drawing together capacity across these diverse fields poses significant coordination challenges for policy practitioners, it creates opportunities for more integrated policy development and more effective implementation.

In the next section we explore our findings on the major resilience-related research themes in the resilience literature that have evolved over the same time period as the Sendai Framework.

The rapid appraisal methodology “is an approach for quickly developing a preliminary understanding of a situation where specific research techniques are from a wide range of options” (Beebe Citation 1995 , p. 43). This approach gives researchers the opportunity to note trends in the literature, and allows consensus about good practice to be identified. A general schema for how rapid appraisal should be performed is given by Arksey and O'Malley ( Citation 2005 , p. 22): Stage 1: identify the research question; Stage 2: identify relevant studies; Stage 3: study selection; Stage 4: chart the data; then Stage 5: collate, summarize, and report the results.

The specific implementation of each of these stages depends on the study in question. The collection of potentially relevant literature is generally performed in large part by machine searches (Perales et al. Citation 2014 ). Initial study selection is generally performed manually, most commonly by reading the abstracts, introductions, and conclusions of the papers that were found by automated methods to be potentially relevant, followed by careful review of the targeted publications.

For this literature review, ∼150 academic papers from 2012 to 2017 1 were identified from Google Scholar. This selection was based on the search term “disaster (prepar*|response|recover*|govern*) OR (recovery AND disaster) OR (measuring)? resilience (implementation)?”. 2 This filter was designed to capture papers in the following topic areas: risk reduction; disaster preparedness; disaster response; disaster recovery; economic recovery from disaster; measuring resilience; disaster governance; and resilience implementation. Papers were screened for relevance based on their titles, abstracts, and conclusions. If a paper was deemed relevant, it was imported into the text processing software suite NVivo. We undertook a text frequency analysis and found six groups of frequent lemmas 3 in the literature ( Table 2 ).

Table 2. Lemma search results from the NVivo analysis of 150 selected papers.

Lemmas were chosen as the basis of search frequency because searching for words themselves leads to less meaningful results, as function words like and and the tend to make up the largest proportion of words used in a document. These lemmas were then used as search terms for the body of documents. This allowed for the identification of the most relevant papers for each of the key terms.

This section examines the three main themes that were identified by the literature review process with specific examples: (1) Policy and Governance; (2) Health and Disasters; and (3) Measuring and Assessment Frameworks. Under each theme, we introduce sub-groupings of findings, which give a more in depth and detailed view of the diversity of factors involved in each type of resilience.

4.1. Policy and governance themes

The literature from 2012 displays a strong focus on themes of socialization of responsibility for risk and resilience, disaster governance and the emerging construct of adaptive resilience. These topics are not mutually exclusive: papers that deal with risk reduction and mitigation generally propose policy for developing resilience and address governance issues.

4.1.1. Socialisation of responsibility for risk & resilience

The most frequent lemma in the 150 articles was social. Articles that mention this lemma most often tend to discuss socialization of resilience strategies, emphasizing community engagement rather than top-down approaches from the state.

Harnessing social capital is a key concept in the literature that most frequently uses this lemma. Aida et al. ( Citation 2013 ) identify two definitions of social capital: the network-based social capital of Bourdieu ( Citation 1986 ), and the cohesion-based social capital of Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti ( Citation 1993 ). Respectively, these are “the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationship[s] of mutual acquaintance or recognition” (Bourdieu Citation 1986 , p. 50) and “features of social organization, such as trust, norms and networks that can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions” (Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti Citation 1993 , p. 167).

Aida et al. ( Citation 2013 ) propose that building social capital prior to the disaster event promotes “mutual cooperation and rescue efforts by neighbors, volunteers, and non-governmental institutions; financial and material donations” during a disaster event. Social capital networks also allow for the establishment and implementation of community-led recovery plans (Chamlee-Wright and Storr Citation 2010 ). Results from surveys of communities in Hawai’i Henly-Shepard et al. ( Citation 2015 , p. 360) suggest that respondents believe that “a sense of community is a key to enhancing coping capacity”.

The lemmas risk and manage suggest that risk mitigation is the preferred paradigm in the literature (Manyena et al. Citation 2013 ). Risk management and risk socialization are interrelated in the literature, and so numerous papers relevant to risk management emphasize the advantages of socializing responsibility for risk and resilience (Aida et al. Citation 2013 ; Aldrich and Meyer Citation 2015 ; Crawford, Langston, and Bajracharya Citation 2013 ; Dufty Citation 2012 ; Henly-Shepard et al. Citation 2015 ; Horita et al. Citation 2013 ; Shaw Citation 2013 ). Shared responsibility and cross-sectoral partnerships are also a recurring recommendation of papers that discuss risk mitigation. Kapucu and Khosa ( Citation 2013 ) propose that the most disaster-ready university campuses are those that form stable partnerships between the public and private sectors. Busch and Givens ( Citation 2013 ) also advocate for partnerships between the public, private and not-for-profit sectors, giving examples of disaster events where such partnerships played an important role in mitigating the potential risk of these events. The emphasis on socialization of responsibility and network coordination leads into a discussion of the disaster governance paradigm, which has seen a shift away from the traditional command and control model (Allen Citation 2012 ; Kapucu and Hu Citation 2016 ; Lassa Citation 2015 ; Moynihan Citation 2009 ).

4.1.2. Adaptive resilience

As by definition “resilience” incorporates an adaptive capacity, the term “adaptive resilience” is something of a tautology. Nonetheless, in the disaster literature it is commonly used and applied in the context of a “community’s behavior after the disaster” (Kapucu, Hawkins, and Rivera Citation 2013 , p. 356). According to Tierney ( Citation 2012b , p. xiv) “adaptive resilience enables social units to reassess their circumstances, learn from their disaster experiences, and adjust their strategies in light of the ‘new normal’ ushered in by disaster”.

In various parts of the literature the perturbations and disturbances to a system, such as disasters, are called stressors (Norris et al. Citation 2008 ). A comprehensive model of the application of adaptive resilience in the face of these stressors is provided by Kapucu, Hawkins, and Rivera ( Citation 2013 ) ( Figure 3 ).

Figure 3. Adaptive Resilience Framework (adapted from Kapucu, Hawkins, and Rivera Citation 2013 , emphasis authors’).

An important feature of this model is that it distinguishes between “bouncing back”, which embodies the engineering resilience approach that emphasizes the reconstruction of the built environment, and “adapting” which, in human systems “seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities” (Field et al. Citation 2014 , p. 118). As this conceptual framework illustrates, the community is the key to the idea of adaptive resilience. Community capital is a core element of this model, as it directly affects most of the constituents thereof. Coles and Buckle ( Citation 2004 , p. 6) suggest that resilience is best realized in situations in which the “community participates fully in the recovery process and has the capacity, skills and knowledge to make its participation meaningful.” Shaw ( Citation 2013 , p. 220) states that “it is increasingly observed and agreed that a sustainable [disaster risk reduction] activity is only possible when there is a strong involvement and commitment from the local institutions”. Community participation and the involvement of community organizations are key parts of ensuring the success of the implementation of adaptive resilience.

Given the central importance of resilience to effective recovery, researchers and policymakers alike have explored how resilience can be built in communities. Aldrich and Meyer ( Citation 2015 ) identify three strategies that have demonstrated beneficial results: (1) implementing “community currencies”, such as time banking programes; (2) holding focus groups and community events; and (3) careful planning of community layout and architectural structures. Each of these is supported by examples from a range of disaster situations (Aldrich and Meyer Citation 2015 ). Further, Dufty ( Citation 2012 ) notes that social media may be used to promote social capital, by facilitating coordination, or by spreading information that promotes mutual trust and recognition.

A small number of papers discuss the participation of indigenous populations in promoting resilience. The literature identifies two major advantages to incorporating indigenous populations in the disaster risk reduction process. First, the social structure of indigenous populations can be harnessed to improve community resilience and response. Kenney et al. ( Citation 2015 ) contend that the Māori population of Christchurch were able to draw on their cultural norms and social structures as a coping capacity following the major earthquake of 2011. Second, and perhaps more prominent in the literature, is the use of local knowledge in implementing risk reduction strategies (Clarke and Mayer Citation 2017 ; Gaillard and Mercer Citation 2013 ; Mavhura et al. Citation 2013 ). The recognition of the importance of indigenous knowledge and acknowledgement of local adaptive capacities reflects the ongoing movement towards incorporating local knowledge into formal resilience building activities.

4.2. Health risks from disasters

The health resilience literature responds in large part to the Sendai Framework, especially its recognition of local level health as a major factor in disaster resilience. Aitsi-Selmi et al. ( Citation 2015 ) identifies this as a significant shift from response driven to a risk-management driven approach to disaster risk reduction, which sees five of the seven global targets in the Sendai Framework targeted towards building health resilience, focusing on reducing disaster mortality and disaster damage to health infrastructure (United Nations Citation 2015c ). According to the World Health Organization, health system resilience refers to “the capacity of the system to cope with and manage health risks in a way that the essential functions, identity and structure of the health systems are maintained” (World Health Organization Citation 2015 , p. 13). Translating these goals and systemic considerations to the community level, healthy people are less likely to experience disaster-related morbidity or mortality, healthy homes are disaster resilient and healthy communities minimize exposure to natural disasters.

Vulnerability is seen in terms of the biophysical impact to the population as well as how sensitive communities are to these impacts and their capacity to cope. For instance, the concept of social vulnerability appears in the literature (Cutter, Ash, and Emrich Citation 2014 ; Shaw Citation 2013 ). The concept of health vulnerability is more prevalent still, and refers to “the susceptibility of a population or a region to harm” (World Health Organization Citation 2010 , p. 2). A population’s health vulnerability is affected by differential physical, psychological and mental health effects of extreme events (Costello et al. Citation 2009 ; Goldmann and Galea Citation 2014 ; Reifels et al. Citation 2013 ; Simonovic and Peck Citation 2013 ). The literature also highlights potential health effects of impacts of disaster events on key infrastructure, such as failures in hospitals and transport systems, lack of access to health services because of storms and floods, failures in risk communication and provision of medical care (Chang et al. Citation 2014 ; Francis and Bekera Citation 2014 ; International Panel on Climate Change Citation 2012 ; Larkin et al. Citation 2015 ; McDaniels et al. Citation 2015 ; Rosati, Touzinsky, and Lillycrop Citation 2015 ).

Disasters can have traumatic impacts on the health of populations and communities resulting from losses, displacement and deaths. Deaths from disasters are rarely due to infectious diseases, except in the case of epidemics. Communicable diseases can be worsened by disasters leading to more deaths. For example, following Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (2013), major health issues arose due to the failure to prevent infectious diseases and an increase in the severity of non-communicable diseases resulting from a lack of access to food, water, housing and medicine (Aitsi-Selmi and Murray Citation 2016 ). Mental health issues are also prevalent when populations suffer extreme losses or abrupt displacement (Goldmann and Galea Citation 2014 ). These stressors act to reduce coping capacity of communities and slow down the recovery process. Therefore, providing mental health support to improve community coping capacity becomes an important recovery strategy. The literature also emphasizes that the underlying physical health of the population is important when considering health resilience as this determines vulnerability and capacity to cope in the face of disasters, which includes understanding the prevalence and distribution of chronic disease and the ability of the population to access timely and appropriate preventive health services (Chandra et al. Citation 2013 ; Dar et al. Citation 2014 ; Gowan, Kirk, and Sloan Citation 2014 ; Plough et al. Citation 2013 ; Wulff, Donato, and Lurie Citation 2015 ). For example, communities with more chronic diseases, elderly or those exposed to epidemics are more vulnerable (Tierney Citation 2012a ). According to the literature, then, such communities may need more services and support post disaster, therefore an understanding of baseline health conditions and risks for a community is essential in disaster risk reduction planning.

With projected climatic changes, many extreme events are expected to occur more often and at higher intensities, which will in turn increase the exposure of systems, communities and assets to disaster risks and further strain their capacity to recover and adapt (Grose et al. Citation 2014 ; International Panel on Climate Change Citation 2012 ; Nalau and Handmer Citation 2015 ). Grose et al. ( Citation 2014 , p. 267), for example, report that regional climate models project increases in “the frequency and impact of the very worst fire-weather days” in Tasmania, Australia. Under such scenarios, therefore, the risk profile of a region may also change with the introduction of previously unexperienced hazards. The potential for multi-hazard issues with short-, medium-, and long-term impacts and unknown outcomes bring additional complexity into disaster management policy (O'Brien et al. Citation 2006 ).

These climate-related impacts pose significant risks to health systems through service disruption, severe ill health, adverse social outcomes, and food shortages (Mavhura et al. Citation 2013 ) leading to associated scarcity-related conflict (Mannakkara and Wilkinson Citation 2014 ). As identified in numerous studies in recent literature, the impacts of disasters fall disproportionately on the poor, marginalised, sick and disadvantaged (Akter and Mallick Citation 2013 ; Howard, Blakemore, and Bevis Citation 2017 ; Linnerooth-Bayer and Hochrainer-Stigler Citation 2015 ; Nirupama and Maula Citation 2013 ). Building resilience to climate risks should therefore be understood as part of disaster risk reduction programs (as in, for instance, United Nations, Citation 2010 , Citation 2011 ). Accordingly, the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change policy is one of the main trends in the literature (Djalante et al. Citation 2013 ; Jabareen Citation 2013 ; Khailani and Perera Citation 2013 ; Nalau and Handmer Citation 2015 ; Serrao-Neumann et al. Citation 2015 ; Wamsler, Brink, and Rivera Citation 2013 ).

4.3. Measuring resilience and frameworks for action

A range of resilience measurement frameworks exist which span engineering to community resilience and accordingly, the attributes measured by each framework depend on its theoretical orientation and working definitions. This section discusses key steps taken in measuring community resilience, which include the consideration of the whole system and its subcomponents, identifying the level of analysis and identifying the framework for analysis. We identify two key frameworks and distil the key issues that are considered by each framework when seeking to measure resilience.

4.3.1. Defining the system’s components and subcomponents

In terms of defining the system’s components and subcomponents, the way a policy problem is framed impacts on the type of a management approach that is considered most effective in any given disaster context (Nalau and Handmer Citation 2015 ). For example, in a future with climate change impacts, disaster risk reduction and disaster management will increasingly deal with “complex unbounded problems” which are outside prior experience and cannot be tackled with small adjustments in routine practices (Boin, Rhinard, and Ekengren Citation 2014 ; Nalau and Handmer Citation 2015 ). Hence, a dynamic understanding of the changing risk landscape is needed in order to adequately understand and assess the resilience of a system.

It also makes a difference whether resilience is considered from single-event or multi-event disaster perspective as this impacts on the projected recovery period within which the “bouncing back” and “building back better” is supposed to occur (Drennan, McGowan, and Tiernan Citation 2016 ; Zobel and Khansa Citation 2014 ).

4.3.2. Identify the level of analysis

Different levels of analysis have been used in measuring resilience. For example, Cutter, Ash, and Emrich ( Citation 2014 ) use a geographically bounded frame of the county level in the US, as this level has the most reliable and long-standing data and county borders are usually less likely to change. Yoon, Kang, and Brody ( Citation 2016 ) use community-level analysis in Korea in exploring community disaster resilience and Henly-Shepard et al. ( Citation 2015 ) focus on social resilience also at the community level in Hawai’i. These analyses do not include physical, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities but are more focused on factors such as demographics, education and socio-economic status. Taking a different approach, Zobel and Khansa ( Citation 2014 ) explore temporal frames, from a single to multi-event levels where the focus is on the timing of the event and estimated recovery time thereafter or between events.

What is clear from these studies is that when the level of analysis coincides with jurisdictional boundaries the outcomes are relevant to and readily applied in a policy context (Henly-Shepard et al. Citation 2015 ; Yoon, Kang, and Brody Citation 2016 ).

4.3.3. Identify the framework for analysis

A common refrain in the literature and disaster resilience policy is that although there are numerous studies defining and discussing “community resilience”, few studies have actually provided practical models or assessments that enable its measurement (Ostadtaghizadeh et al. Citation 2015 ). This section explores two dominant frameworks for measuring community resilience that highlight the different approaches to framing what will be measured and how these data may be collected.

The Norris et al. ( Citation 2008 ) model incorporates four key components of resilience - economic development, social capital, information and communication and community competence. The authors identified key attributes of these components, “networked adaptive capacities”, which communities draw upon in times of disruption to assist their return to an equilibrium state Norris et al. ( Citation 2008 , p. 135). In the context of socio-ecological systems, adaptiveness is generally considered an institution’s ability to deal with complexities and uncertainties emerging from both current and future disasters (Djalante et al. Citation 2013 ).

An alternative model of community resilience was developed by Cutter et al. ( Citation 2008 ), which offers a place-based view of community resilience. The Disaster Resilience of Place (DROP) model incorporates social systems, the built environment and natural systems as system attributes that influence and interact with the inherent resilience and vulnerability of a community (Cutter et al. Citation 2008 ). In contrast to the Norris et al. ( Citation 2008 ) model, the DROP model reflects the connection between social systems and their built and natural environmental systems. The DROP model explicitly recognises that disasters happen to people in places (Boon et al. Citation 2012 ; Cutter et al. Citation 2008 ; Zhou et al. Citation 2010 ). Consequently, place matters as much as the people involved when considering disaster resilience. The inclusion of social and natural systems and the built environment enables the consideration of institutional, infrastructure and ecological components as aspects of resilience (Adger Citation 2000 ; Bruneau et al. Citation 2003 ).

The DROP model (Cutter et al. Citation 2008 ; Cutter, Burton, and Emrich Citation 2010 ) does not incorporate the more subjective aspects of resilience including Information and Communication and Community Competence shown in the Norris et al. ( Citation 2008 ) model. However, as Sherrieb, Norris, and Galea ( Citation 2010 ) note, it is not possible to measure these attributes through publicly available data. Community surveys of attitudes and perceptions about community support and cohesiveness, both before and after an event, are required to measure resilience in these components (Sherrieb, Norris, and Galea Citation 2010 ). Consequently, the DROP model which is built on the premise of accessing publicly available data provides a practical approach for policy makers seeking to establish benchmarks of community resilience. Cutter, Burton, and Emrich ( Citation 2010 ) subsequently extend this model to develop a weighted series of indicators that captured these variables and condensed them to five key indices for assessing community resilience: scoring social resilience; economic resilience; institutional resilience; infrastructure resilience; and community capital.

Lee, Vargo, and Seville ( Citation 2013 ) note that community resilience and organizational resilience are closely interlinked: communities cannot remain resilient without well-functioning and resilient organizations, including in the government and private sectors. This is supported by research in rural and regional Australia which highlights the centrality of business recovery to community resilience following a disaster (Drennan, McGowan, and Tiernan Citation 2016 ). Integrating research into organizational resilience while also assessing community resilience through the DROP model could provide a blended approach where both levels are connected and assessed (Boin and van Eeten Citation 2013 ).

As the concept of resilience became prominent in the disaster research and policy domains, researchers devoted extensive efforts to attempting to accurately and clearly define it (Adger Citation 2000 ; Manyena Citation 2006 ; Norris et al. Citation 2008 ). In recent literature, this debate has largely been accepted as well-explored if not settled. Due to the multi-faceted nature of resilience, there is no single, consistently applicable definition. For the policy practitioner, this both simplifies policy design and contains hidden pitfalls. Whilst the practitioner can recognize and embrace resilience as a system characteristic with many attributes, the emphasis placed on desired or desirable characteristics for policy outcomes represents a definitional lens that has down-stream impacts on policy design and assessment frameworks. Selecting attributes of resilience as the focus of policy design is not a value neutral proposition. As it with many other policy problems, how the problem is defined will inevitably shape the nature of policy solutions (Kingdon Citation 1993 ).

Nonetheless, the increased focus on more clearly defining resilience has enabled significant advances towards integrating resilience theory with the hazards cycle, which forms the foundational policy heuristic in the disaster management domain. Resilience theory has previously been overlaid awkwardly on the hazard cycle, as part of the process, an input to it and an outcome from it. Greater theoretical clarity about the types of resilience, such as Tierney’s ( Citation 2012a ) anticipatory, adaptive and responsive resilience lens, can now enable practitioners to more precisely delineate different types of resilience, their attributes and influencing factors at each stage of the hazards cycle.

Integrating health resilience into disaster management policy provides policy-makers with opportunities to leverage multiple points of influence on a community’s socio-economic system. Such actions are appealing to practitioners as they deliver immediate population health benefits, whilst investing in long term benefits arising from reduced vulnerability to future risks from disasters. While reducing vulnerability contributes to increasing resilience, building health system resilience is more than just the absence of vulnerability. As vulnerable communities are part of the wider systems, health resilience thinking must stretch beyond preparedness to disaster events to define the roles that health institutions, health leaders, governments and other community organizations can play. Building health system resilience is therefore a cumulative process which entails “building capacity to recognize, monitor, anticipate, communicate and prepare for climate-related health risks; prevent, respond to, manage, and cope with uncertainty, adversity and stress; adapt operations to changing risk conditions; recover from crisis and setbacks with minimal outside support; and learn from experience and improve system capacity for the future” (World Health Organization Citation 2015 , p. 14). Specific areas of action include: developing the technical and clinical capacity of health professionals; provision of adequate information services and early warning systems through better monitoring and surveillance of patients; innovative and new technologies for health data storage and health monitoring, especially those tailored to particular patients; improvements in healthcare service delivery, especially with respect to the service’s adequacy to deal with climate change; and responsible financial management in already burdened health systems (World Health Organization Citation 2014 , Citation 2015 ). In this manner, health governance and policy can act as an overarching response for risk management both within and beyond the health sector, contributing to efforts to build disaster resilience and support climate change adaptation (World Health Organization, Citation 2014 ). All aspects of public health promotion can be exploited to reduce health risk from disasters (Keim Citation 2011 ).

Moving beyond building resilience, to applying it in recovery, the health resilience literature provides a range of insights to disaster management practitioners. Strategically, an enhanced appreciation of community health resilience indicators will provide practitioners with a greater understanding of a community’s baseline vulnerabilities and recovery needs. Further, the literature highlights the importance of mental health to building resilience and sustaining a community’s coping capacities during the recovery phase. This research points to the importance of recovery policy that prioritizes mental health, and in so doing, supports communities to lead their own recovery.

Drawing from resilience theory, the stability of system elements equally influences community wellbeing as it does governance capability. The stability of relationships in the disaster management governance network is essential for effective coordination of policy and operations across the response and recovery phases. These findings are challenging in the context of calls for greater integration of climate change adaptation and health resilience policy networks into the disaster management domain. Practitioners face the challenge of embracing and navigating change, whilst retaining the connections and system stability that underpin effective policy coordination. With the increase in climate change impacts, there is also a need to be vigilant what works in what context, and when particular practice needs changing. For example, if fire seasons change and number of hot days increase, practitioners will also need to consider finding new ways in increasing institutional and community capacity to deal with unprecedented events (Nalau et al. Citation 2016 ).

Our research demonstrates that there are clearly significant opportunities for disaster management, climate change adaptation, and the health sectors to work towards the common goal of building adaptive capacities for resilience. The disaster risk reduction community has extensive experience with design, implementation and evaluation of strategies and policies to improve disaster risk reduction and to promote preparedness, response and recovery. The climate change adaptation community has experience with increasing community resilience through incorporating adaptation responses to the incorporation added impacts of climate change into policies and programs, and engaging with communities about what they value and what successful adaptation looks like for them.

However, despite similar goals, these different network actors have often worked in parallel with different frameworks, definitions, institutional arrangements, funding, assessments and information bases. Drawing on our research into the frameworks for assessing resilience, we find that frameworks aligned to jurisdictional boundaries produce the most useable data for policy practitioners. Similarly, by aligning the level of policy design and analysis, disaster management, health and climate change adaptation policy networks can more effectively integrate efforts to build resilience.

This paper has examined the main trends and themes in the disaster literature in the context of resilience. Our review of the recent literature highlights three key research themes: (1) socialization of responsibility for resilience; (2) ongoing interest in risk management with an emphasis on public private partnerships as enabling mechanisms; and (3) a nuanced exploration of the concept of adaptive resilience. We also explored the emergence of health policy as a key element of building resilience. There are many ways to define and understand resilience, many different ways to assess and measure it, and a diversity of factors which all influence for example what resilience can look like or should be in any given community. This diversity of definitions and factors underlines the inherent complexity in resilience theory and operational models that pose ongoing challenges to practitioners.

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

1 Where necessary, we draw on literature that pre-dates the 2012 search timeframe to provide relevant context and grounding to the analysis. Seminal grey literature sources are also referenced where they act as foundational influences in the resilience field, including reports by the World Health Organization, the United Nations and the International Panel on Climate Change. This grey literature is referenced specifically because of its critical role in shaping the research and policy context; this paper does not otherwise include grey literature over the period 2012–2017.

2 The wildcards in this search term have the following meanings. ‘*’ stands for any string of characters: for instance, ‘prepar*’ will capture ‘prepare’, ‘preparation’, ‘preparedness’, and so on. ‘?’ makes the previous term optional. Parentheses control the scope of these operators, and multiple terms in parentheses separated by a bar ‘|’ means that the search term will select one of those terms.

3 A lemma is the basic version of a term, usually the form that is entered into a dictionary.

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Disaster Risk Science: A Geographical Perspective and a Research Framework

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Published: 21 August 2020
Volume 11 , pages 426–440, ( 2020 )

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disaster risk management dissertation topics

Peijun Shi 1 , 3 , 5 ,
Tao Ye 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Ying Wang 2 , 3 ,
Tao Zhou 1 , 3 ,
Wei Xu 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Juan Du 3 , 4 ,
Jing’ai Wang 2 , 4 ,
Ning Li 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Chongfu Huang 2 , 3 ,
Lianyou Liu 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Bo Chen 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Yun Su 2 , 4 ,
Weihua Fang 2 , 3 ,
Ming Wang 1 , 3 ,
Xiaobin Hu 1 , 3 ,
Jidong Wu 2 , 3 ,
Chunyang He 1 , 4 ,
Qiang Zhang 2 , 3 ,
Qian Ye 1 , 3 ,
Carlo Jaeger 1 , 6 &
Norio Okada 1 , 3 , 7

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In this article, we recall the United Nations’ 30-year journey in disaster risk reduction strategy and framework, review the latest progress and key scientific and technological questions related to the United Nations disaster risk reduction initiatives, and summarize the framework and contents of disaster risk science research. The object of disaster risk science research is the “disaster system” consisting of hazard, the geographical environment, and exposed units, with features of regionality, interconnectedness, coupling, and complexity. Environmental stability, hazard threat, and socioeconomic vulnerability together determine the way that disasters are formed, establish the spatial extent of disaster impact, and generate the scale of losses. In the formation of a disaster, a conducive environment is the prerequisite, a hazard is the necessary condition, and socioeconomic exposure is the sufficient condition. The geographical environment affects local hazard intensity and therefore can change the pattern of loss distribution. Regional multi-hazard, disaster chain, and disaster compound could induce complex impacts, amplifying or attenuating hazard intensity and changing the scope of affected areas. In the light of research progress, particularly in the context of China, we propose a three-layer disaster risk science disciplinary structure, which contains three pillars (disaster science, disaster technology, and disaster governance), nine core areas, and 27 research fields. Based on these elements, we discuss the frontiers in disaster risk science research.

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1 Introduction

2019 was the 30th anniversary of the United Nations (UN) global disaster risk reduction (DRR) initiatives. On 11 December 1987, the UN General Assembly announced plans to organize the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) in the 1990s. On 23–27 May 1994, the First World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held in Yokohama, Japan. Its output, the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World (IDNDR 1994 ), suggested that disaster prevention, preparedness, mitigation, and relief are the key measures needed to build a safer world and realize sustainable development. In November 2000, the 54th UN General Assembly decided to implement the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), and set up a Secretariat for coordination. On 18–22 January 2005, the Second World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held in Kobe, Japan. The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 – 2015 (UNISDR 2005 ) was adopted, which emphasized building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. On 14–18 March 2015, the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction was held in Sendai, Japan. Its official output, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 (UNISDR 2015 ), exclusively outlined four priorities: understand disaster risk, strengthen disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, invest in disaster risk reduction for resilience, and enhance disaster preparedness for effective response and to Build Back Better in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The Sendai Framework also called for enhanced international collaboration to build a global DRR partnership to face the challenges of climate change and achieve the sustainable development goals. So far, it has been a 30-year endeavor of all countries, sectors, and stakeholders to seek for the scientific strategies, effective methods, advanced technologies, and powerful measures that promote DRR.

The fundamental motivation of disaster risk science and technology (S&T) development is to protect life and assets and achieve sustainable socioeconomic development. The scientific community, primarily Earth sciences researchers, has responded actively to the UN global DRR initiatives, and has systematically provided S&T support. During the 30 years of UN global initiatives, from hazard mitigation to disaster reduction and then to DRR, the academic community has conducted a series of systematic and integrated research efforts to address global, regional, subregional, country, local, and community needs. The topics have covered the entire cycle of disaster management (prevention, preparedness, emergency response, recovery, and reconstruction) and regional actions for DRR from the perspective of Earth system science. The scope and focus of disaster risk science are summarized in subsequent subsections: Sects. 1.1 and 1.2 .

1.1 Hazards, Disasters, Disaster Risks, and Their Linkages

The academic community has not reached a consensus on the concepts of hazard, disaster, and disaster risk. Under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the United Nations proposed a terminology system that has been widely adopted by researchers and practitioners: Hazard is “a process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation” (UNDRR 2017 ). Hazards include biological, environmental, geological, hydrometeorological and technological processes and phenomena (UNISDR 2015 ). Disaster is “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts” (UNDRR 2017 ). Disaster risk is “the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets that could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity” (UNDRR 2017 ).

Figure 1 presents a framework that elaborates the linkages and differences among hazards, disasters, and disaster risks (Shi 2018 ). For hazards, the observation, monitoring, and measurement of hazards help to reveal the spatial–temporal patterns and formation mechanisms, and develop statistical and/or process-based models for prediction, forecasting, and early warning. On these bases, the formation processes of individual disaster events can be modeled, and their consequences can be estimated, including human casualties, losses in property and damage to resources and environment, and further economic, political, cultural, societal, and ecosystem effects. The estimation of disaster impacts in a region as a whole through time (regional disasters) can be obtained from statistical analysis of regional disaster pattern and construction of indices and models. For risks, by understanding the hazard mechanism and disaster process of a regional disaster system, future risk of disasters at the event and regional scales under difference scenarios can be assessed with disaster risk models and modeling that integrates hazard forecasting modules and disaster impact estimation modules.

Relationships between hazards, disasters, and risks

1.2 The Disaster System

In order to deepen understanding of the relationship between hazards and the formation of disasters, the concept of disaster system (DS) has been proposed (Shi 1991 ). The DS is regarded as the object of disaster risk science research, and has both structure and function (Fig. 2 ). The structure presents the elements of a DS. To Ma and Gao the DS consists of planet Earth, human beings, and atmospheric, geological, hydrometeorological, and biological hazards (Ma and Gao 1990 ); or a DS can be described as an Earth surface metamorphic system consisting of the geographical environment, hazards, socioeconomic exposure, and disaster (losses) (Shi 1991 ) (Fig. 2 a); or alternatively as a coupled system of Earth system, human system, and construction system (Mileti 1999 ).

Source Adapted from Shi ( 1991 , 2005 )

A conceptual model of disaster system.

The interlinkages and interactions among the elements determine the function of the DS (Fig. 2 b) (Shi, Wang, et al. 2014 ). Disaster vulnerability in a broader sense contains resilience and adaptability (Turner et al. 2003 ). Key function attributes of the core elements of a disaster system (Df) therefore include environmental stability (or sensitivity) (S), hazardousness (H), and vulnerability of the exposed units (V). The interactions of those attributes determine the state and function of a disaster system, Df = S ∩ H ∩ V (Shi 2005 ). Burton et al. stated that vulnerability plays a key role in the formation of disasters (Burton et al. 1993 ). Wisner emphasized the interaction of hazards and exposure during the formation of disasters (Wisner et al. 2004 ): No hazard, no disaster; no exposure, no disaster, either. This is exactly the reason that the second edition of At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters has revised its conceptual framework from R ( isk )= H + V to R = H × V , which clarifies the necessary condition of both hazard and exposure (socioeconomic vulnerability) in disasters.

The regional geographical environment within which hazards form determines not only the spatial distribution of exposure, but also influences the complexity of hazards and further alters hazard intensity. Such influences could be critical in triggering completely different multi-hazards, disaster chains, and disaster compounding events. This can be demonstrated by the dramatic difference between the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China that occurred in a mountainous region, and the 2011 Eastern Japan Great Earthquake and Tsunami that occurred off-shore. The Wenchuan Earthquake triggered a large number of rock-falls and landslides, which together with rainstorms further induced debris flows and quake lakes, which formed a typical disaster chain of earthquake–rock fall and landslide–rainstorm–debris flow–quake lake (Shi 2008a ). The East Japan Earthquake, by contrast, triggered a tsunami, which in turn damaged the nuclear power plant in Fukushima, forming a typical Natech (Natural disaster-triggered technological accident) disaster chain of earthquake–tsunami–nuclear power plant failure–radiative accidents (Okada et al. 2011 ). Their difference vividly illustrates the critical roles of the geographical environment in modifying local hazards. It also reveals that the structure of a disaster system determines its function and regional features.

2 Advances in Disaster Risk Science Research

In this section, we review the major scientific advances in disaster risk research, in terms of our understanding of each of the key elements—hazards, disaster, disaster risks and disaster response, as well as integrated studies.

2.1 Hazard Study in Disaster Risk Science

Studies of hazards have always been fundamental in disaster risk science research. Their focus is to deepen our understanding of the causes and formation mechanism of hazards, so as to improve forecasting capability and accuracy and, in turn, the effectiveness of early warning. Researchers from the fields of seismology, meteorology, geology, hydrology, biology, and geography have conducted long-term systematic research on the formation mechanism and processes, dynamics, and causes of various types of natural hazards. In addition to the systematic research within single disciplinary fields, transdisciplinary, comprehensive studies have also been conducted about earthquakes, tropic cyclones, landslides, debris flows, floods, diseases and pests, wildfires, droughts, land degradation, and desertification. The launch of the IDNDR greatly stimulated hazard studies. Several important academic journals were founded, including Natural Hazards (1988 in the United States), Environmental Hazards (1999 in the United Kingdom), Natural Hazards Review (2000 in the United States), and Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (2001 in Germany). There are also many hazard study books such as Recent Studies in Geophysical Hazards (El-Sabh et al. 1994 ), Natural Hazards (Chen and Shi 2013 ), and the Atlas of Natural Disasters in China published bilingually in Chinese and English (Zhang 1992 ).

Recent advances within the focus of hazard studies include, for example, further understanding of earthquake occurrence, which has occurred by connecting slow earthquakes to huge earthquakes (Obara and Kato 2016 ), earthquake forecast (Huang 2015 ), and early-warning system improvement (Cochran and Husker 2019 ). Sea-surface temperature change and its impact on tropic cyclone frequency and intensity is explored by Emanuel ( 2017 ). Other examples include the impact of global warming (Yamaguchi et al. 2020 ) and rising sea-level on tropical cyclones and storm surges (Calafat and Marcos 2020 ), and their influence on costal residents’ migration (Hauer 2017 ). The linkages between climate change and hydrometeorological hazards (for example, floods and heatwaves) and their secondary hazards (for example, landslides and debris flows), mostly concentrate on the altered frequency and intensity of hazards driven by climate change (Stott 2016 ; Blöschl et al. 2019 ), and have spurred the construction and improvement of early-warning systems (Schiermeier 2018 ). The connection between climate change and environmental hazards such as droughts, wildfires, land degradation, and desertification are examined by Mazdiyasni and AghaKouchak ( 2015 ), especially the cryosphere change in higher elevation regions and its corresponding impact on the water supply of oases in arid basins (Pritchard 2019 ). Besides these single hazard studies, multi-hazards, hazard chains or cascading hazards (Walter et al. 2019 ), and hazard compounds (Bevacqua et al. 2019 ) are attracting increasing attention.

2.2 Disaster Study in Disaster Risk Science

Studies of hazards have been accompanied by research on disasters, and the focus of the latter has been on the loss-formation mechanism, and evaluation of disaster losses and impacts. Special attention has been paid to the critical roles of human and socioeconomic factors in the formation of disasters, and their amplification on the effects of natural and environmental hazards. Journals, including Disasters (founded in 1977 in the United Kingdom), the Journal of Catastrophology (founded in 1986 in China), and Progress in Disaster Science (founded in 2018 in the Netherlands), have promoted the advance in this field.

Key topics in this field, repeatedly published in the journals mentioned above, include, for instance, the global impact of volcanic eruption (Papale and Marzocchi 2019 ); the spatial–temporal distribution of urban heat wave exposure and loss (Yang et al. 2019 ); climate change and flood vulnerability (Jongman et al. 2015 ); socioeconomic impact assessment of climate change (Carleton and Hsiang 2016 ; Su et al. 2018 ); the damage of climate extremes to road infrastructure and transportation (Wang et al. 2019 ), among many others. These studies have largely improved the methodology and models available for disaster loss assessment, particularly for climate trend effects and climate change-related disasters, and have significantly advanced disaster risk science.

Many important books have also been published in this field, including The Environment as Hazard (Burton et al. 1993 ), Major Natural Disasters in China and the Mitigation Countermeasures (General Issues) (Ma 1994 ), Disasters by Design (Mileti 1999 ), the Atlas of Natural Disaster Systems of China , which appears in a bilingual Chinese and English edition (Shi 2003 ), At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters (Wisner et al. 2004 ), and Natural Disasters in China (Shi 2016 ), among others. These publications have mostly centered on the relationship between resource exploitation and natural hazards and disasters from the perspective of human activity, and have paid close attention to the role of human and socioeconomic factors in the formation of disasters, all contributing in important ways to the development of disaster risk science research.

2.3 Risk Study in Disaster Risk Science

Studies on risks have involved the extension of disaster studies to meet the urgent needs of risk reduction, with foci on disaster risk assessment, simulation, and governance approaches. Risk Analysis (founded in 1981 in the United States) has concentrated on the mathematical models and modeling of disaster risk. Other journals such as Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies (founded in 2006 in South Africa), and Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk (founded in 2010 in the United Kingdom) have also published systematic studies on disaster risk. In 2010, the International Journal of Disaster Risk Science was founded in China, which for the first time formally put forward the term “disaster risk science.”

Advances in risk studies in recent years include, for example, seismic risk simulation using scenario ensembles (Robinson et al. 2018 ) and risk reduction (Tucker 2013 ), global trends of tropical cyclone risks (Peduzzi et al. 2012 ), climatic and socioeconomic controls in coastal flood risks (Vousdoukas et al. 2018 ), climate change and global flood risk and its reduction (Kundzewicz et al. 2018 ; Ward et al. 2015 ; Aerts et al. 2018 ), avalanche risk (Ballesteros-Cánovas et al. 2018 ), wild fire risk (Radeloff et al. 2018 ), and multi-hazard risk (Koks et al. 2019 ). There has been an increasing concern about networked risk (Helbing 2013 ) and compound event risks (Zscheischler et al. 2018 ), and crop synchronized failure risk (Gaupp et al. 2020 ), and so on.

There are also many books published in the risk field, for example, Integrated Catastrophe Risk Modeling (Amendola et al. 2013 ), Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society (Collins et al. 2014 ), The Social Roots of Risk: Producing Disasters, Promoting Resilience (Tierney 2014 ), the World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk (Shi and Kasperson 2015 ), Risk Modeling for Hazards and Disasters (Michel 2018 ), among many others. In the context of China, representative works include Mountainous Disaster Forming Mechanism and Risk Control in Wenchuan Earthquake (Cui et al. 2011 ), the Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk of China (Shi 2011a ), Integrated Risk Governance: Science, Technology and Demonstration (Shi 2011b ), Integrated Risk Governance (Shi, Jaeger, et al. 2012 ), the Atlas of Environmental Risks Facing China Under Climate Change (Tang and Ge 2018 ), Disaster Risk Science (Shi 2018 ), and so on. These publications have substantially pushed forward the development of disaster risk science research in China and globally, deepened understanding of disaster risk, particularly for climate change, multi-hazards, disaster chains, and disaster compounds, and provided scientific support to risk reduction plans.

2.4 Disaster Response Study in Disaster Risk Science

Disaster response includes two pillars: the response system for individual disaster events, namely, prevention, preparedness, emergency response, recovery and reconstruction; and the response system for regional disasters, namely the combination of prevention, consilience, relief, and integrated disaster risk governance.

In response to the United Nations call for global hazard mitigation, disaster reduction, and DRR, several scientific programs have been launched, a set of new academic journals have been founded, and new research output in the form of journal articles and books have been published. In 2008, the International Council for Science (ICSU) launched the Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) program (ICSU 2008 ). The International Human Dimension Program (IHDP) launched the Integrated Risk Governance (IRG) core science project (Shi, Jaeger, et al. 2012 ). In 2015, IRG formally enrolled in the Future Earth program. In this field, representative academic journals include Geological Hazard and Control (founded in 1990 in China, and renamed The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control in 1991), Disaster Prevention and Management (founded in 1992 in the United States), the Journal of Flood Risk Management (founded in 2008 in the United Kingdom), the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment (founded in 2010 in the United Kingdom), and International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (founded in 2012 in the Netherlands). These journals have provided important platforms for academic discussion of disaster response.

The latest progress in disaster response study, for instance, has focused on: the function of preparedness in disaster response (McNutt 2015 ); optimization of emergency coping resources (Hanson and Roberts 2005 ); emergency relocation and social capital (Hikichi et al. 2017 ); disaster insurance’s plausible roles (Surminski et al. 2016 ), and so on. Other studies call for effective adaptation to climate change to reduce disaster risk (Jongman 2018 ), particularly increased adaptation in the private sector (Goldstein et al. 2019 ), prevention capacity improvement in the wildland-urban interface (Calkin et al. 2014 ) and coastal regions (Barbier 2014 ), protection of the environment and ecosystem services (Reyers et al. 2015 ), adjustments in human exposure in quantity and distribution (Spears 2015 ).

Representative publications in this field include Large - scale Disasters: Prediction, Control, and Mitigation (Gad-el-Hak 2008 ), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (IPCC 2012 ), Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society (Collins et al. 2014 ), Integrated Disaster Science and Management: Global Case Studies in Mitigation and Recovery (Samui et al. 2018 ), and Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia: Potentials and Challenges (Shaw et al. 2018 ).

Important concentrations of research in the disaster response field include the improvement of disaster and risk management, implementation of disaster reduction strategies, improvement of early-warning technology and information services for effective response, an improved scientific basis for disaster insurance, and disaster aid for developing countries. These research nodes have greatly promoted scientific research in disaster response, provided solid S&T support to effective disaster response, and supplied evidence for the UN’s strategy for reducing disaster impact and DRR.

3 A Framework for Disaster Risk Science Research

Developing disaster risk science is imperative to meet the need for DRR, and is the product of and basis for implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 of the United Nations (Aitsi-Selmi et al. 2016 ). The terminology system is not complete, and some of the terms overlap or are contradictory (Kelman 2018 ). This situation requires scholars to learn from other disciplines and improve the precision of their terminology in order to establish an interdisciplinary group of disaster risk science researchers.

Disaster risk science is the discipline that studies the hazard mechanism, disaster process, dynamics modeling, spatial–temporal patterns of disaster impact (effects and losses), emergency response, and risk governance paradigms of disaster systems. It is a multi-, cross-, and transdisciplinary field. The structure of disaster risk science is different from that of the Earth science system, which is divided into Earth spheres (such as geology, geography, atmospheric science, oceanology and ecology, and so on), or divided by basic science linkage (such as geomathematics, geophysics, geochemistry, geometrics, digital Earth, and so on). By contrast, the division of disaster risk science is closer to that of the study of the cryosphere (Qin et al. 2017 ). Disaster risk science includes not only basic (including applied basic) studies, namely, theory and methodology, but also systematic application-oriented research and development (R&D), namely, response technologies and governance approaches and their integration. Because the disaster system is a giant, complex system, its corresponding disaster risk science naturally is a disciplinary group, which can be further divided into three pillars—disaster science, disaster technology, and disaster governance.

Disaster science mainly focuses on the structure, function, properties, and dynamics of disaster systems. Research on disaster systems’ structure includes the study of hazards, socioeconomic exposure, and the environment. Research on the function of disaster systems includes studies on hazardousness (threat or danger), socioeconomic vulnerability, and environmental stability. Research on the properties of disaster systems refers to studies that explore their interconnectedness, regionality, complexity, and coupling features. Research on disaster system dynamics refers to the mechanism, processes, and evolution of these systems. Given these topics, disaster science can be further divided into fields such as hazardology, hazardous environment studies, and exposure science (Fig. 3 ).

A framework of disaster risk science research—a root system diagram of the three-layered disciplinary structure

Disaster technology mainly focuses on the R&D of disaster systems’ metrics and statistics, disaster response technologies, disaster and risk management technologies, and technology integration. Disaster system metrics and statistics includes disaster monitoring (site and station based, or using remote sensing data and big data), forecasting, early warning, loss estimation (statistics and relative impact), disaster modeling (experimental, numerical, and scenario modeling of mechanisms and impacts), disaster risk assessment (quantitative, semiquantitative, qualitative), and disaster risk simulation. Disaster response technology includes technologies for prevention (inventory, maps, regionalization, plans and planning, fortification standards, insurance), resilience (structural measures, retrofitting, relocation, site improvement), and relief (rapid assessment, aid to victims, organizing assistance and funding, distribution of material and funds), and their integration. Disaster and risk management technology covers disaster management (regulation, standard, procedure, method, statistical indicator system, mapping, logistic, online service and automation, information system), disaster risk management (regulation, standard, procedure, method, mapping, premium setting, loss assessment, insurance, financing, online service and automation, information system), and disaster emergency management (regulation, standard, procedure, method, plan, logistic, institution, online service and automation, information system) and technologies. Disaster technology can be divided into disaster metrics and statistics, disaster response technology, and disaster and risk management technology (Fig. 3 ).

Disaster governance mainly focuses on developing approaches and methods of preparedness, adaptation, emergency response, recovery and reconstruction, and their integration. Disaster preparedness and adaptation management includes capacity building for the management of inventories, shelters, and command system; disaster response schemes, plans and standards, and disaster response media communication, campaign, and education. Emergency response management covers emergency command and rescue systems, logistics and allocation of goods and materials, and joint defense and control. Recovery and reconstruction management covers rehabilitation, carrying capacity assessment, ground safety assessment, and reconstruction planning. According to the topics/fields mentioned above, disaster governance can be divided into disaster preparedness governance, disaster emergency governance, and disaster recovery and reconstruction governance. Therefore, disaster risk science as an interdisciplinary group contains three pillars, nine core-areas, and 27 research fields (Fig. 3 ).

Disaster risk science has strong multi-, cross-, and transdisciplinary features. Its theory, methodology, technology, and governance systems must be broadly developed from the perspectives of science and engineering, as well as the humanities and social sciences. Therefore, disaster risk science, as a super disciplinary group, requires its researchers and students to have a wide knowledge background in the Geosciences (Geology, Geography, Atmospheric Sciences, Oceanology, Geomathematics, Geophysics, Geochemistry, Geometrics, Digital Earth, and so on), Life Sciences (Biology, Ecology, Medicine, Pharmaceutical Science, and so on), Economics, Management Science, as well as Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Information Science and Technology, Language and Literature, History, Philosophy, Sociology, Political Science, and Law, among others.

4 Frontiers in the Disaster Risk Science Research

The Sendai Framework has outlined four priorities of actions, and these four priorities all require strong support from disaster risk science. This offers new opportunity but also challenges for disaster risk science. The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 was held in Geneva in 27–29 January 2016 (Dickinson et al. 2016 ). Scientists, policymakers, business people, and practitioners at the conference focused on following key questions: (1) In what way would the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership leverage local, national, regional, and international networks and platforms to advance multidisciplinary research and bring together science, policy, and practice? (2) How is disaster risk understood, and how are risks assessed and early warning systems designed? (3) What data, standards, and innovative practices would be needed to measure and report on risk reduction? (4) What research and capacity gaps exist and how can difficulties in creating and using science for effective disaster risk reduction be overcome? In support, UNISDR also revised DRR-related terminology, and set up monitoring indices for the seven targets listed in the Sendai Framework. In light of these updates, five topics should be addressed as high priority research areas: Dynamics and non-dynamics of disaster systems; disaster response digital systems; disaster response models; integrated disaster risk governance paradigms; and new disaster emergency and risk management systems.

4.1 Dynamics and Non-dynamics of Disaster Systems

Disaster systems are typical coupled human–environment systems, or socioecological systems, with the features of giant systems and complex network systems. A regional disaster system can have complex network system behaviors such as disaster swarms, disaster chains, and disaster compounds (Shi, Lu, et al. 2014 ). A disaster swarm refers to the phenomenon that disasters often occur as spatial and temporal clusters (Shi 1991 ). It is close to the concept of multi-hazards, and this clustering property mainly depends on the environment of the region. A disaster swarm could be further grouped into a temporal co-occurrence and a spatial cluster of hazards. Disaster chains (or cascading disasters) refer to the triggering or causal relationship between one disaster and other disaster(s). It can be further divided into parallel disaster chains (one-to-many; or ripple behavior), and sporadic disaster chains (one-after-another; or the domino effect) (Shi 1991 ; Shi, Lu, et al. 2014 ). The concept of a hazard/disaster compound was proposed by Hewitt and Burton, and indicates “the co-occurrence of multiple disasters that could induce social risks” (Burton et al. 1993 ; Hewitt 1997 ). In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework, hazard compounds are a special case that result when two or more climate extremes occur together. We have framed disaster compound as the case in which two or more disasters without any causal relationships have occurred simultaneously or consecutively, and induces much larger consequences than the simple summation of each disaster, even if they are not extremes when considered separately (Shi, Lu, et al. 2014 ). Understanding these complex features of disaster systems is important for further understanding the formation process of hazards and disasters.

The existing literature has obtained some understanding of disasters induced by climate extremes. Knowledge gaps still exist, however, about the complexity of global change, particularly about the impact of climate change on disaster systems. Our earlier studies have shown that climate change impact on disaster has three different components: (1) the trade-off induced by climate trends; (2) uncertainty introduced by climate variability; and (3) the extreme impact associated with climate extremes (Shi, Ye, et al. 2012 ; Wang et al. 2018 ). The trade-offs induced by climate trends depend largely on geographical location. For instance, for crops grown in higher latitudes or altitudes, warming climate brings more potential gains than losses. By contrast, in middle-and-lower latitude arid and semi-arid regions, warming would further exacerbate drought, making it even more difficulty to reduce agricultural risks. The impact of climate variability largely depends on the threshold of triggers. Variation of precipitation and temperature without exceeding the prevention capacity of human society could have some effect, but not disaster. Once variations in climate exceed impact prevention capacity, a tipping-point might occur and catastrophic extreme climate and weather disaster could be triggered, causing huge losses and long-run impacts.

Studying multi-hazard, disaster chain, and disaster compound occurrences, and the impacts of climate change in its trend, variability, and extremes have important theoretical and practical meanings in understanding regional hazard mechanisms and disaster processes. Presently, we have only started to study the many features of disaster system dynamics and non-dynamics, that is, their interconnectedness, regionality, complexity, and coupling. In most cases, the existing literature considers one or two features at one time, and mainly focuses on single hazard types. Studies on the dynamics of multi-hazard, disaster chain, and disaster compound events have been very limited. Current studies on the impact of climate change on disasters paid more attention to the impact of climate trend, that is, estimation of loss and of the impacts of global average temperature increase, than that of the changes in climate variability and extremes. Studies about the dynamics of climate change in its mean, variability, and extremes, together forming systemic risk, are also limited. Study of the dynamics of disaster systems continues to rely heavily on complex network system dynamics. There is an urgent need to further establish novel quantitative indices, and deepen our understanding of the mechanisms and processes that are basic to network system dynamics. Study on the non-dynamics of disaster systems, that is, disaster risk related management and policy issues, have largely been limited to statistical analysis.

The globalization process has further highlighted the regional, interconnective, coupled, and complex features of disaster systems. The system dynamics and non-dynamics of disaster systems not only reveal the “node degree” behavior of their elements, but also their “consilience” behavior (Hu et al. 2017 ). The consilience of disaster systems can reflect the differences of regional disaster systems not only in their mechanisms and processes, but also the integrated features of their structures and functions. The concept of consilience also makes quantitative analysis and simulation of disaster systems possible. Disaster system dynamics contain mechanisms, processes, and dynamics models. Numerical simulations together with statistical models have often been applied to model the nature of nonlinear dynamic processes. The non-dynamics processes—disaster and disaster risk management schemes and policies—of a disaster system, like many other human–environment systems, have limited quantitative indicators and data to model, and mostly relied on statistical models. The integration and coupled study of the system dynamics and non-dynamics features of disaster systems have always been a tough challenge in disaster risk science research. With the development of the supercomputer, big data, artificial intelligence, visualization, and modern 5G network systems and their application in coupled human–environment systems, a promotion in the integration and coupled study on the system dynamics and non-dynamics of disaster systems is expected, making possible a deeper understanding of the formation processes of hazard and disaster.

4.2 Disaster Response Digital Systems

Information systems have played important roles in disaster response. The digital system for disaster response is a critical part in digital Earth systems, including the disaster response system, digital disaster system, and modeled disaster system.

The disaster response system is the system that describes the response of a regional DS at varying scales—community, local place, nation, subregion, region, and the globe—to individual disaster events and regional disasters. These include various types of response activities, such as DRR demonstration communities, Footnote 1 the UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) disaster resilience scorecard for cities, Footnote 2 WHO-international safe community approach to injury prevention, Footnote 3 and various other types of resources for disaster response.

The digital disaster system is the data center of a regional disaster system, mainly about the construction of and quality standard for information products. Disaster system data centers can be established by expanding the databases created from implementing the Yokohama Strategy , the Hyogo Framework for Action , and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and incorporating new data obtained from new technologies and approaches such as earth observation, internet resources, big data processing, and supercomputing. The goal of developing such digital disaster systems and data centers is to turn the observation of individual disaster events from occasional observation into long-term and fixed-site observation, from static observation to dynamic analysis, from human observation to artificial intelligence-supported observation. In this way, it is possible to provide critical data support and management services for global and regional DRR. Such data centers must be capable of receiving data from local sources and the cloud, accessing telecommunication, navigation, and remote sensing data, and assimilating multisource, spatial–temporal data.

The modeled disaster system is the modeling platform for quantitative studies of regional DS mechanisms, processes, and dynamics, loss estimation and modeling for disaster events, disaster risk assessment, and simulation of regional disasters. Based on the support of the disaster response system and data centers, technologies such as cloud computing, geographic information systems, big data visualization, virtual reality and augmented reality, and artificial intelligence can be applied to conduct all-weather, full-element, whole-process, and all-scale integrated simulation via various types of disaster and disaster-risk models.

4.3 Disaster Response Models

Disaster response models include those designed models for individual disaster events and for regional disaster systems.

Systematic response model for individual disaster events From the disaster management cycle (Carter 2008 ), the management of individual disaster events includes the stages of preparedness, prediction and early warning, emergency response, relief, recovery and reconstruction. The Sendai Framework divides the response to a disaster event into five stages: preparedness, emergency, rehabilitation, recovery, and reconstruction (UNISDR 2015 ). We divide the response to an individual disaster event into three phases: pre-disaster, during-disaster, and post-disaster. These three phases cover the preparedness, emergency response, recovery, and reconstruction stages that form the functional system of integrated disaster risk governance. Of the four stages, preparedness is the key. The response of China to the 2020 novel coronavirus has revealed the drawbacks of an insufficient resources reserve and the weakness in existing prediction and early-warning capability.

Systematic response model for regional disasters At the regional scale, disaster response has to strive for a synthesis of prevention, resilience, and relief, with a major focus on prevention. This is also the structural system of integrated disaster risk governance. Prevention is the key in regional disaster response. From the practice of disaster response, prevention refers to the set of measures that include peril identification and survey, disaster governance regionalization, prevention standard determination, and disaster insurance development. The key for resilience includes infrastructure construction, and retrofitting. The key for relief includes rapid disaster assessment and humanitarian aid. The response system for regional disasters is closely related to the developmental disaster risk governance paradigm (see below for more discussion). The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of a response system for regional disasters can be improved via optimization under the rules of effectiveness, efficiency, and equity (Shi 2011b ; Hu et al. 2014 ).

4.4 Integrated Disaster Risk Governance Paradigms

Presently, there are plenty of ongoing discussions on the synergetic paradigm of green development and DRR, the collaborative paradigm of regions and sectors to increase DRR resources utilization efficiency, and the consilience paradigm of stakeholder involvement to improve DRR resources utilization effectiveness. The ultimate goal of these paradigms is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of integrated DRR resources utilization (Hu et al. 2014 ; Shi 2018 ).

Synergetic paradigm The synergetic paradigm achieves the balance of development and security (Fig. 4 ) via effective disaster risk reduction and an overall plan of green development and integrated disaster risk governance in order to promote sustainable development (Shi 2008b ). This process is also referred to as managing risk for development (World Bank 2014 ). It is characterized by the following goals: (1) coordinate the establishment of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, the promotion of green economy, and progress toward a circular economy; (2) enhance the administrative functions of governments at all levels, and promote the roles of other stakeholdes (entrepreneurs and households) in integrated disaster risk governance (Shi et al. 2006 ); (3) increase integrated disaster risk governance resource utilization efficiency and effectiveness, optimize the coordination of DRR plans at different levels and sectors, synergize innovative development that is coordinated, green, open, and shared, and that promotes the establishment of “win–win” models for all. The establishment of regional integrated disaster risk governance synergetic paradigm has important supportive roles in improving response capability to regional disasters.

Source Adapted from Shi ( 2008b )

Synergetic paradigm for disaster risk governance and sustainable development.

Collaborative paradigm The collaborative paradigm is important in improving the stakeholders’ role in regional integrated disaster risk governance, particularly their capability to respond systematically in individual disaster events. The collaborative paradigm attempts to build up the cooperative relationship of stakeholders in the system via improvement of institutional arrangements, operational mechanisms, and legislation (Shi 1996 , 2009 ) (Fig. 5 ). The establishment of a regional disaster risk governance collaborative paradigm can effectively guide the improvement of response capability in event-based disaster management systems (Shi et al. 2006 ).

Collaborative paradigm for regional disaster risk governance: stakeholders’ relationship

Consilience paradigm The consilience paradigm involves the integration of “cohesion” and “joining force,” which is the integration of hard and soft power, coupling of the dynamic and non-dynamic elements of systems, and integration of structural and nonstructural measures in the response of stakeholders (governments, the private sector, and individuals and households) to individual disaster events and regional disasters in integrated disaster systems. Consilience is a metrics and description of the “cohesion” and “joining force” capabilities, and is related to system structure and function. In the concept of consilience, cohesion refers to the process by which system components reach consensus, and joining force refers to the process that links system components to form joint forces. Consensus is reached and joint forces are formed in order to resist gradual or sudden hits from external hazards. Consilience refers to four different synergetic principles in disaster management: (1) tolerance (cohesion), namely “united people can move mountains” (traditional Chinese saying, Ren Xin Qi, Tai Shan Yi ), “united people are strong” ( Qi Min Zhe Qiang ); (2) constraint (cohesion), namely “sacrifice a pawn to save a castle” ( Qi Zu Bao Ju ), “triumph comes when leaders and followers share the same goal” ( Shang Xia Tong Yu Zhe Sheng ); (3) amplification (joining force), that is, “more hands produce a stronger flame” ( Zhong Ren Shi Chai Huo Yan Gao ); and (4) diversification (joining force), that is, “ten chopsticks are stronger than one.” Consilience is closely related to the vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability of disaster systems (Shi, Wang, et al. 2014 ). Consilience can be computed by using consilience degree (Hu et al. 2017 ). Simulation experiments have shown that a higher consilience degree indicates a greater capability to resist external shocks. Optimization over consilience degree can substantially increase DRR resources utilization efficiency and effectiveness (Hu et al. 2017 ).

4.5 New Disaster Emergency and Risk Management Systems

In the era of globalization, modern disaster risks have wide spatial extent, stronger systemic features, and greater uncertainty and unpredictability than ever before. Disaster risk is no longer a matter of single, one-shot events, but a new societal norm. We have entered the “risk society,” and face the situation of “living with risk” (Beck 1999 ; UNISDR 2004 ). It has become an urgent issue in DRR to establish new emergency and risk management systems, which is also a new challenge in disaster risk science research.

New disaster emergency management systems An emergency management system is an important part of the disaster response system and the core of individual disaster event response. Traditional emergency management systems, which consist of ex-ante prevention, during event coping, and ex-post recovery, have been challenged by multi-hazards, disaster chains, and disaster compounds. It has been an arduous task for disaster risk science research to reveal how we can improve the emergency management capacity against large-scale disasters by regrouping disaster management administrations, establishing new schemes, improving legal systems, encouraging applied S&T as well as R&D, restructuring educational and cultural systems, enhancing rescuing systems, empowering social mobilization, and improving guaranteed emergency resources access. New disaster management schemes, administrations, systems, and command and rescue forces must be established to save people’s lives and property from disasters by using science, technology, planning, and management measures. During the response to the 2020 novel coronavirus outbreak, the Chinese government has called for a new emergency management strategy of “strengthening confidence, working together, scientific prevention and control, and targeted implementation” (Zhao et al. 2020 ).

Globally emergency management systems differ substantially by nations’ administrative system, institutional arrangement, and legal system. China has adopted the emergency management system of “centralized leadership, integrated coordination, management by category, multi-level responsibility, and jurisdiction management,” which places more emphasis on the regional integration of different government authorities. The United States adopted the dual-core (Federal and State administration) system supported with Federal disaster-related agencies, which emphasizes strongly the role of responsible agencies. Japan adopted a system of centralized management with the participation of local governments and departments. Since 1994, Russia has set up its Ministry of Emergency Situations. The department takes full responsibility for commanding and coordinating emergency situations, and reports to the President directly. A successful emergency management system requires an authoritative command system, solid legal support, strong rescue teams, extensive social mobilization, efficient joint defense and joint control mechanisms, strong S&T support, a consilient social environment, and timely and accurate online information services. It requires practical tests to identify which system could be more efficient, and which system could be more effective for various types of emergencies.

New disaster risk management system The UNDRR has emphasized the development strategy of “living with risk.” The dependence and interactions between different types of disaster risks are intensifying in the era of globalization. The occurrence of disaster chains becomes more frequent, with more complicated mechanisms and larger scale impacts than before. Traditional disaster risk management systems based on quantitative measurement and assessment, and an expertise system of single disciplines, are facing a series of challenges stemming from multi-hazards, disaster chains, disaster compounds, and global change. A new disaster risk management system must follow the overall trend in the “risk society.” There are different interpretations of disaster management and disaster governance. In UNDRR’s perspective, disaster management refers to specific actions in DRR, while disaster governance emphasizes institutional arrangements. The International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) has advocated a change from risk management to risk governance. The IRGC proposes to integrate DRR with green development. The Chinese government is promoting holistic national security, that is, an effort to strive for people-centered and coordinated development, prevention-centered and integrated DRR, response with legal and S&T support, and private-sector participation under government leadership. In an era of globalization, more comparative studies are needed to understand how to establish a brand-new disaster risk management system (Hu et al. 2017 ).

Integrated disaster risk governance needs to pay special attention to modern coupled human–environment system research (Liu et al. 2007 ) and the human dimensions of disaster vulnerability research (Cutter and Finch 2008 ). This field could borrow the idea of the Dujiangyan irrigation system from ancient China so that appropriate modification to the local environments can lead to the win–win result of risk reduction and development gains (Yan et al. 2017 ). It could also consider China’s response strategy to large-scale disasters, that is, to focus on stakeholder cohesion and joining forces, conduct joint defense, and centralize community prevention and governance in order to strengthen confidence, work together, scientifically prevent and reduce disaster risks, and achieve targeted implementation of policies.

5 Conclusion

It has been 30 years since UN lunched the IDNDR and the global joint efforts devoted to reducing disaster risk. There has been remarkable development in DRR science and technology. In the present article, we have reviewed the framework and contents of disaster risk science research and summarized recent progress in disaster risk science with regard to hazard study focusing on the physical mechanisms, disaster study concentrating on estimating and modeling of losses, risk study emphasizing assessment, and disaster response study highlighting actions for risk reduction. Based on these understandings, we propose a three-dimensional and three-layered disciplinary system for disaster risk science research containing three pillars (disaster science, disaster technology, and disaster governance). Key research frontiers in this field, including the dynamics and non-dynamics of disaster systems, disaster response digital systems, disaster response models, and integrated disaster risk governance paradigms are also briefly discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the discussions with Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, Ortwin Renn, Guoyi Han, and many BNU colleagues who helped to improve the paper. This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, “Global Change Risks of Population and Economic Systems: Mechanisms and Assessments,” Grant No. 2016YFA0602404.

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Shi, P., Ye, T., Wang, Y. et al. Disaster Risk Science: A Geographical Perspective and a Research Framework. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 11 , 426–440 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00296-5

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Hurricane Response Plan: Analysis The City of Baton Rouge Emergency Services has developed a five-step detailed response plan in the event of a major hurricane to reduce risks to civilians and city infrastructure.
The Hurricane Katrina: Consequences Hurricane Katrina is one of the unprecedented disasters that led to deaths and the destruction of economic resources.
The Possibility of Agroterrorism: Disaster Management Efforts The U.S. needs to prepare for the possibility of agroterrorism. Local administrators are responsible for disaster management efforts.
Earthquakes Preventions in USA and Japan The article clarifies the issue of earthquakes in the United States, investigate the weaknesses of the American system, and explore the benefits of the Japanese technique.
Concrete Homes Your Fortress in a Natural Disaster
II-the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster the Year
Hurricane Katrin Human-Made Disaster
Hurricane Sandy: Lessons Learned From the Natural Disaster
Thomas Drabek and Crisis and Disaster Management
Disaster Management: The Cases of Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Rita, and Hurricane Ike
Natural Disaster, Environmental Concerns, Well-Being and Policy Action
Improving the American Red Cross Disaster Relief
Union Carbide Disaster: Bhopal, India
Managing Risk the Disaster Plan That You Will Need
Disasters: Disaster Management Cycle and Major Disasters in India in the Year 2017
Ready for the Storm: Education for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
Fire Prevention and Basic Disaster Management
Japan Tsunami Disaster March 2011 Present the Earthquake-Tsunami Hit Japan
Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disaster, Generosity, and Recovery
Gauley Bridge Disaster and Bhopal Disaster
Natural Disaster Shocks and Macroeconomic Growth in Asia: Evidence for Typhoons and Droughts
Disaster Recovery Toms River After Sandy
The History About the Bhopal Disaster Construction
The Black Death Was the Largest Disaster of European History
Middle Tennessee Disaster Analysis
Living With the Merapi Volcano: Risks and Disaster Microinsurance
Natural Disaster Risk Management in the Philippines: Reducing Vulnerability
Korea’s Neoliberal Restructuring: Miracle or Disaster
The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic Impact, Disaster Management, and Lessons
Modeling the Regional Impact of Natural Disaster and Recovery
Knowledge Management Systems and Disaster Management in Malaysia
Disaster Planning and Emergency Response
Disaster Vulnerability and Evacuation Readiness: Coastal Mobile Home Residents in Florida
Hurricane Katrin Disaster Response and Recovery System
Aspects of Hurricane Irma: Analysis The paper examines Hurricane Irma and the responses of the country, state, and Monroe County to the disaster. Irma was one of the most powerful hurricanes.
Earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand The earthquake is considered one of the costliest natural disasters in history. Thousands of buildings, cars, and other property were damaged or destroyed completely.
Researching of Record-Breaking Floods Floods are natural disasters, usually caused by excessive precipitation, leading to severe consequences. The most significant flood in the world occurred in 1931 in China
Disaster Preparedness and Recovery The paper analyzes the characteristics of public and private partners concerning disaster, their advantages and disadvantages, and the government’s role in disaster control.
Bhopal Disaster: Analytical Evaluation The Bhopal accident occurred in India almost 40 years ago, on December 2, 1984. This disaster claimed the lives of 3800 people.
Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans Hurricane Katrina made landfall in New Orleans, on the United States Gulf Coast, on August 29, 2005, leaving a path of devastation and flooding in her wake.
“Emergency Management”: Building Disaster-Resilient Communities “Emergency Management” exemplifies the opportunities available currently in regard to building disaster-resilient communities to strengthen emergency management in the US.
Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster: Results After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, NASA identified the management failure elements that led to the disaster and substituted them with sustainable alternatives.
Hurricane Vince: The Tropical Cyclone Hurricane Vince is a tropical cyclone that formed and developed in the eastern region of the Atlantic Ocean in 2005, near the Iberian Peninsula.
Disasters Influenced by Technology Depending on the natural environment of a community, social and building systems could either be strong or weak and vulnerable to a disaster.
Destructive Atlantic Hurricane Season in 2017 The deadly and destructive 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season affected many people in society as it made people lose over 200 billion dollars.
The Tohoku Earthquake: Tsunami Entry The paper discusses the Tohoku earthquake. The tsunami evacuation can be described as one that was preceded by warning, preparation, and knowledge.
Earthquakes: Determination of the Risk There is a need to create awareness and knowledge about earthquake disasters and how to mitigate and respond to such disasters.
Disaster Management and Analysis of Information The assessment and analysis of a disaster help understand the main problem, causes, and effects on human safety and security.
Disasters and Actions of Rapid Response Services The collaborative work of rapid response services in emergencies is crucial for the rapid and effective elimination of their consequences and for saving people’s lives.
The Mississippi Floods of 2020, Its Impact and the Requisite Solution for the Future For numerous years, the Mississippi River has been prone to flooding incidents proved quite inconvenient for the local communities.
Hurricane Katrina: Military and Civilian Response One of the three most dramatic catastrophes of the millennium, hurricane Katrina highlighted weak points of government and military forces.
Earthquake: Definition, Stages, and Monitoring An earthquake is a term used to describe the tremors and vibrations of the Earth’s surface; they are the result of sudden natural displacements and ruptures in the Earth’s crust.
The Haiti Quake and Disaster Aid The experience of Haiti with earthquakes supports the opinion of researchers that there are factors that might prevent entities from assisting the populations.
Disaster Recovery Plan for the Vila Health Community The Vila Health community has significant limitations as it has many elderly patients with complex health conditions, with shelters for the homeless running at capacity.
Hurricane Katrina and Failures of Emergency Management Operations Hurricane Katrina came from the coast of Louisiana on August 29, 2005, immediately resulting in a Category 3 storm as winds reached the speed of over 120 miles per hour.
Preventing Forest Fires in California with Forestry Changes From the beginning of the 21st century, California has been experiencing an increase in forest fires, destroying citizens’ lives and property.
Preparedness Planning in Case of Flooding According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, a preparedness plan for floods is divided into multiple steps that meet a national preparedness goal.
Earthquakes as the Natural Disaster Posing the Greatest Danger to Societies The scope of irreparable damage, human losses, and paralyzed infrastructure due to earthquakes causes high economic costs for rescuing, preventing, reconstructing, rehabilitating.
Disaster Planning for Public Health: Darby Township Case The present paper is devoted to flood preparedness and planning in Darby Township (DT) located in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.
Disasters Caused by Climate Change This paper focuses on several recent natural disasters caused by climate change – simultaneous fires in Russia and floods in Pakistan.
Hurricane: How Human Actions Affect It To prevent the frequent occurrence of hurricanes, it is necessary to understand the process of their occurrence and how human actions affect it.
“Measuring Inequality in Community Resilience to Natural Disasters” by Hong et al. This paper analyzes the scientific study “Measuring inequality in community resilience to natural disasters using large-scale mobility data” and the content of the article.
Overpopulation’s and Environmental Disasters’ Connection This essay focuses on evaluating overpopulation as one of the greatest environmental threats, the relationship between the problem of overpopulation and harm to harmony in nature.
Nursing and Natural Disasters: An Emergency Planning Project The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of the nurse in an emergency situation (an earthquake) by listing priorities, resources, describing the nursing process.
Noah’s Floods: Development of the Grand Canyon Rocks The paper discusses Noah’s floods. Developing a distinction between the sole causes for the development of the Grand Canyon rocks is still a daunting task.
Disaster, PTSD, and Psychological First Aid Psychological first aid should be consistent and evidence-based, practically applicable in the field, appropriate, and culturally flexible.
Drought as an Extremely Dangerous Natural Disaster On our planet, especially in places with an arid climate, drought itself, like the dry winds that cause it, are not uncommon.
IT Disaster Recovery Plan Information technology disaster recovery management procedures remain an important element of the overall corporate strategy.
Human Factors In Aviation: Tenerife Air Disaster The probability of mistake linked to the issue estimates around 30%, which is too high for aviation. For this reason, there is a need for an enhanced understanding of the problem.
The Role of Nurses in Disaster Management Taking action in the event of adversities and helping out communities in recuperation is a central part of public health nurses.
Loss Prevention and How It Was Affected by Hurricane Katrina The most damaging flood in United States’ history, is known as the 2005 Great New Orleans Flood or Katrina. It is estimated that the damages were incurred in 2005.
Prevention of Nuclear Disasters The paper reports on the mechanical and engineering failures that sparked a nuclear meltdown in the Three Mile power plant, its effects and the ways to improve safety.
A Report on Earthquakes Using Scientific Terms The current essay is a report on earthquakes using scientific terms from the course. Moment magnitude or moment magnitude scale refers to the relative size of an earthquake.
Chernobyl and Fukushima Disasters: Their Impact on the Ecology The fallout’s impact poses a danger to animal and plant life because of the half-life of the released isotopes. Longer exposure to radiation may lead to the burning of the skin.
How Can We Prevent Natural Disasters?
What Is the Relationship Between Disaster Risk and Climate Change?
How Does Disaster Affect Our Lives?
Where Do Natural Disasters Happen?
What Natural Disasters Are Caused by Climate Change?
How Can We Communicate Without a Phone or Internet in a Disaster?
What Is the Difference Between Crisis Management and Disaster Recovery?
Can Natural Disasters Be Prevented?
How Can We Reduce Disaster Risk?
Are Natural Disaster Situations a Formidable Obstacle to Economic Growth?
Why Is Communication Important in Disaster Management?
How Do Natural Disasters Help the Earth?
What Are the Principles of Disaster Management?
Are There Any Aspects of BP’s Ethical Culture That Could Have Contributed to the Gulf Coast Oil Spill Disaster?
Why Is Governance Important in Disaster Management?
How Does Weak Governance Affect Disaster Risk?
What Are the 5 Important Elements of Disaster Preparedness?
How Can Climate Change Affect Natural Disasters?
What Is Alternative Communication System During Disaster?
How to Cope With the Stress of Natural Disasters?
Does Economic Growth Really Reduce Disaster Damages?
Who Is Responsible for Disaster Management?
What Is the Importance of Disaster Risk Assessment?
How Important Is Disaster Awareness and Preparedness?
Does Natural Disaster Only Harm Humankind?
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster: Causes of the Tragedy and the Measures to Be Taken On January 28, 1986, the Challenger was launched to explode 73 seconds after its lift-off. The tragedy is commonly called “the worst disaster in the history of the space program”.
Disaster Responses: Improving the State of Affairs Despite technological improvements and increased knowledge, humanity is still struggling against disasters because they cannot either predict them or respond to them appropriately.
Emergency and Disaster Preparedness in Healthcare The impromptu nature of emergency and disaster occurrence makes it almost impossible to prepare for emergencies and other challenges.
Stop Disasters Game: Learning, Entertainment, or Both? It is worth mentioning that the game seems to be informative in helping the player understand how to get prepared for natural calamities.
Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and Hurricane Harvey The coast of the United States in general and Texas in particular experiences tropical storms on a regular basis. Hurricanes hit the Texas coastline, often causing property damage.
Hurricane Katrina: Improvised Communication Plan This article seeks to highlight improvised communication plans adopted by the victims in the shelter at the Houston Astrodome.
The Review of the Challenger Disaster This essay aims to discuss the Challenger Disaster and consider the details of the mission. It examines the reasons why the mission was conducted despite the warnings of engineers.
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam Disaster The 1928 St. Francis dam disaster in Los Angeles, California is one of the most devastating man-made failures in the history of the United States.
Lazarus Island: Disaster Systems Analysis and Design This paper aims to develop a web-based emergency management system for the government of Lazarus Island. This system will be used at the response stage of disaster management.
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Data loss is the center of focus of business continuity and disaster recovery (BC/DR), as this is the lifeblood of business operations today.
Southern Europe Flash Floods: Disaster Overview Southern Europe flash floods are the most recent significant event. People need to learn about the cause and effects of flooding and apply the knowledge to protect themselves.
The Atlantic Hurricane Season Explained The Atlantic hurricane occurs from June 1 to November 30. It peaks sharply from late August to September; in most cases, the season is at the highest point around September 10.
Community Disaster Preparedness in Nassau County, New York The objective of disaster management is to design a realistic and executable coordinated planning that minimizes duplication of functions and optimizes the overall effectiveness.
Article Review: “The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Trust in Government” The research applies trust concept to and measured in dwellers of several counties within Mississippi and Louisiana.
International and South Africa’s Disaster Management When South Africa gained self-governance status in 1931, one of the issues that its government focused on was the management of major disasters.
Disaster and People Behavior Changes Some of the behavioral changes that occur due to the presence of a disaster relying from research from sources across the world on the countries affected by the disasters.
Organizational Behavior and Motivation in Hurricane Response This article examines methods that could be used to manage the aftermath of the Katrina disaster by some theorists in the field of creating mechanisms to regulate human behavior.
All-Hazards Disaster Preparedness: The Role of the Nurse Preparing for hazards means developing skills and gaining knowledge that will allow allocating less time to decision-making in case of emergency.
Hurricane Katrina’s Mental Health Impact on Populations The occurrence of Hurricane Katrina and Tsunami disasters called for the development of specialized techniques that would respond to a crisis.
Effects of Earthquakes: Differences in the Magnitude of Damage Caused by Earthquakes There are various types of earthquakes depending on the cause of the earthquake hence have different effects and damage to property and loss of life.
How Natural Disasters Impact Systems at Various Levels? Health complications such as cancer are associated with nuclear disasters. Such diseases are hard to cure and manage.
Disasters’ Benefits to People Who Experience Them The disasters cause more harm than good. This is because their negative consequences supersede the positive impacts.
Chernobyl Disaster’s Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact Future efforts to prevent the impacts of a disaster similar to the Chernobyl accident is to invest more in public information, considering the previous misconceptions.
Causes of the Haiti Earthquake This paper defines what an earthquake is, then discusses and reviews the causes of the Haiti Earthquake and the possibility of another Earthquake.
Environmental Disaster Education: Incorporation Into the University Curriculum Naturally, disasters occur without any notification. Depending on the type of disaster, it is always important to approach the problem with immediate effect.
The 1900 Galveston Hurricane: Disaster Management Failure Isaac Cline, who by then was the director of the Galveston Weather Bureau, placed his arguments which were based on the statements saying that the city of Galveston did not require a seawall.
Managing Change, the Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Disasters The crash of the Columbia and Challenger space shuttles is often construed with varied opinions. Both the incidences are blamed on a mixture of both technical and organizational breakdown.
Has the Media Changed the Response to Natural Disasters? This ethical information structure of this paper will be based on expounding the issues of the media and the way the media has played its part during a disaster.
Energy Safety and Earthquake Hazards Program The distribution of earthquakes around the world is not uniform. Some parts experience earthquakes frequently while others do not.
Recovery Efforts During 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina It is a prerequisite of any government in place to always be prepared for any disaster of whatever nature whether natural or humanly initiated.
Hurricane Katrina as One of the Worst National Disasters in the USA This paper illustrates the reasons why american levees failed to control the flooding problems during the Katrina hurricane what attributed to engineering ethics and the precaution.
Destructive Force: Earthquake in Aquila, Italy A high magnitude earthquake shook Central Italy and the worst hit was the city of Aquila, the pain and sorrow were palpable but it did not take long before the people decided to move on.
Hurricane Katrina and the USA’s South While the hurricane Katrina was natural, the destruction it caused was largely the result of the USA’s disregard of the south and its people.
Historical Perspective and Disasters as a Process Natural disaster should be analyzed on the social level, because disasters are socially constructed and experienced in different ways by individuals or groups of individuals.
Hurricane Katrina: Determining Management Approach This paper discusses approaches to organizational change, their advantages, and disadvantages in connection with emergency management, for such disasters as Hurricane Katrina.
Scientific Responsibility for Earthquakes in Japan Extensive geological studies of the occurrence of earthquakes not only in Japan but also around the world have uncovered useful information on their devastating potential.
Media Coverage of the China 2008 Earthquake The Television and Video News websites used animate visuals to capture the aspects of the devastating epidemic of earthquake that struck China SiChuan region.
Vulnerability of Hazardville to Flooding Disasters History, research and the recent catastrophes of Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Rita and the more recent Midwest floods have determined that the United States of America is highly vulnerable to natural disasters.
Natural Sciences. 1996 Mount Everest Disaster The events of spring 1996 are now remembered as one of the most unfortunate as fifteen individuals lost their lives during the summit to the Everest.
The Climate Tragedy and Adaptation to Disasters The idea of people’s adaptation to the potential disaster is considered in the context of a human trait to accept any threat.
Teaching Experience in Disaster Management Among Teenage Students
National Guidance During Hurricane Katrina
Disaster Operations and Decision Making
Psychological Issues After a Crisis or Disaster
Disaster Management and Training for Emergency
Hurricane Katrina and Public Administration Action
Decision-Making in the 1989 Hillsborough Disaster
Dell Technologies Company’s Disaster Recovery Plan
Emergency Planner’s Role in Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Recovery Plan: Business Impact Analysis
Riverbend City’s Flood Disaster Communication
The “New Normal” Concept After Disaster
Disaster Management: Evacuations from Gulf Coast Hurricanes
American and European Disaster Relief Agencies
Flooding in Houston and New Life After It
Deepwater Horizon Disaster and Prevention Plan
Hurricane Hanna, Aftermath and Community Recovery
Emergency and Disaster Management Legal Framework
Disaster Support by Miami and Federal Emergency Management Agency
9/11 and Hurricane Katrina in Psychological Aspect
India’s, Indonesia’s, Haiti’s, Japan’s Earthquakes
Disaster Plan Activation and Healthcare Staff
Hurricane Katrina and Emergency Planning Lessons
Family Self-Care and Disaster Management Plan
The Role of Homeland Security in Terrorism and Disaster Management
How Can the Negative Effects of Disasters Be Avoided?
Valero Refinery Disaster and Confined Space Entry
The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster Factors
Disaster Management: Terrorism and Emergency Situations
Defence Against Coastal Flooding in Florida
Evaluation as Part of a Disaster Management Plan
World Trade Center Disaster and Anti-Terrorism
Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Post-Disaster Fraud
Structural Violence and Hurricane Matthew in Haiti
Disaster Triage and Nursing Utilitarian Ethics
Risk Management Model and Disaster Recovery Plan
Kendall Regional Medical Center’s Disaster Plan
Houston’s Revitalization After Harvey Hurricane
Disaster Recovery Team and Disaster Recovery Strategy
Hurricane Katrina: Facts, Impacts and Prognosis
Hurricane Katrina, Its Economic and Social Impact
Mississippi’ Disaster: Hurricane Katrina Crisis Strategy
Nonprofit Organizations’ Disaster Management
Philadelphia Winter Snow Disaster and Its Impact
Fukushima and Chernobyl Nuclear Disasters: A Comparative Analysis
The Budalangi Flood: A Tragic Response to Unexpected Disaster
Homeland Security: Fast Response to Disasters and Terrorism
Geology: Iquique Earthquake in Chile
Tornado and Hurricane Comparison
Hurricane Katrina: Unprecedented Devastation and Impact
Healthcare Facility Requirements for Epidemic Management
Hurricane Katrina’s Impact on Orleans and Gulf Coast: A Detailed Analysis
Disaster Management in Large Cities: Challenges and Solutions
Strategic Preparedness for Disasters
Mining as a Cause of Environmental Disaster
Natural Disasters and Their Effects on Supply Chains
Hurricane Katrina: 2005 Gulf Coast Devastation and Aftermath

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This essay topic collection was updated on June 21, 2024 .

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407 Disaster Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best disaster topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on disaster, 📑 interesting topics to write about disaster, 🔍 good research topics about disaster, 💡 most interesting disaster topics to write about, ✅ simple & easy disaster essay titles, ❓ essay questions on disaster management.

Flooding Problem in Philippines Flooding affects every region of the Philippines neighborhood, and several low-lying regions in the Manila City, such as Espino, Taft, Malabo, and Valenzuela, are usually among the worst hit in every series of flooding that […]
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster and Ethical Issues It manifested in the management’s decision to launch the shuttle despite insufficient testing and the faults in the design of the O-rings.
Chernobyl Disaster: Ethical Aspects and Effects The cause of the disaster was a faulty design that caused a nuclear reactor to overheat and explode. The constructors of the plant violated the construction technology and there were plenty of design deviations.
The Disaster Preparedness Plan A natural disaster is a natural phenomenon that is of an emergency nature and leads to disruption of the everyday activities of the population, death of people, and destruction of material values.
Public Awareness of Earthquake This will mean that the basement that is involved in thickening and shortening is mechanically required to produce the shape of zagros belt.
Centralia Mine Disaster and Public Administration Failure Scanlan, who was the district inspector at the time, identified the hazards surrounding the coal mines and reported his findings about a possible explosion to other relevant professionals. Scanlan should not have taken heed to […]
Disaster Recovery Plan for Valley City Community The availability of infrastructure such as hospitals promote the health and wellbeing of the community. Assessing the needs of the community is integral in development of the plan.
Flood Damage by Hurricane Maxine in Charleston The role of the mayor and his dignitaries is to determine the duration and level of use of resources by the city.
Impact of the Japan Tsunami 2011 Disaster on Tourism and Hospitality Industries Most coastal regions in the Pacific countries are highly populated due to the fact that the inland regions are usually mountainous and inhabitable compared to the relatively flatland in the coastal areas.
How to Prepare for a Hurricane? Fortunately, today, there exist ways to predict hurricanes and their routes so that the regions that are likely to be under risk can prepare beforehand and take all the necessary measures to ensure the safety […]
Mitigation of Earthquake Hazards The geologists should also inform the architects on the areas where earthquakes are likely to occur and how strong they will be able.
How to Survive When a Disaster Outbreaks? Tornados are common for some of the US states and it is but natural that people should be aware of the ways to survive during these disasters.
The Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 Documentary The documentary reflects the events leading to the natural disasters and their aftermath, including an investigation into the reasons for the failure of the precautionary measures in place during the 2011 earthquake in Japan.
Natural Disasters: Tornadoes, Earthquakes, and Hurricanes Hence the loss may depend on the population of the area affected and also the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster.
Description of the Amphan Storm Disaster in India This is due to the loss of a large amount of precipitation, as well as the release of rivers from the shores in the lower reaches and the merging of the zones of the river […]
Effects of Forest Fires on Ecosystem The general fire’s destruction on the forest crop is reliant on such factors as; the species that make up a portion of the crop or the forest components, the condition in which the crop is, […]
Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Floods and Volcanic Eruption This is due to the relationship between an eruption and the geology of the area. It was observed that the mountain swelled and increased in size due to the upward force of magma.
What is Disaster Risk Reduction? Disaster risk reduction exists in various approaches, according to the urgency and nature of the disaster itself. The severity of the disaster also determines the strategy to be employed.
Earthquakes Impact on Human Resource in Organizations The researcher seeks to determine the magnitude of this effect and its general effect on the society in general and the firms affected in specific.
1996 Mount Everest Disaster and Teamwork Factor The Everest case study illustrates some key problems that need to be addressed to avert the recurrence of errors or omissions that may have occasioned the deaths of the climbers.
Draft Disaster/Emergency Plan for the Qatar Civil Defence Department’s Response to Stadium Disaster Risk mitigation: The process of planning for strategies aimed at reversing or avoiding the potential impacts of a risk. Risk preparedness: Specific plans in place to effectively handle potential hazards or risks in the course […]
The Strategies of Flood Management However, it would be the most beneficial to implement these methods while planning the use of the land; for this reason, management is important.
Earthquake Risk Reduction: Challenges and Strategies The victims of the earthquake in Haiti were hundreds of people, while the number of wounded and homeless was in the thousands. As for the latter, the worst scenario of the earthquake is created and […]
Psychological First Aid for Disaster Victims In this paper, I will discuss some facts that I learned about PFA, consider a major disaster and response to it, and give some recommendations to those who might need to offer psychological aid to […]
Analysis of Damage to Apartment Buildings in the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake In turn, it is a prerequisite for the cataclysms in nature, such as earthquakes and the effect of liquefaction which was particular to the Marina district in the disaster of 1989.
The Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster The case of the space shuttle Challenger is, probably, one of the biggest disasters in the history of American space exploration.
Sri Lanka Disaster Analysis While the floods can be explained by a large river system and the relatively low above-sea-level of the island, the drought might seem rather a rare occurrence in the place where floods are frequent.
Tōhoku Earthquake of 2011 The rate at which the pacific plate undergoes displacement is at eight to nine centimeter per annum, hence the plate subduction of the plate led to a discharge of large amounts of energy leading to […]
Mining Disaster in Chile on 5th of August 2010 Face to face delivery of the message is the best for the family members and relatives because of the amount of humanely touch it can have on the recipient of the information.
1900 Storm: The Great Galveston Hurricane At the turn of the twentieth century, hurricanes were unknown and it was hard for the meteorological officials to predict that the storm of 1900 would be a hurricane.
Earthquakes in Chile and Haiti Moreover, the quake in Haiti raptured at the epicenter of the city with a high population density compared to Chile. Therefore despite a lower magnitude earthquake than Chile, Haiti suffered more damage due to the […]
Response to Social Crisis and Disaster’ by Quarantelli and Dynes It is noted that groups rather than individuals were used as basic units for disaster studies; however, there existed several problems related to this fact, such as the difficulty to define the boundaries of certain […]
Floods: Structural vs. Non-Structural Solutions The occurrence of hazards disorients the lives and experiences of many people. The selected community can mitigate this hazard through the use of non-structural and structural solutions.
Sri Lanka Flood Disaster Preparedness From these findings, it is evident that floods are the major concerns for the disaster management center, with the recent damages being witnessed towards the end of 2012 and the beginning of the year 2013.
Emergency Nursing Disaster Preparedness: Teaching Plan The topic that will be covered in the teaching session is “Emergency Nursing Disaster Preparedness”, and the time allocated to cover the topic is 30 minutes.
School Preparedness Plan for Tornado, Earthquakes, Fire Emergency In case of an earthquake emergency, the school should be prepared to keep the students safe. In case of a tornado emergency the school should be prepared to keep the students safe.
Theory of Disaster: Earthquakes and Floods as Examples of Disasters The second category is that of those people who put their focus on the effects of the social vulnerability or the disasters to the society or to the people who are likely to be the […]
Psychological and Psychosocial Support in Disaster Nursing The paper reviews the presently available literature on the topic, covering the aspects of the significance of psychological and psychosocial support and related education, as well as the perceptions of nursing, existing problems in the […]
Disaster Nursing: Preparedness and Response The issues of nursing competencies are of significant interest in the modern research literature, and the investigation of the professional competencies in the area of disaster medicine has both practical and theoretical implications as it […]
Climate Change, Development and Disaster Risk Reduction However, the increased cases of droughts, storms, and very high rainfalls in different places are indicative of the culmination of the effects of climate change, and major disasters are yet to follow in the future.
The Ethics of the Union Carbide Disaster in India What the incident made painfully clear appertains to the moral conventions that the governments of the host and the parent country failed to adhere to.
Earthquakes: Definition, Prevalence of Occurrence, Damage, and Possibility of Prediction An earthquake is a dangerous tremor that is caused by sudden release of energy in the crust of the earth leading to seismic waves that cause movements of the ground thus causing deaths and damages.
Disaster Preparedness Advertisement The management of hospices in regions that are highly likely to be hit by a hurricane will plan to have enough supply of medicine and food among other necessities.
Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis In addition, the paper will outline some of the similarities and differences between tsunamis and floods. Similarities between tsunamis and floods: Both tsunamis and floods are natural disasters that cause destruction of properties and human […]
The Sumatra Earthquake of 26 December 2004: Indonesia Tsunami As such, the earthquake resulted in the development of a large tsunami off the Sumatran Coast that led to destruction of large cities in Indonesia.
Ferry Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan It has been written with the following key areas in mind: The primary risk addressed in the proposed plan is the risk of a ferry disaster in the territorial waters of Qatar.
Hurricane Ike 2008 and its Impacts on America Scientists regard it as one of the most destructive cyclones in the history of the United States. In Haiti, the hurricane resulted in a major humanitarian crisis due to the destruction of infrastructure.
Natural Disasters: Tsunami, Hurricanes and Earthquake The response time upon the prediction of a tsunami is minimal owing to the rapid fall and rise of the sea level.
Impediments To Disaster Prevention It is the duty of every citizen to look for ways to help in the reduction and prevention of the occurrence of such disasters.
1996 Mount Everest Disaster: Leadership Perspective Everest and its summit became known to the western world in the beginning of the twentieth century. Thus, Hall and Fischer overestimated their abilities and this led to the tragedy.
The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake The earthquake was accompanied by a great tsunami given the high magnitude of the earthquake that reached 9. The third disaster was the meltdown of a number of nuclear plants following the tsunami.
Crises and Disaster Management There are various response efforts that have been taken by the responsible individuals and agencies in order to curb the Hurricane Katrina and the tsunami in Sri Lanka each of them having different levels of […]
Analysis of Disaster Risk Reduction Lastly, the cyclone will cause a threat to the financial stability of Southeast Texas owing to the resultant inadequate risk transfer and risk financing.
Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team’s Activity Overall, funeral directors and DMORT together form a team responsible for the arrangements concerning the burial of the deceased after severe incidents or disasters.
Flooding and Mitigation Measures The nation has invested in capacity building, resilience, and creating awareness concerning human behaviors that are leading to environmental degradation and increasing impacts of flooding.
Earthquakes: Causes and Consequences The first of these are body waves, which travel directly through rock and cause the vertical and horizontal displacement of the surface.
Qatar’s Disaster Risks at the 2022 World Cup This document analyses disasters and emergencies that are to be considered for inclusion in a future National Risk Register for the State of Qatar to contribute to safety and security during the 2022 World Cup.
Hypothetical New York Earthquake Case Therefore, the following faults would be included in the report as potential causes of the earthquake: the 125th Street fault is the largest of all.
Disaster Management: Mitigation and Communication Networks According to the current definition, mitigation is the set of strategies designed to minimize the negative outcomes of a disaster. The notion is often conflated with the concept of preparedness due to the focus on […]
Walmart Company: Factory Disaster in Bangladesh In turn, the companies such as Walmart, Gap, and H&M reacted to the events attempting to address the workplace safety problems of the manufacturers and improve the conditions in which the Bangladeshi employees had to […]
Overview of the Texas City Disaster, 1947 The severity of the disaster was primarily attributed to the captain, who ordered the crew to close hatches in order to preserve the ammonium nitrate.
Earthquakes in New Madrid and Fulton City, Missouri The accumulation of this stress is a clear indication of the slow but constant movement of the earth’s outermost rocky layers.
Bhopal Disaster Response and Impacts The presence of water and MIC resulted to the occurrence of an exothermic reaction that resulted to the increase of temperature and pressure in the storage tank.
Incident Command System on Katrina Disaster It is against this backdrop that the magnitude of the hurricane Katrina should have been accessed thoroughly so that the IC could assume his role to the letter as the head of the organisation.
The Mount Everest Disaster of 1996 as It Happened The essay aims at summarizing the book in which the writer makes a personal opinion of the accounts as they are narrated in the book and criticizes the book to bring out the faults that […]
The Great San Francisco Earthquake The length however depends on the size of the wave since the larger the wave the larger the area affected and consequently the longer the period of time taken.
Disaster Recovery Plan for the Valley City Among the members of the community, it will be necessary to divide irretrievable losses six people who died at the time of the explosion and died before entering the first stage of medical evacuation, as […]
Disaster Response: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Policies The alerts and notifications about natural disasters are usually sent by phones to all citizens and articulated in the media, including television and radio.
Earthquakes and Their Devastating Consequences The break in the ground surface is the most common cause of horrific consequences, and people often cannot get out of the epicenter of the incident.
Floods in Los Angeles and Disaster Response The Los Angeles local government is set to respond and control the effects of floods. Therefore, the local government and citizens have set aside adequate resources to respond to the disaster.
Hurricane Katrina and Its Effect on the Nation The storm quickly recovered to a hurricane in the southeastern part of the Gulf. When the hurricane turned to the Gulf of Mexico, the management of the oil platforms announced the evacuation of workers.
Disaster Management: Programs and Approaches The need to facilitate the preparation of the federal government to engage in preventing, responding, and even mitigating the impacts of natural disasters led to the formation of FEMA.
Hurricane Katrina: The US Emergency Management The United States of America is among the countries that have experienced the effects of such storms, and Hurricane Katrina was one of the most fearsome and devastating disasters in the country’s recent history.
Genetic and Environmental Impact of the Chornobyl Disaster The ecological impact of the explosion on the lands surrounding Chornobyl comes first. Chornobyl remains the worst in human history due to radioactive contamination.
Approaching Disaster Security: Book Review The book emphasizes the importance of predicting, creating scenarios, and thinking about the ways to solve them. I would suggest this book to risk assessment experts and average readers interested in how the human mind […]
Galveston Hurricane 1900 in the Historical Context It was one of the promising coastal cities in the United States during the 18th century because it boasted an excellent seaport that was essential in revenue collection, particularly from the ships that loaded and […]
Fictional Hurricane Karl in City of Old Orleans Moreover, due to the damage on the local chemical plant, the water resources in the area were contaminated. Natural disaster planning is essential in any given community due to the vastness of damages and risks.
The Devastating Flood of 1993: Lessons Learned In order to understand the causes and consequences of the flood that occurred in the summer of 1993, it is necessary to define the meaning of the concept of flood.
Spiritual Considerations Surrounding Disaster and the Role of Health Nurses The emotional well-being of families and affected individuals during and after a disaster is very important in their physical recovery. Much as spirituality assists during recovery, people struggle to find meaning in their losses and […]
San Ciriaco Hurricane: Analysis San Ciriaco Hurricane’s historical context describes the locations, groups, and people affected as well as the societal preparedness at the time. The locations affected by the San Ciriaco Hurricane were the mid-Atlantic coast of the […]
Disaster Management in New York The police department is part of the emergency response team that exists to serve all citizens within the New York jurisdiction with fairness, respect, and compassion.
Natural vs. Moral Evil: Earthquakes vs. Murder This problem demonstrates that such justifications for the problem of evil, such as the fact that suffering exists to improve the moral qualities of a person and thus serve the greater good, are unconvincing.
Hurricane Harvey and Nurses’ Disaster Management In addition, it evaluates and describes the effectiveness of emergency response measures taken in responding to the event and provides examples and rationale.
Electronic Health Record in Disaster Response Planning That is why medical facilities should create a plan to determine what specific procedures their staff members can take to respond to a natural disaster.
Earthquake in South Africa: Reconstruction Process Therefore, it is vital for the government of South Africa to address the issues caused by the earthquake and reconstruct the region, focusing on several public interventions to stimulate the region’s growth in the shortest […]
Augmenting the Disaster Healthcare Workforce Historically, the licensing process, which has been in existence in virtually every state, successfully eliminated fraudsters who purposefully misled and deceived the public. The medical licensure procedure in each state has a long history of […]
Earthquake in Haiti 2010: Nursing Interventions During natural disasters, such as the catastrophic earthquake in Haiti in 2010, nursing interventions aim to reduce the level of injury and provide the conditions for the fast recovery of its victims.
Aspects of Disaster Management Thus, the academic community agrees that religious people may impact the spiritual well-being of victims. Lastly, the spiritual well-being of self and colleagues is also important.
Hurricane Ida in the United States Hurricane Ida hit the coast of the United States, hitting the state of Louisiana. Finally, I thoroughly learned the recommendations on how to behave in case of a hurricane.
Poor Communication in the National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority The UAE National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority is a quite essential and recently introduced government department that addresses various natural and man-made accidents and issues and maintains the safety of the community.
Bobsville’s Emergency Plan for Tornado Disaster It shows, to the best extent, actions Bobsville and its’ municipalities government should take, working together with private and public organizations, seeking to develop the capacity for the government to protect citizens from tornadoes.
Disaster Response Resources: The American Red Cross On a local level, there is a program held by the Ohio administration and is expected to combat mental health crisis by training police officers and paramedics on psychological assistance.
The Chernobyl Tragedy and Hurricane Katrina The people of Chernobyl were politically and physically disadvantaged, and the blacks in New Orleans were physically and economically vulnerable to the disasters.
Review of Earthquake Emergency Response The second resource is the supply of food and water that can help survivors wait for the rescue team for three days.
The 1996 Everest Disaster and Decision-Making It is likely that Krakauer, knowing the composition of his team, expected the guides to provide clear instructions and failed to express his concerns in a timely fashion due to this overreliance.
The Role of Community Nurses in Disaster Planning Most people usually perceive this content quickly, and it becomes the background knowledge they can apply automatically in case of a disaster.
Hurricane Sandy and Emergency Plan Moreover, the question of how to determine the level of reliability of the coastal infrastructure was raised. Second, the storm, which had been predicted months in advance, demonstrated the need of having a reliable weather […]
Ethical News Coverage: Indian Floods 2020 As part of the assessment of the consequences of reporting these events, it should be noted that the materials presented can attract public attention to help people in the affected areas, which is important for […]
Nursing Roles & Responsibilities in Disaster Response In addition, it is necessary to analyze the real state of the bed fund of medical institutions and the possibility of its re-profiling and deployment of an additional bed fund. Moreover, the joint efforts of […]
Disaster Management of COVID-19 Pandemic As part of the pandemic, a significant event in healthcare services for Saudi Arabia was the spread of a new genetic line of SARS-CoV-2 in the country.
Record Keeping in Disaster Management On the one hand, the word incident can be described as an event, situation, or condition emerging in the course of work that led to injuries, damage to health, illnesses, or fatalities. Another motive is […]
Chornobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster as Historical Event The major process going on in the world affairs of the time was the Cold War, the main players of which were the Soviet Union and the USA.
Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster: Primary and Secondary Sources In case of the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster, the most relevant primary sources include reports, documents, and local newspapers of that time, photographs, and interviews of witnesses. By analyzing secondary sources, one can get a […]
War in Ukraine: A Humanitarian Disaster Belarus, a close ally of the Russian Federation, provided its territory as the ground for the invasion while rejecting its direct participation in the conflict.
Chornobyl, the Type-Site of Nuclear Disaster The station began to operate in 1977 in the former Soviet Union, and about 14000 people lived in the town before the explosion.
International Disaster Management: Tonga The international community has been relatively quick to respond to the disaster and its effects despite the challenges of establishing communication and following Tonga’s security guidelines to combat the spread of COVID-19 in the country.
Critique of the ACPO Policy: Disaster Victim There is often a lack of understanding that identifying individual bodies and even bodily fragments is the first and perhaps most crucial step in starting and supporting the grieving process that allows families and the […]
California Earthquakes of the 20th Century Ultimately, the current essay examines the most devastating earthquakes in California in the 20th century and proposes a hypothesis of when the next large earthquake might strike.
News Accounts of the 1996 Everest Disaster The case of the 1996 Everest disaster shows the influential nature of leadership decisions on a larger group of people. It is crucial to understand that leaders must avoid such biases in order to ensure […]
Hurricane Elsa: Characteristics, Causes, and Damages With a decent amount of warm water, the cycle will continue and cause the hurricane to form due to the generation of speedy winds and storm clouds.
National Disaster Medical System The purpose of the paper is to determine the primary goals and objectives of the NDMS as well as identify its structure and functions.
Addressing the Threat of Flash Flood to Birmingham, Alabama The purpose of the work is to identify the key stages of threat addressing, including mitigation steps, preparedness and communication mechanisms, and response and recovery measures to address the outcomes of such disasters.
Emergency Planning Team for New Orleans in Case of Hurricane Katrina Considering the fact that the specified areas are likely to be affected in the first place, it is reasonable to suggest that the priority should be the evacuation of the target population group.
Hurricane Harvey, Its Effects and Importance Harvey started in the middle of August 2017 as a weak typhoon in the Gulf of Mexico, beginning from a tropical wave off the west bank of Africa.
Disaster Management Documents and Principles The challenging task of ensuring the security of citizens is one of the key priorities of the government. In this way, the security of citizens is ensured by the identified entities and programs.
Human Activity and Growing Number of Earthquakes The pieces that support the opposing view claim that the data about their number may be distorted due to the lack of difference in the development mechanism of natural and artificial earthquakes.
Researching the Earthquake Due to human activity, artificial earthquakes occur, and their number increases every year following the strengthening of destructive human impact on the planet.
Response Plan and Mitigation of a Chemical Disaster Thirdly, to minimize the risk of exposure, the team needs to understand the injuries. Additionally, the rescue team should know emergency actions to reduce risk on their side and the public.
The Flood Stories in Different Cultures The scientific community recognizes that the oldest flood myth known to humanity is the Epic of Gilgamesh, which tells the story of Utnapishtim, who attained immortality by escaping from the flood on a ship.
Hurricane Katrina and Failure of Emergency Management Operations The apocalyptic scenes following the destruction caused by one of the biggest disasters in American history, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, were a direct reflection of the U.S.government’s failure to prepare for and respond to such […]
Disaster Preparedness and Nursing: A Scenario of an Earthquake In a scenario of an earthquake, nursing staff must be aware of the stages of disaster management and disaster preparedness in particular.
Earthquake Disasters: Medical Response and Healthcare Challenges Therefore, an earthquake disaster infers abrupt and immense shaking of the ground for a duration and magnitude that can infringe the day-to-day activities. The last role of healthcare personnel in triage and intervention is to […]
Human Rights Issues: Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans Hurricane Katrina is considered one of the worst calamities in the history of the United States. The law of the United States gives the government the responsibility to protect the lives of its citizens.
Corruption During Disaster Relief One of the most notable elements about most of the disasters that have been documented in various parts of the world is lack of adequate preparation in case of their occurrence.
Kathmandu, Disaster Management Strategies It is estimated that about 40% of the building that was on the valley were destroyed and more than 25% of the households in Kathmandu.
Haiti Earthquake of 2010 Overview The purpose of this paper is to review the location and physical cause of the event, its human impact from it, and some of the interesting facts related to the disaster.
Medicines Management for Elderly During Disaster Accordingly, the objective of this systematic review was To summarise the best available evidence that described medicines management for elderly patients during disasters Make recommendations towards the promotion of disaster preparedness with the elderly in […]
Coordination of Disaster Preparedness Similarly, the health agencies could have formed a crisis center to coordinate their activities. In this regard, health agencies could have managed the Ebola outbreak through proper planning and preparedness.
Wenchuan Earthquake: Impact on China’s Economy The earthquake made a moderate impact on the country’s economy, yet affected several industries located in the devastated areas.
Disaster and Emergency Planning and Management Based on the emergency planner, writes a report to the organization’s senior managers to inform them about the impacts that the disaster has on people, infrastructure, environment, and reputation of the organization.
Nova Killer Floods Documentary Review Flood is a phase of the water regime of the river, which is repeated every year at the same time of year, is characterized by the highest water content, increased and prolonged rise and fall […]
Poor Communication During the Emergency of Hurricane Katrina Although federal, state, and local agencies provided the ways and communication strategies to deal with disasters, the plans or assets were inadequate to respond effectively to the calamity.
South California Tsunami and Disaster Response This paper provides the report’s estimate figures in terms of human casualties and the structures affected by the wave. The Figure 1 represents the graphical representation of the data collected.
Earthquake Prevention From Healthcare Perspective In terms of primary prevention of such a disaster, it is necessary to establish a public body or organization responsible for the creation of an extensive network of food, water, and first-aid kits to last […]
Disaster Recovery Planning Consequently, a disaster recovery plan must contain steps to respond to such problems and should be adapted to accommodate the needs of the different responses. Flooding causes inaccessibility to the company and large-scale power outages […]
Bipartisan Strategies for Overcoming Environmental Disaster Speaking about a pandemic, we must be aware that this is a global and collective problem that requires a consolidation of minds that are not clouded by differences in the views of political parties.
The Hurricane Crisis Care Plan It is meant to give way forward in the case of a hurricane in an area. The first step is to alert humans on how to act in the event of a disaster.
The Vasa Launch Disaster: Causes and Prevention The building of the Vasa Ship construction exposed the project to several risks leading to the vessel’s capsizing. The king authorized the craft’s launch despite previously identified stability challenges, and the ship capsized in front […]
National Response to Terrorism & Natural Disaster The National Response Framework governs the national security and crisis response to dynamic emergencies and natural disasters that occur in the community.
Disaster Planning for Families: Is Your Family Prepared? It is important to have a disaster preparedness program for your family. This will reduce the impact on your family’s lives and ensure faster recovery.
Natural Disaster Risks Overview The Resilinc indicators provide analysis of the riskiness of the locations, such as real-time monitoring of the disruptions, analysis of the multiple risk indicators, assessment of the suppliers in the risky countries, and analysis of […]
1989 Hillsborough Stadium Disaster’s Risk Assessment Failure to analyze and approximate the risk before opening the gate led to a stampede. The assumption analysis technique of risk identification can recognize and prevent all the risks from occurring in the future.
Emergency Disaster Preparation in the Hospital The Community Emergency and Disaster Management Team should be a liaison with the involved agencies, the hospital, the school, and the parents of students.
Recent Earthquakes and Safety Measures in California and Nevada The earthquake that is the largest by magnitude is in California. It is possible to minimize the damage by an earthquake.
Disaster Management Program in England The most vulnerable one is the flood following its adverse effect both in terms of financial implications, casualties, and deaths, and the frequency of its occurrence, making it the most prioritized disaster in England.
Floods in the City of Austin, Texas on October 30th, 2013 The catastrophic consequences of the devastation in Central Texas and, in particular, in the city of Austin, were caused by flooding.
Hurricane Katrina: Review of After-Action One of the main factors that complicated the emergency services situation and caused most of the deaths was flooding associated with deficiencies in the dam around New Orleans.
“Natural Disaster Management Planning” by Perry Perry writes the article Natural disaster management planning: A study of logistics manager responding to the tsunami with the aim of analysing the tsunami disaster that occurred in 2004, as well as providing comprehensive overview […]
The Disaster Recovery Planning The commonly accepted plans of the Disaster Recovery Plan are elaborated with the aim of providing the general principles of recovery, however, they should be adapted for the real situation, as the origin of a […]
Disaster Planning for Public Health My community is the city of Portsmouth in Virginia, and a potential natural disaster likely to affect the area is flooding.
Response to Hurricane Disasters This paper will discuss the adaptive management approach to hurricanes Harvey and Irma, and the Incident Command System applied to hurricane Irma and its structure.
Disaster Management in the Flood Scenario In such a case, the authorities and residents should adopt disaster prevention and preparedness strategies to minimize impact and adequately brace for the expected flood magnitude.
Euro Disney, a History of the 1992 European Cultural and Financial Disaster Disney had twenty-nine restaurants built at the time with a further eleven at Disney hotels and a reservation of 2300 seats within the theme park for outdoor eating. Euro Disney was at the crucible of […]
BP Corporation’s Oil Disaster and Its Reputation BP’s attempts to compensate the victims, in my opinion, are not enough to change the corporation’s reputation. A good reputation encourages and keeps customers loyal to the products of the company.
The Competencies of Disaster Nursing on a Scope of Emergency Department That is why the most important competencies in the case of a disaster are the problem-solving skills and critical but flexible thinking.
Role of the Nurses in the Site of the Haiti Earthquake The primary aim of the tertiary intervention conducted by the health practitioners was to reduce the effect of the diseases and injuries that occurred because of the Haiti earthquake.
Financial Reporting at BP Ltd. During the Deepwater Horizon Disaster The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is regarded as one of the biggest marine hazards in the history of the US. The shortcomings of the reports provided by the company will be analysed in the context […]
Electronic Health Records in Disaster and Response Planning To deal with this problem, it is important to have a disaster response system that can be used to arrest such outbreaks to eliminate possible causes of casualties.
Nurse Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Hajj mass gatherings is common in this society and this increases chances that one of the risk factors may occur, which may lead to cases of emergency medical needs.
Public Health Nurse Involved in the Disaster Management
Background Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
A Geological Disaster: Nisqually Earthquake in Washington State
Disaster in Franklin Country Simulation
Hurricane Katrina: Genesis and Impact
Technology in Disaster Preparedness
“Forest Fires in Mexico” by Galván and Magaña
Biscayne Bay Plane Crash: The Air Disaster Investigation
Information Technologies and Disaster Management
Technology in the Process of Prior Preparation for Disaster
The Huaxian Earthquake: China’s Deadliest Disaster
Disaster Review in the United States
Hydrology Methods: Flood Risk Management
A Flood Insurance Program in Canada: The Way to Protect Lives and Homes
Quarantellie’s “Converting Disaster Scholarship Into Effective Disaster Planning”
Hurricane Harvey Crisis Consequences
Disaster Studies by Quarantelli
Disaster Damage Prevention Costs
Disaster Crisis: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
The Flood Interpretation in the World Literature
Hurricane Katrina’s Catastrophic Impact on the Gulf Coast
Bhopal Disaster Report’s Rhetorical Analysis
Sheffield Flooding and Environmental Issues Involved
The Chernobyl Disaster: Influence on Human Health
Understanding Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes: Movements, Causes, and Measurement
Review of Public Meeting Regarded Earthquakes
Rebuilding Haiti: Post-Earthquake Recovery
Al Gore and Global Warming: Hurricane Katrina Was Avoidable
Earthquake Impacts: A Case Study of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake
Incident Command System in a Disaster Situation
Government Response to Natural Disasters – Hurricane Katrina
How Can a Company’s Knowledge Base Be Protected in the Event of a Natural Disaster?
City of Jeddah’s Flood: Cause and Disastrous Effects
Bureaucracy and Disaster Management
Emergency Management on Hurricane Katrina
Incident Command System: Natural Disaster Prevention Planning
Contemporary History: Hindenburg Disaster of 1937
Devastating Power of Hurricane Katrina
Personal Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Plan
AIDS Infection in Europe Statistics: A National Disaster in Many Countries
Volcanoes: Volcanic Chains and Earthquakes
Hurricane Katrina as a Significant National Issue
Great Flood in Mississippi River Basin: Major Factors
The Impact That Hurricane Katrina Had On Gasoline Prices
Emergency Response to Haiti Earthquake
Examining Possible Health Outcomes of Hurricane
Railway Disaster Management Plan in Qatar
Hurricane Matthew: Communicating Health Risks
Qatar’s Disaster and Emergency Planning
Community Disaster Preparedness and Nurses’ Role
Weather and Climate: Tathra Natural Disaster
Hurricane Katrina Survivors’ Happiness Factors
Replacing Politicians with Regular People: Receipt for Disaster
Disaster Planning for Public Health in Bronx
Fukushima Disaster in “Falling Out” Dancing Performance
Gender Sensitivity in Disaster or Humanitarian Crises
Natural Disasters: Hurricane Sandy
Guide to Disaster Recovery
The Boston Molasses Disaster of 1919
Hurricane Katrina and Public Health System for the Future
Disaster’ Health and Medical Aspects: Hurricane Katrina
1906 San Francisco Earthquake: Eyewitness Story
Evacuation: Hurricane Quasimodo
Disaster Preparedness for Influenza Prevention
Dangerous and Natural Energy: Earthquakes
Flixborough Disaster and Its Health Effects
Disaster Planning for Families
Floods, Technology and Price Ceiling in the Market
The Upper Big Branch Mine Disaster and Environment
Hurricane Katrina and Incident Management Principles
Trauma System and Disaster Preparedness in Maryland
Earthquake Emergency Management and Health Services
Disaster Recovery Planning: Third-Party Service Providers
Hurricane Harvey Crisis Management
Humanitarian Logistics in Disaster Relief Operations
Fracking: Increased Seismic Activities in Kansas
Disaster Response Stage: Healthcare Challenges
Hurricane Katrina: Emergency Response
Disaster and Humanitarian Crises Framework
Disaster Response and Recovery: Strategies and Tactics
Disaster Epidemiology: Saudi Arabia, Israel and Turkmenistan
Disaster Planning in Public Health and Nursing
Hurricane Katrina: Communication Challenges
Disaster Recovery Plan and Team
The Chernobyl Disaster: Time, Distance and Shielding
Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Services
Disaster Preparedness for Healthcare Facilities
Boeing 767 Crash: Mass Disaster Investigation
Flood Disaster Recovery Plan and Stakeholders
Chernobyl Disaster in New York Newspapers
Disaster Response and Counseling Evaluation
Hurricane Katrina Crisis Response and Criticism
Earthquake as a Unique Type of Natural Disaster
Multidimensional and Collaborative Disaster Management
Disaster Reaction in Human Behavior
Disaster Recovery Plans in Business
Hurricane Katrina’s Analysis
US Charities in Haiti After the 2010 Earthquake
Flood Mitigation Measures in the United States
Buncefield Oil Depot Disaster and Its Triggers
Challenger Disaster and Risk Management Failure
Saudi Arabian and Asian Disaster Epidemiology
Australian and Asian Natural Disaster Epidemiology
Disaster Preparedness: Core Competencies for Nurses
Disaster Response Training for Saudi Nurses
The Changing Meaning of Disaster
New Orleans Life after Hurricane Katrina
NetHope Technology: Worldwide Disaster Relief
BHP Billiton’s Handling of Brazilian Mine Disaster
Christchurch Earthquakes’ Impact on New Zealand Businesses
Understanding Earthquake Statistics: Frequency, Magnitude, and Data Sources
Hurricane Katrina Stats: Path and Intensity
Flooding, Landslides and Mudflows in Florida
Seveso Dioxin Leak Disaster
Preparing for a Natural Disaster in US
Disaster Recovery and Emergency Management – Business Continuity
Disaster Management Cycle – Risk Management Fundamentals
The Hurricane Katrina Disaster
Japan Nuclear Disaster Government Response
Managing Natural Disaster Risks in a Changing Climate
Geology Issues: Earthquakes
Hurricane Katrina’ Economic Effects for New Orlean
History of Hurricane in Galveston
Natural Hazards – Hurricane Andrew
International Disaster Relief Agency Profile and Mentally Ill rights
2008 and 2013 Sichuan Earthquakes in China
Hurricane Sandy on Long Island, New York
PAH’s and the 2010 BP Gulf Oil Disaster
Analysis of Love Canal Environmental Disaster
Disaster and Emergency Management: The Use of Military During Disaster Response
Engineering Disaster: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Emergency Planning and Disaster Management
Bhopal Disaster: Main Causes and Response Measures
Disaster Management of Johnson&Johnson and Coca-Cola
Addressing the Issues Faced by the Hurricane Katrina Survivors
Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster
Mitigation for Earthquake and Eruption
Disaster management is planet management
Climate Change: Floods in Queensland Australia
Effective Hazard Mitigation
History of Disaster Films
Great Barrier Reef: Flood Alleviation Solutions
Flooding in New Zealand
Disaster Management: The case of the Gonu Cyclone
Hurricane Andrew: Response and Recovery Failure
1906 San Francisco Fire Disaster
Physical Characteristics, Earthquake, Geology of the New Madrid Seismic Zone
Indiana University Bloomington Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Earthquakes as a Cause of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Tourism Disaster Management
Concept of Flooding as a Economic Disaster
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster: 20/20 Hindsight Bias
Disaster Management: the Case of Hurricane Katrina
Plate Tectonics, Volcanism, Earthquakes and Rings of Fire
The 1979 Tangshan Earthquake
The Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment
Fire Disaster on the Station Nightclub
Public Health Lapses in Dealing With Hurricane Katrina
Losing the Ground: Where Do Most Earthquakes Take Place?
Design of ICT For Disaster Management Systems
ICT for Disaster Management Systems
ICT Disaster Management Systems
Disaster of Columbia shuttle
Japan’s Nuclear Disaster: Fukushima’s Legacy
Lack of Quality Management During Hurricane Katrina
IUB Natural Disaster Risk Assessments and Risk Management
Special Needs that Children Aged 0 to 5 Years Would Have in Time of Disaster in Anne Arundel, Maryland
Year of the Flood
The Impacts of Japan’s Earthquake, Tsunami on the World Economy
Geology Issue – Nature of Earthquakes
The Midwest Flood of April to October 1993
The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
The red sludge ecological disaster
The State of New York’s Disaster Emergency Preparedness Plans
Galveston Hurricane Influence on America in1800s and 1900s
Disaster of Hurricane Katrina in 2005
Public Policy and Hurricane Katrina
Disaster Recovery Plan
Can New Zealand Take Advantage of Social Media Platforms for Disaster Management?
What Are the Different Types of Disaster Management?
What Is Disaster Management, and Why Is It Important?
What Are the Steps of Disaster Management?
What Is Mid-America Earthquake Center by Subject of Disaster Management?
How Is Climate Change Impact Flood Disaster Management in Nigerian Urban Centres?
How Is Disaster Management Impact Mitigation and Adaptation in a Public Goods Framework?
Which Communication Facilities Are for Disaster Management System?
Which Crowdsourcing Roles, Methods, and Tools Are for Data-Intensive Disaster Management?
How to Use Disaster Management Achieve Sustainable Hazard Mitigation?
What Is Disaster Management Plan for a Hypothetical Volcano Eruption?
What Is Public Involvement in Disaster Management and Disaster Risk Reduction?
What Is Potential Value to Risk Assessment and Disaster Management?
What Is Emergency Management Natural of Disaster Management?
What Are Ethical and Legal Implications for Disaster Management?
Which Are Fire Prevention and Basic Disaster Management?
What Is the Tourism Industry’s Strategic Planning for Disaster Management?
Which Are Institutional Co-creation Interfaces for Innovation Diffusion During Disaster Management?
How Is Integrating Disaster Management Impact Poverty Reduction?
How Are Work Knowledge Management Systems and Disaster Management in Malaysia?
How to Use Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Maps for Natural Disaster Management?
What Are Natural Disaster Management Mechanisms for Probabilistic Earthquake Loss?
What Is Relationship Between Disaster Management and Sociology?
What Are Opportunities for Including Distributive Justice Concerns in Disaster Management?
How Will Strengthen Institutional Capacity Help Disaster Management?
What Is the National Disaster Management Authority?
What Is Effective Disaster Management for Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Asia?
What Are Wireless Sensor Networks for Disaster Management?
Black Death Ideas
Evacuation Essay Topics
Pandemic Ideas
Plate Tectonics Essay Titles
Suffering Essay Topics
Environmental Protection Titles
Global Warming Essay Titles
Firefighter Ideas
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Understanding Poverty
Disaster Risk Management

Shock Waves : Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty

Ending poverty and stabilizing climate change will be two unprecedented global achievements and two major steps toward sustainable development. But the two objectives cannot be considered in isolation: they need to be jointly tackled through an integrated strategy. This report brings together those two objectives and explores how they can more easily be achieved if considered together.

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Dissertation Topics: 190 Best Ideas

Coming up with the right dissertation topics is one of the most important decisions you'll make in your academic life. With so many fields to explore, finding a subject that not only interests you but also has enough research material can feel overwhelming. In 2024, some topics are gaining particular attention:

Sustainability and environmental challenges
Artificial intelligence and its impact on society
Mental health and well-being
The future of work and remote employment
Social media's role in shaping political discourse

In this article, we'll guide you through these trending dissertation topics and provide insights into choosing one that suits your interests and goals. We'll also cover how to approach your research and craft a strong argument without getting lost in the process. If you still find yourself stuck after reading, DoMyEssay offers top-tier assistance to help you with writing a dissertation and beyond.

Economics Dissertation Topics

Here are 10 unique topics that offer a fresh perspective on key economic issues, giving you a solid starting point for in-depth research.

How do cryptocurrency regulations impact global financial stability?
What role does AI play in shaping modern economic forecasting models?
How has remote work affected productivity and wage inequality in developed economies?
Can universal basic income reduce poverty in high-income countries?
How does climate change influence global trade patterns and resource allocation?
What are the long-term economic effects of the gig economy on traditional labor markets?
How does social media advertising impact consumer behavior and economic growth?
What are the economic consequences of shifting to renewable energy sources?
How do international sanctions affect the economic development of targeted countries?
What is the impact of rising inflation on small businesses in emerging markets?

Business Dissertation Topics

When it comes to business dissertations, focusing on current trends and challenges is key. Each question below tackles a unique aspect of the evolving business landscape.

How does corporate social responsibility influence consumer loyalty in 2024?
What are the most effective leadership styles in hybrid work environments?
How do start-ups use innovation to compete with established brands in crowded markets?
What is the role of emotional intelligence in modern business negotiations?
How do data-driven strategies improve decision-making in the retail sector?
What are the key factors affecting the success of mergers and acquisitions in tech companies?
How does influencer marketing impact brand credibility and sales growth?
What are the long-term effects of supply chain disruptions on global business operations?
How do sustainability practices impact profitability in the fashion industry?
What is the role of workplace diversity in enhancing creativity and innovation?

Dissertation Ideas in Management

These management-focused ideas offer timely topics for research while addressing real-world challenges in modern organizations.

How can companies build a resilient workforce in the face of global crises?
What are the most effective strategies for managing remote teams across multiple time zones?
How does emotional intelligence in leadership improve employee performance and satisfaction?
What role does digital transformation play in streamlining operations in large organizations?
How can change management frameworks help companies adapt to disruptive technologies?
What are the best practices for managing diversity and inclusion in the workplace?
How can performance management systems be redesigned to suit hybrid work models?
What impact does ethical leadership have on organizational culture and long-term success?
How can agile project management be effectively implemented in non-tech industries?
What strategies help reduce employee burnout and improve retention in high-pressure industries?

Finance Dissertation Ideas

Finance is a field rich with complex, evolving topics. Here are ten dissertation ideas in finance, each presenting a unique angle for exploration:

How do interest rate changes impact investment decisions in emerging markets?
What are the effects of fintech innovations on traditional banking practices?
How can risk management strategies be optimized for volatile cryptocurrency markets?
What role does behavioral finance play in stock market volatility?
How do environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors influence investment portfolios?
What are the economic implications of high-frequency trading on market stability?
How do regulatory changes affect financial market efficiency and investor behavior?
What impact does corporate governance have on financial performance and shareholder value?
How can predictive analytics improve credit risk assessment for financial institutions?
What are the financial risks and opportunities associated with sustainable investment funds?

Dissertation Topics in Marketing

These topics focus on contemporary issues and innovations in marketing, providing a range of options for impactful research.

How does personalized marketing affect customer loyalty and retention in e-commerce?
What are the impacts of influencer marketing on brand perception and sales conversion?
How can companies leverage big data to enhance their digital marketing strategies?
What role do mobile marketing strategies play in influencing consumer purchasing decisions?
How do environmental and sustainability claims influence consumer brand trust and purchase behavior?
What are the effects of social media advertising on brand equity and consumer engagement?
How can businesses effectively use customer feedback to drive product development and marketing strategies?
What are the challenges and opportunities of integrating artificial intelligence into marketing automation?
How does cross-cultural marketing impact global brand positioning and market entry strategies?
What are the trends and effectiveness of experiential marketing in enhancing brand experiences?

Dissertation Topics in Accounting

Accounting is important for managing financial health and ensuring compliance. Here are ten dissertation topics in accounting, each offering a fresh perspective on key issues and developments:

How do blockchain technologies improve transparency and reduce fraud in financial reporting?
What are the effects of new accounting standards on financial statements and investor decisions?
How can forensic accounting techniques be enhanced to better detect financial irregularities?
What impact do tax reforms have on corporate financial strategies and compliance?
How does environmental accounting contribute to corporate sustainability and reporting practices?
What role does artificial intelligence play in automating and improving auditing processes?
How do international accounting standards affect financial reporting for multinational corporations?
What are the implications of revenue recognition changes on performance metrics and financial health?
How can small businesses effectively manage and report financial risks in a volatile economy?
What are the challenges and benefits of integrating cost management systems into strategic decision-making?

Human Resources Dissertation Topics

These topics cover contemporary issues and advancements in HR, providing a range of options for in-depth and impactful research.

How can organizations effectively implement remote work policies while maintaining employee engagement and productivity?
What are the impacts of AI and automation on HR practices and job roles?
How does diversity and inclusion training influence workplace culture and employee performance?
What strategies can HR departments use to address and reduce employee burnout in high-stress industries?
How does employee well-being and mental health support impact organizational performance and retention?
What are the best practices for managing talent acquisition in a competitive job market?
How can HR analytics be utilized to improve decision-making and workforce planning?
What role does leadership development play in preparing employees for succession planning?
How do compensation and benefits strategies affect employee satisfaction and organizational loyalty?
What are the challenges and opportunities in implementing effective performance management systems?

Political Science Dissertation Titles

Political Science examines the dynamics of power, governance, and policy.

How do migration and refugee crises affect national security policies and international diplomacy?
What are the consequences of foreign interference in democratic elections on national sovereignty?
How does the rise of authoritarian regimes challenge global human rights standards?
What role does political ideology play in shaping public policy and legislative outcomes?
How do social media platforms influence political mobilization and public opinion?
What are the effects of populist movements on democratic institutions and governance?
How do international sanctions impact the political stability and economic development of targeted nations?
What role does political corruption play in undermining democratic processes and reforms?
How do environmental policies shape political agendas and international relations?
What are the impacts of electoral system reforms on political representation and voter participation?

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Law Dissertation Topics

Law is a vast field with many evolving areas of interest. Here are ten dissertation topics in law, each focusing on contemporary issues and legal challenges:

How do recent changes in data protection laws impact corporate compliance and consumer privacy?
What are the legal implications of autonomous vehicles on liability and insurance frameworks?
How do international human rights treaties influence domestic legal systems and practices?
What role does corporate governance play in preventing financial fraud and ensuring ethical business practices?
How effective are current anti-terrorism laws in balancing national security and civil liberties?
What are the legal challenges and opportunities in regulating cryptocurrency and digital assets?
How does the rise of environmental litigation affect corporate environmental responsibility and regulatory compliance?
What are the legal implications of remote work on labor laws and employment contracts?
How do family law reforms impact child custody decisions and parental rights?
What are the effects of legal reforms on access to justice and legal representation for marginalized communities?

History Dissertation Topic Ideas

These history dissertation topics are designed to shed light on significant and unique aspects of the past:

How did the rise of industrialization impact social structures and labor conditions in 19th-century Europe?
What were the long-term effects of colonialism on indigenous cultures and economies in Africa?
How did the Cold War influence global political alignments and conflicts in the Middle East?
What role did women play in social and political movements during the early 20th century?
How did the Great Depression shape economic policies and social welfare programs in the United States?
What were the causes and consequences of the fall of the Roman Empire on European civilization?
How did technological advancements during World War II alter warfare strategies and post-war geopolitics?
What impact did the Civil Rights Movement have on legislation and race relations in post-1960s America?
How did the Silk Road facilitate cultural and economic exchanges between East and West in ancient times?
What were the effects of political revolutions in Latin America on regional stability and international relations?

Psychology Dissertation Topics

The psychology dissertation topics below cover a wide range of topics related to human behavior and mental processes.

What role does early childhood trauma play in the development of personality disorders?
How do sleep patterns affect cognitive functioning and emotional regulation in young adults?
What are the psychological effects of remote work on employee motivation and job satisfaction?
How does attachment style influence romantic relationships and relationship satisfaction?
What are the impacts of virtual reality exposure therapy on treating phobias and PTSD?
How does social media use impact adolescent self-esteem and mental health?
What are the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety and depression in adults?
How do cognitive biases influence decision-making in high-stress environments?
How does cultural background affect the perception and treatment of mental health issues?
What are the psychological factors contributing to addiction and effective strategies for intervention?

Sociology Dissertation Topics

Here are ten social work dissertation topics that examine the complex interactions between individuals and society:

What are the social consequences of rising political polarization and partisan identity?
How does the gig economy impact traditional employment structures and worker rights?
What are the effects of environmental degradation on marginalized communities and social justice?
How does the rise of digital technologies influence social relationships and interpersonal communication?
What are the implications of aging populations on healthcare systems and social policies?
How does social media influence identity formation and self-perception among teenagers?
What are the effects of urbanization on community cohesion and social networks in modern cities?
How does economic inequality impact access to education and social mobility?
What role does family structure play in shaping children's academic and social outcomes?
How do migration and globalization affect cultural identity and integration in host societies?

PhD Dissertation Topics

PhD dissertations often tackle complex and advanced subjects.

How can adaptive algorithms improve real-time decision-making in autonomous drone systems?
What are the long-term impacts of synthetic biology on ecological balance and biodiversity?
How do blockchain technologies influence transparency and accountability in supply chain management?
What are the effects of neuroplasticity-focused interventions on cognitive rehabilitation for brain injury survivors?
How can advanced data analytics reshape predictive models for rare disease diagnostics?
What role does gene-environment interaction play in the development of complex psychiatric disorders?
How does the integration of augmented reality in educational settings affect student engagement and learning outcomes?
What are the implications of nanotechnology in the development of next-generation drug delivery systems?
How do sociopolitical narratives shape the perception and policy responses to emerging infectious diseases?
What are the ethical considerations and societal impacts of using AI in autonomous legal decision-making systems?

Ecology Dissertation Ideas

These topics explore different aspects of ecosystems and environmental interactions:

How does climate change affect the migration patterns of avian species?
What are the impacts of deforestation on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical rainforests?
How do invasive species alter native ecosystems and food webs?
What role do urban green spaces play in supporting local wildlife and improving ecological health?
How does pollution from agricultural runoff affect aquatic ecosystems and water quality?
What are the effects of habitat fragmentation on animal behavior and population dynamics?
How do conservation strategies influence the recovery and resilience of endangered species?
What is the impact of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity and coral reef ecosystems?
How do changes in land use impact soil health and ecosystem productivity?
What role do ecological interactions play in the spread and control of zoonotic diseases?

Biology Dissertation Topics

Biology covers the study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

How do genetic modifications impact the resistance of crops to pests and diseases?
What are the effects of climate change on marine biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics?
How do microbial communities in the gut influence human health and disease?
What are the mechanisms of resistance development in bacteria against antibiotics?
How does habitat loss affect the genetic diversity and survival of endangered species?
What role do epigenetic changes play in cancer development and progression?
How can CRISPR technology be used to address genetic disorders and enhance gene therapy?
What are the ecological impacts of plastic pollution on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?
How do plant-pollinator interactions affect crop yields and ecosystem stability?
What are the implications of evolutionary biology for understanding human diseases and treatments?

Dissertation Topics in Educational Leadership

These education dissertation topics focus on critical issues and trends in the field:

How do transformational leadership styles impact teacher motivation and student achievement?
What are the effects of school leadership on implementing inclusive education practices?
How does distributed leadership influence decision-making and collaboration in schools?
What role does educational leadership play in addressing and reducing achievement gaps?
How can leaders effectively manage and support the integration of technology in the classroom?
What are the challenges and benefits of leadership in diverse and multicultural school settings?
How do principal leadership practices affect school culture and climate?
What strategies can educational leaders use to foster professional development and continuous learning among teachers?
How does leadership in early childhood education differ from leadership in K-12 settings?
What are the impacts of policy changes on school leadership and educational outcomes?

Dissertation Topics in Education

Here are ten education dissertation topics covering a range of issues within the field.

How does early childhood education impact long-term academic success and social development?
What are the effects of differentiated instruction on student engagement and learning outcomes?
How can educational institutions effectively support students with learning disabilities?
What is the role of parental involvement in enhancing student performance and motivation?
How do online learning platforms compare to traditional classroom settings in terms of student achievement?
What are the challenges and opportunities of implementing culturally responsive teaching practices?
How does formative assessment influence student learning and instructional strategies?
What impact does school leadership have on teacher job satisfaction and retention?
How can schools address and prevent bullying through educational programs and policies?
What are the effects of integrating social-emotional learning into the school curriculum on student behavior and academic performance?

Dissertation Topics in Higher Education

Higher education is a dynamic field with many areas ripe for exploration.

How do university admissions policies impact diversity and inclusion in higher education institutions?
What are the effects of online learning platforms on student engagement and academic performance in higher education?
How can higher education institutions better support first-generation college students?
What role does academic advising play in student retention and success in university settings?
How do financial aid programs influence students' academic choices and career outcomes?
What are the impacts of global exchange programs on students' cultural competence and academic growth?
How does campus climate affect student mental health and well-being in higher education institutions?
What strategies can universities employ to enhance the integration of career readiness into the curriculum?
How do faculty development programs impact teaching effectiveness and student learning in higher education?
What are the challenges and opportunities of implementing sustainability practices within university operations and curricula?

Need Help with Your Dissertation?

Let our expert writers at DoMyEssay make it easier.

How to Choose a Dissertation Topic?

Choosing topics for dissertation on your own doesn't have to be overwhelming. Here's a straightforward approach to help you land on the perfect subject:

Check the Research Gaps: Look for areas in your field that haven't been fully explored yet, offering you a chance to contribute something new.
Consider Relevance: Make sure the topic is timely and has a connection to current trends or future developments in your field.
Scope It Right: Don't choose a topic that's too broad or too narrow. Aim for one with enough material to explore but manageable within your timeline.
Availability of Resources: Ensure you have access to the necessary data, studies, and experts to support your research.
Consult Your Advisor: Don't hesitate to discuss your dissertation ideas with your advisor. Their feedback can help refine your topic and make it more focused.

Where to Look For a Unique Dissertation Topic?

Here are some simple yet effective ways to discover truly great topics for dissertation :

Academic Journals: Browse the latest issues of relevant journals to spot emerging trends or unexplored areas of research.
Conferences and Seminars: Attending academic events can expose you to cutting-edge research and provide inspiration for your topic.
Online Databases: Platforms like Google Scholar or JSTOR are excellent for identifying recent studies and some great examples of dissertation topics.
Current News and Industry Reports: Look for real-world issues in your field by staying up to date with news articles and industry reports. These sources often highlight hot topics.
Your Own Work Experience: If applicable, draw from any personal experience or previous research projects that you can expand upon or dive deeper into.

What Does a Good Dissertation Title Look Like?

Once you've settled on a topic, crafting the right title is the next critical step. A strong dissertation title should do more than just summarize your research—it should grab attention and clearly communicate the focus of your study. Here's what makes a good dissertation title:

Clarity: Your title should be straightforward and easy to understand, leaving no room for confusion about what your dissertation ideas cover.
Specificity: A good title narrows down your topic to a specific area, highlighting exactly what your research will focus on.
Relevance: Ensure the title reflects current issues or debates within your field. It should immediately signal why your research matters.
Conciseness: Keep it short and to the point. Long, complicated titles can be overwhelming and less memorable.
Keywords: Include key terms related to your topic that will help others find your work during searches.

What are Some Relevant Ideas to Research in 2024?

As we move through 2024, certain areas of research are more relevant than ever, especially in fields like AI, technology, and politics. These subjects are constantly evolving, offering plenty of opportunities for fresh and impactful research:

Artificial Intelligence: Focus on the ethical implications, advancements in machine learning, or AI's impact on industries such as healthcare, education, or the job market.
Technology: Explore emerging technologies like blockchain, quantum computing, or virtual reality and how they're transforming sectors like finance, entertainment, or data security.
Politics: Research the influence of social media on political movements, the rise of populism, or how global events are shaping new policies and governance models.

Final Remarks

In 2024, some of the hottest areas for research include:

The ongoing challenges of climate change policies
AI's role in modern industries
Mental health in the workplace
Cryptocurrency regulations
The rise of sustainable practices across different sectors.

Whether you're drawn to technology's advancements, the future of education, or gender equality in leadership, there's no shortage of fascinating directions you can take your research. If you're still feeling unsure about which topic is right for you, DoMyEssay's dissertation writing service is ready to step in and assist—not only with writing but even helping you pinpoint a unique topic that suits your interests and academic goals.

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15 Amazing Risk Management Dissertation Topics For Students

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Disaster management an introduction to natural disaster

COMMENTS

99 Disaster Management Dissertation Topics Ideas
Dissertation topics on disaster management cover all such strategies, policies, and plans. In addition to this, disaster management research topics also include assessing the disasters and their impacts on different populations in different ways. The risks that arise as a result of natural disasters are also included in the subject matter of ...
Best Disaster Management Topic Ideas
Students of disaster management studies find it difficult to complete their graduate and post-graduate studies due to the extensive research required in dissertations, and the first step towards it is the dissertation topic. Dissertation themes on disaster management cover all the tactics, policies, and plans relating to disaster management. In ...
Risk Management Dissertation Ideas & Topics
Risk Management Dissertation Ideas. Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On August 18, 2023. Identifying and assessing risks in various life situations is the focus of risk management dissertation topics. The key focus of risk management research topics is on risk prevention and risk mitigation.
A review of themes in disaster resilience literature and international
Aitsi-Selmi et al. (Citation 2015) identifies this as a significant shift from response driven to a risk-management driven approach to disaster risk reduction, which sees five of the seven global targets in the Sendai Framework targeted towards building health resilience, focusing on reducing disaster mortality and disaster damage to health ...
Building Urban Resilience for Disaster Risk Management and Disaster
Abstract Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) merged as systematic appro ches to reduce the impact of climate change on the built environment. However, post 2015 United Natio s (UN) disaster manag ment and emergency policies failed to capture the dynamics of hazards, exposure and vulnerability essential for buildi g ...
4618 PDFs
Yahya Petra. Community-led disaster risk management is a method that stresses community participation and involvement in disaster prevention, response and recovery. This approach acknowledges that ...
(PDF) Disaster Prevention and Management: A Critical ...
Disaster Prevention and Management: A Critical Review of The. Literature. Nazaruddin Ali Basyah *, Muhamm ad Syukri, Irham Fahmi, Ismail Ali, Zulf adhli Rusli, Elva Se sioria. Putri. 1 Department ...
Disaster Risk Science: A Geographical Perspective and a Research
In this article, we recall the United Nations' 30-year journey in disaster risk reduction strategy and framework, review the latest progress and key scientific and technological questions related to the United Nations disaster risk reduction initiatives, and summarize the framework and contents of disaster risk science research. The object of disaster risk science research is the "disaster ...
Integrated Disaster Risk Management: From Earth Sciences to Policy
There has been enormous progress in science and technology in different areas of disaster risk over the past decades, yet the impact of disasters continues to increase around the globe. In the first two decades of the 21st century alone, 7,348 disaster events occurred worldwide, involving around 1.23 million human losses, more than 4 billion people affected and economic losses on the order of ...
Dissertations / Theses: 'Natural disaster risk management ...
Video (online) Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Natural disaster risk management.'. Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA ...
PDF Influence of Risk Governance on Disaster Risk Management in Communities
I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted elsewhere for examination, award of degree or publication. Where other people‟s work has been used, ... disaster risk management to a great extent in the organization. This is mostly attributed to: single-risk assessments in KRCS that determine the likelihood and ...
Disaster risk reduction management engagement towards strengthening
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the Disaster Risk Reduction Management engagement towards strengthening institutional resiliency. There were 386 students and 235 faculty and staff of Capiz State University who were chosen as respondents. The descriptive method of research was used in the study employing an adopted and ...
303 Disaster Research Topics & Essay Titles + Examples
The Bhopal accident occurred in India almost 40 years ago, on December 2, 1984. This disaster claimed the lives of 3800 people. Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina made landfall in New Orleans, on the United States Gulf Coast, on August 29, 2005, leaving a path of devastation and flooding in her wake.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Disaster risk'
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Disaster risk.'. Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ...
PDF An Investigation Into the Disaster Risk Reduction (Drr) Efforts ...
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) EFFORTS IN GUTU DISTRICT (ZIMBABWE): A FOCUS ON DROUGHT EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS By NICHOLAS SHAMANO 2007109339 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters in Disaster Management In the Disaster Management Training and Education Center for Africa At the
PDF Dissertation Quantitative Study on Natural Disasters Risk Management
The title of this dissertation is 'Quantitative Study on Natural Disasters Risk Management Policy - Applying Statistical Data Analysis and Mathematical Modeling Approach -'. This research aims to make the analysis and planning of disaster management in order to develop policies to mitigate the number of death and missing
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Disaster risk management'
List of dissertations / theses on the topic 'Disaster risk management'. Scholarly publications with full text pdf download. Related research topic ideas.
Indicative List of Dissertations for the MSc Disaster Management and
Hood, Kathryn 2014 Can disaster education be a driver for resilience building? The case of first aid training Hudson, Sean 2010 Foot & Mouth 2001: the recovery and adaptation of sole trade accommodation Hughes, Francesca Nan 2012 Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: A Review of Policy and Practice in the UK and
407 Disaster Topic Ideas to Write about & Essay Samples
The topic that will be covered in the teaching session is "Emergency Nursing Disaster Preparedness", and the time allocated to cover the topic is 30 minutes. School Preparedness Plan for Tornado, Earthquakes, Fire Emergency. In case of an earthquake emergency, the school should be prepared to keep the students safe.
Disaster Risk Management Research
Building Resilience: Integrating Climate and Disaster Risk into Development. November 18, 2013 — Weather-related losses and damage have risen from an annual average of about $50 billion in the 1980s to close to $200 billion over the last decade, a new study finds. Read More ».
Top 190 Dissertation Topics: Business, Law, Psychology
Where to Look For a Unique Dissertation Topic? Here are some simple yet effective ways to discover truly great topics for dissertation : Academic Journals: Browse the latest issues of relevant journals to spot emerging trends or unexplored areas of research. Conferences and Seminars: Attending academic events can expose you to cutting-edge research and provide inspiration for your topic.