creative writing on art forms of jammu and kashmir

Crafting Culture: Art and Craft in Jammu and Kashmir

Table of Contents

Introduction :

Jammu and Kashmir, often referred to as the “Crown of India,” is not only celebrated for its breathtaking landscapes but also for its rich cultural heritage, particularly in the realms of art and craft. Nestled in the northernmost part of India, this region has been a melting pot of diverse cultures, each leaving an indelible mark on the artistic traditions of the land. In this exploration, we delve into the vibrant world of art and craft in Jammu and Kashmir, unraveling the stories behind the intricate creations that have been handed down through generations.

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Artistic Heritage:

Pashmina shawls:.

One cannot discuss the art and craft of Jammu and Kashmir without mentioning the exquisite Pashmina shawls. Woven with the fine wool extracted from the Himalayan mountain goats, these shawls are a testament to the region’s exceptional craftsmanship. The delicate process involves skilled artisans who meticulously hand-spin, dye, and weave the fabric, creating luxurious and warm shawls that have earned global acclaim. The intricate patterns, often inspired by nature and Persian influences, make each Pashmina shawl a work of art.

Papier Mâché:

Papier mâché, a traditional craft that flourished in the valley of Kashmir, is a method of crafting using paper pulp. Skilled artisans mold the pulp into various shapes, allowing them to create stunning artifacts such as decorative boxes, bowls, and figurines. The artisans then intricately paint these items, often depicting scenes from nature or showcasing intricate geometric patterns. The vibrant colors and detailed designs showcase the artistic finesse that has been honed over centuries.

Wood Carving:

Wood carving is another hallmark of artistic expression in Jammu and Kashmir. The region is home to master craftsmen who transform simple pieces of wood into intricate works of art. Walnut wood, in particular, is highly favored for its dark and rich color. The artisans carve stunning patterns, often inspired by flora, fauna, and traditional motifs, on furniture, panels, and even smaller items like boxes and utensils. This craft not only reflects the artistic prowess of the craftsmen but also serves as a window into the region’s cultural narrative.

Willow Work:

Amidst the rich tapestry of Jammu and Kashmir’s crafts, willow work holds a unique place. The art of weaving with willow branches has been a tradition in the region for centuries. Skilled craftsmen employ these flexible branches to create an array of products, including baskets, furniture, and decorative items. The willow’s natural beauty and durability lend themselves to various forms of artistic expression, adding a rustic charm to the vibrant palette of traditional crafts in the region.

The Traditional Arts and Crafts Villages:

Harwan village:.

Harwan, located near Srinagar, is a hub for traditional Kashmiri arts and crafts. The village is home to numerous artisans who specialize in various crafts such as carpet weaving, embroidery, and wood carving. Visitors to Harwan can witness the creative process firsthand and purchase authentic, locally crafted items. The village acts as a living museum of Jammu and Kashmir’s artistic traditions, preserving and promoting the region’s cultural heritage.

Shilpgram, situated in the heart of Jammu, is an arts and crafts complex that showcases the diverse cultural heritage of the region. This village is a haven for artists and craftsmen, providing them with a platform to display their creations. From traditional handloom weaving to pottery and sculpture, Shilpgram encapsulates the essence of Jammu and Kashmir’s artistic vibrancy. Visitors can engage with the artisans, gaining insights into the meticulous processes involved in crafting these masterpieces.

The Role of Art in Cultural Preservation:

Art and craft in Jammu and Kashmir are not merely commercial endeavors; they play a vital role in preserving the region’s cultural identity. The motifs, designs, and techniques passed down through generations are not just aesthetically pleasing; they are repositories of stories, traditions, and historical significance. The intricate patterns on a carpet or the detailed carving on a wooden artifact often carry a narrative that connects the present to the past, creating a sense of continuity and identity.

Challenges and Innovations:

While the traditional arts and crafts of Jammu and Kashmir have stood the test of time, they face contemporary challenges. Economic pressures, changing consumer preferences, and the impact of globalization have introduced new dynamics to the traditional crafts industry. However, artisans and organizations are working tirelessly to adapt these age-old crafts to contemporary tastes while preserving their authenticity.

Innovation plays a crucial role in ensuring the survival of traditional crafts. Artisans are exploring new designs, incorporating modern elements without compromising the essence of their craft. Initiatives promoting sustainable and ethical practices in the production of crafts are gaining momentum, ensuring that the artistic heritage of Jammu and Kashmir evolves to meet the demands of the present while remaining rooted in its cultural origins.

Promoting Art and Craft Tourism:

Recognizing the significance of art and craft in Jammu and Kashmir’s cultural landscape, efforts are being made to promote art tourism. The region’s artistic hubs are being highlighted as tourist destinations, attracting visitors keen on experiencing the richness of traditional craftsmanship. This not only provides economic opportunities for the artisans but also fosters a greater appreciation for the artistic heritage of the region.

Conclusion:

Jammu and Kashmir, with its majestic landscapes and diverse cultures, has fostered a rich tradition of art and craft that has captivated hearts for centuries. From the delicate Pashmina shawls to the intricate wood carvings, each creation tells a story of skilled hands, cultural nuances, and a legacy passed down through generations.

As we navigate the winding lanes of Harwan or explore the vibrant stalls of Shilpgram, we become witnesses to a living, breathing testament to the artistic prowess of Jammu and Kashmir. The resilience of these crafts in the face of modern challenges is a testament to the enduring spirit of the artisans who continue to weave the threads of tradition into the colorful tapestry of the region’s cultural heritage.

In conclusion, the art and craft of Jammu and Kashmir are not just expressions of creativity; they are the soul of a region, connecting its past to its present and ensuring that the artistic flame continues to burn brightly for generations to come.

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Arts and Craft of Jammu and Kashmir

The splendid Handicrafts of Jammu and Kashmir make it famous all over the world. Some kind of elegant art work is present almost in everything in Jammu and Kashmir, be it embroidery on the shawls, papier-mache and steel ware and wood work . When it comes to Jammu and Kashmir Handicrafts , the villages of Anantnag and Srinagar have been quite famous for enhancing its creative beauty. They are world famous for carpets and wooden furniture. Along with it, the antique items include Shahtoosh Shawls and Pashmina shawls. Crewel ware, brass and silver ware are other interesting articles.

Famous Art and Crafts of Jammu and Kashmir:

Definitely, one of the most expensive and world renowned arts of Kashmir . Originally, the art of making carpets started from Samarkand in Central Asia . Later, the process itself witnessed a tremendous growth with the artisans from Iran experimenting with the motifs and textures. Carpets from Kashmir are made of wool and even silk , are available in a large number of variety.

Basket Weaving

These are made of willow rushes and this form of weaving can be used to make baskets or even lamp-shades. A little expensive , they can also be used as glass holders or picnic baskets . Hazratbal in Srinagar is known for basket weaving throughout India.

The typical Kashmiri embroidery is known as Kasida and is famous all over the world. It is very exquisite in its execution and is very rich and elaborate in colour. Quite interestingly, this embroidery, which is often done on saris and shawls , does not have a wrong side to it.

Pashmina Shawls

Shawls of Kashmir are known worldwide for their design, colour and embroidery. The fleecy wool obtained from the Kel goat is used for making Pashmina Shawls . They are very famous as ring shawls ; even at the international levels. This is because they are so delicate and elegant , that they can easily pass from a ring, itself. A high value and elegant shawl has designs and motifs, equally embellished on both the sides.

Papier Mache

No matter how similar the papier mache articles look at the first glance, they have their own differences and originality. Three grades of paper are used for its designing. In the process of making it, paper is soaked in water till the time it disintegrates. Then an adhesive solution is used to mix it over, eventually molding it into different shapes which are later coloured and varnished.

Tweed is a pure wool product that goes through eight steps of wool shearing to take various shapes. Products of Tweed are available as long winter coats , jackets, blazers, waistcoats, suits , trousers, caps; also wedding suits . Apart from providing good insulation during winters , it is also a flourishing form of art and craft in Kashmir .

Walnut Wood Products

Kashmir is home to the best of walnut trees in the world. The wood of these trees are used to create various furniture and showpiece items. Kashmir has talented artists whose wood works have taken the products to international level. The state is known for semi carvings, lattice work, lotus flowers and chinar motifs . While on a shopping spree, products to pick up are furniture (tables, chairs, writing desks, dining tables etc.), cigar and cigarette boxes, jewelry boxes, photo frames and countless other articles.

So, why wait? If you are an art connoisseur, just delve into exploring the richness of the arts and handicrafts of Jammu and Kashmir with our special packages.

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Culture of Jammu and Kashmir

Table of Contents

Culture of Jammu and Kashmir is like a beautiful cloth made from different traditions and ways of life. It’s shaped by the beliefs of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. This area mixes traditions from North India, North Pakistan, and the Chinese area of Aksai Chin. People of various faiths, including Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, and Buddhists, live together here. This shows how different people can live in harmony. The Jammu and Kashmir culture is special because of the language, books, food, buildings, and customs of the Kashmiri people who live in the north of the Indian subcontinent. Jammu and Kashmir is a great place with its own unique customs and traditions.

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History of Culture of Jammu and Kashmir

The culture in Kashmir has been shaped by influences from Persian and Central Asian traditions, as well as its roots in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. The people of Kashmir are a unique ethnic and linguistic group, with similarities to the Indo-Greek community. The region is renowned for its textiles, such as shawls and rugs, which contribute significantly to its foreign exchange earnings. Jammu and Kashmir share a culture that is largely influenced by Northern India. This state is a blend of various religions, making Kashmir well-known for its diverse cultural heritage. It combines elements from Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, and Buddhist communities, adding to Kashmir’s beauty. Kashmir’s culture is rich and diverse, showcasing various art forms, architecture, festivals, traditions, stories, and languages. These cultural aspects, set against the backdrop of its historic mountains, highlight the region’s unity and diversity, along with its significant cultural contributions.

Cuisine of Jammu and Kashmir

Food culture of Jammu and Kashmir is a mix of Indian, Persian, and Central Asian styles. It’s well-known for its use of spices like cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, fennel, and saffron. These spices give a special taste and smell to the dishes. The Wazwan feast is a famous meal in Jammu and Kashmir. It has up to 36 different dishes, all served on a big copper plate called a traem. Some common dishes from Jammu are Rajma, Aloo Dum, Kashmiri Pulao, and Patisa. In Kashmiri cooking, popular dishes include Kashmiri Dum Aloo, Yakhni, and Rogan Josh. The Kashmir Valley is also known for its bakeries, especially the Qandarwan, offering a wide range of breads. Sund Panjeeri, Patisa, and Rajma are famous Dogri dishes from Jammu. The food of Jammu and Kashmir is a delight for anyone who loves rich and varied tastes and smells. It’s a big part of the cultural heritage and traditions of Jammu and Kashmir, showing the area’s cultural diversity.

Festivals of Jammu and Kashmir

The festivals in Jammu and Kashmir show the area’s rich cultural mix and history. These events bring people from different backgrounds together and highlight various arts, music, and dance. Key festivals in Jammu and Kashmir include:

• Urs: Held from January 8th to 21st, Urs is an important event remembering the passing of famous Muslim saints like Meesha Sahib, Batamol Sahib, and Bahauddin.
• Eid ul Azha and Eid ul Fitr: These Islamic celebrations are times of joy, where people come together to eat, celebrate, and have fun.
• Hemis Festival: Taking place in Ladakh’s Hemis Monastery, this festival is full of music, dance, and religious ceremonies.
• Tulip Festival: This yearly event is known for its beautiful tulips and cultural activities. It shows off the natural beauty and rich cultural background of the region.

These Jammu and Kashmir festivals are more than just celebrations; they are a chance for local artists and craftsmen to share their work and traditions.

Language of Jammu and Kashmir People

In Jammu and Kashmir, people speak many different languages. This shows the Jammu and Kashmir culture and tradition. The most spoken languages there are Kashmiri , Dogri , Urdu , Hindi , and English . Most people in the Kashmir Valley speak Kashmiri, about 6.8 million of them. This language is also used in Neelum Valley in Pakistan’s Azad Kashmir area. In Jammu, many speak Dogri. Urdu, Hindi, and English are common too and are official languages in this union territory. In northern Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan and some parts of Jammu and Kashmir, people speak Burushaski. The variety of languages spoken here highlights the cultural diversity and the mix of different ethnic and language groups.

Folk Music and Dance of Jammu and Kashmir

The culture of Jammu and Kashmir is rich with traditional folk music and folk dance. This music combines elements from both the Eastern and Southern regions of Asia. In Jammu and Kashmir, traditional music often features group singing and a variety of instruments like the Rabab , Nagara , Dukra , Sitar , and Harmonium . A very old and loved type of music here is Chakri , played with instruments such as the Sarangi , Rubab , and Harmonium . Another well-known music style is Sufiana Kalam , famous for its unique melodies and use of instruments like the Setar , Wasool , Kashmiri Saz , and Santoor .

Folk dances are a important part of cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir . Some famous dances are Rouf , Bachha Nagma , and Dumhal . Rouf is a beautiful dance that welcomes spring. Bachha Nagma is often seen at social events. Dumhal, a special dance of Jammu and Kashmir, is performed on important occasions and has a spiritual aspect.

Cultural Dress of Jammu and Kashmir

The cultural dress of Jammu and Kashmir shows the area’s rich history and various cultural influences. Here are some of the main traditional dresses:

• Pheran: This is a loose upper cloth with baggy sleeves, made from wool or jamewar fabric. It’s decorated with flower designs in embroidery and is worn by both men and women.
• Poots and Pheran: This clothing is worn by both genders. It includes two robes. The Poots is long with tight sleeves, and the Pheran is a baggy upper garment.
• Taranga: A colorful scarf or headpiece for Kashmiri women, attached to a cap and getting narrower towards the back, down to the heels. It’s a key part of Hindu women’s wedding dress.
• Gurgabis: These are shoes without laces, typically worn by Muslim men.
• Pashmina Belts and Kamarbandh: Belts and waistbands made from Pashmina wool, beautifully embroidered. They are worn by both men and women.

Traditional dress of Jammu and Kashmir show the rich cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir. They reflect the different ethnic and religious groups in the region.

Art and Craft of Jammu and Kashmir

The culture of Jammu and Kashmir is rich in arts and crafts. This area is well-known for its beautiful embroidery, woodwork, paper crafts, and making shawls. These crafts show the area’s deep cultural roots and the mix of different cultural and religious groups there. Some famous items are Pashmina shawls, carpets, and rugs with detailed patterns and high quality. Jammu and Kashmir are also known for products made of copper, silver, and clay. Making these crafts is not just a way for many people to earn money, but also helps keep the area’s culture alive. The local government is helping to keep these arts and crafts alive by starting centers for handicrafts and by having exhibitions and markets.

Also Check: Culture of Other States

Theater Culture of Jammu and Kashmir

The theater culture in Jammu and Kashmir is rich and shows the area’s history, customs, and cultural mix. This theater culture has grown over time, taking different shapes and styles in plays and performances. Key features of Jammu and Kashmir’s theater culture are:

• Bhand Pather : This is an old type of Kashmiri theater that started in the 15th century. Bhand Pather combines music, dance, and story-telling, and is usually seen at religious and social gatherings.
• Achi Lamo : First seen in the 19th century, Achi Lamo is another well-liked Kashmiri theater style. It also mixes music, dance, and stories, and is often part of wedding celebrations.
• Mane-Pa : This traditional Kashmiri theater uses masks and puppets. It’s a usual sight at religious and social events.
• Modern Drama : In the 20th century, Jammu and Kashmir started to see modern drama. This came with the start of theater groups and new methods in writing and acting plays.
• Theater Festivals : The Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art Culture and Languages, along with groups like the National School of Drama and Sangeet Natak Academy, help grow Kashmiri theater. They do this by organizing festivals and workshops.

Interesting Facts About Jammu and Kashmir Culture

• Aipan Art: In Jammu and Kashmir, there’s a special art called Aipan. People make detailed designs using rice flour. These designs are not just pretty; they mean a lot to the culture, especially during festivals and religious events.
• Dogra Art: The Dogra art from the Jammu area is very influenced by the Mughal style. It’s famous for small paintings that show local stories, history, and Hindu myths.
• Kashmiri Saffron: Jammu and Kashmir are known for the best saffron in the world. Grown mainly in Pampore, this saffron is more than a spice. Its picking and making are big parts of local traditions.
• Kashmiri Willow Craft: This region is known for making cricket bats from willow trees. Making these bats is a traditional job passed down in families.
• Gucchi Mushrooms: These mushrooms, found only in this area, are very special in cooking. They are picked from the wild forests of Kashmir, showing how the people there live with nature and in a way that lasts.
• Kashmiri Folk Tales and Proverbs: In Kashmir, there are many old stories and sayings. They are usually told by older people and teach about local wisdom, fun, and important values.
• Chakri Music: Chakri is a type of music from Kashmir. It often has instruments like the harmonium and dholak and is played a lot at local parties and events.
• Kanger: In winter, people in Kashmir use a special portable heater called Kanger. It shows how clever they are in staying warm and is often talked about in their writing and poems.
• Bakarwal Nomadic Culture: The Bakarwals are a group of people in Jammu and Kashmir who move around with their animals. Their way of living shows a different side of the area’s culture.
• Kalari Cheese: This cheese comes from the Jammu area. It’s famous for its special feel and taste. People often cook it with local spices and eat it as a street food snack.

FAQs on Culture of Jammu and Kashmir

What is the cultural identity of kashmir.

Kashmir's cultural identity is rich and diverse, marked by unique traditions in art, music, and storytelling. It reflects the region's history, natural beauty, and the harmony of various cultural influences.

What is the religious culture of Jammu?

Jammu's religious culture is a mix of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism. This blend is seen in festivals, architecture, and the daily life of its people, showing a deep respect for different beliefs.

What is the food culture of J&K?

The food culture of Jammu and Kashmir is known for its variety and rich flavors. It includes dishes like Rogan Josh, Dum Aloo, and the use of unique spices, reflecting the region's diverse cultural heritage.

What are the 4 cultural identities?

The four main cultural identities often refer to ethnic, national, religious, and social identities. Each represents different aspects of how people see themselves and connect with their culture and community.

What is the main festival of Jammu Kashmir?

The main festival of Jammu and Kashmir is Eid-ul-Fitr, celebrated by Muslims. Hindu festivals like Navratri and Deepavali are also significant. These festivals show the region's rich cultural and religious diversity.

What is Jammu and Kashmir famous for?

Jammu and Kashmir are famous for their stunning natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, traditional crafts like Pashmina shawls, and unique foods like Kashmiri saffron and Kalari cheese.

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Art and Craft of Jammu and Kashmir

The art and craft of Jammu and Kashmir is very famous in India and outside the country. The state’s art and craft has a powerful imprint of the old tradition. The craft of the state is rich by wood work and embroidery work. The Papier-Mache craft of the state is worth noting all over the country.

Art of Jammu and Kashmir

  The art of Jammu and Kashmir is best known for its cultural heritage which has prevailed since a very long time. The famous Basholi Qalam paintings which are kept in famous museums across the world are found in Jammu and Kashmir. These are the examples of famous painting styles of Jammu and Kashmir.

  Painting Styles of Jammu and Kashmir

Painting styles of Jammu and Kashmir come under the Pahari painting style which originated in the 17th-19th centuries from Jammu to Garhwal in the Himalayan states of India. It was a miniature style of painting. This style of painting got its origin from the Mughal style of paintings and influenced by the Rajput paintings.

Important schools/styles of paintings of Jammu and Kashmir are given below:

Basholi School/Style of Paintings

Basholi is a town in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir.During late 17th and 18th centuries, Basholi emerged as a great centre of painting which was known as Basholi School of Paintings. It is considered the first school of Pahari paintings. The themes of this painting style are religious (Gita Govinda and Ramayana), historical,secular, contemporary and literary. The painting style includes strikingly blazing colours, bold lines, geometrical patterns, use of shiny beetle wings for jewellery, rich symbols and peculiar features. An important example of this painting style is the depiction of the ‘Rasamanjari’ or ‘Bouquet of Delight’ in 1664 AD (a long love poem written in 15th century by Bhanudatta of Tirhut Bihar). It was painted by Devidasa under the patronage of Raja Kirpal Pal.

Mankot Style of Paintings

These paintings have similarities with Basholi style e.g. bold subjects with vivid colours. This style of painting flourished during mid 17th century. Later, use of subdued colours and naturalism became significant features of this style of painting.

Guler Jasrota Style of Paintings

Jasrota place lies in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu or Jasrotapainting style emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries which has a similarity with the Kangra style of paintings. Shangri Ramayana paintings series were produced in Jammu during late 17th and early 18th century.

Nainsukh was one of the famous artists of this style of painting, who was a patronaged artist of Raja Balwant of Jasrota.He depicted the day-to-day activities ofRaja Balwant Singh in his paintings and also used Persian technique known as Neem Kalam .

Crafts of Jammu and Kashmir

The crafts of Jammu and Kashmir has recognition all over the world and everyone in the state is affiliated to this occupation in one way or another. Crafts in the state vary from the embroidery to shawl weaving, wood carving to papier mache, carpet weaving to namdas weaving and much more.

Some important and famous crafts of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:

  Textiles The important textile works of Jammu and Kashmir are shawls and sarees. These are discussed below:

Kashmiri shawls are the most famous craft of Jammu and Kashmir. There are different types of Kashmiri shawls e.g. Pashmina shawl, Ring shawl, Jamavar shawl, etc wool of Kel goat is the main source of Pashmina shawl. This shawl is woven by looms and some shawls are embroidered by hands after looming is done. Ring shawl is given such name as its fabric is so sleek and smooth that can pass effortlessly through a ring. The threads of Jamavar shawls dyed before weaving. The shawl depicts architectural and mythological figures interwoven with landscape designs. Other Shawls are Shahtoosh and Kani Jama shawls.

Mulberry silk is used to produce quality sarees in Kashmir region. But this craft isnot practiced on a large scale in the state.

The embroidery work of Jammu and Kashmir is world famous. The state craftspersons do different types of embroidery work such as:

Chain Stitch and Crewel Work

Chain stitch work is done by ari or hook (Aurah) on any type of fabric instead ofbneedle. It is also known as Zalakdozi . Under this stitch work the designs ranging from floral patterns to animal and human forms. In this embroidery work, vibrant colours are used. Crewel work is more or less similar to chain stitch as it is done on white background similar to chain stitch. But the slight difference between the two works is that crewel work motifs and flowers are not embroidered on the entire surface.Wool is mainly used in crewel work and vibrant colours are not used. These works are mainly done on rugs, curtains, wall hangings, etc.

It is a very famous embroidery work of Jammu and Kashmir. It is done on woollen Kurtas, woollen rags, stales, sofa, cushions, etc. Important themes of this work are birds, blooms, flowers, vines, chinar leaves,mangoes, lotus and trees.

It is a type of embroidery work which is done especially on brides’s trouser. It is also done on salwar-kameez, dupatta, handkerchiefs, table covers, sofa, cushion covers, wall hangings, jackets, bags, footwear, stole, etc. It is a traditional and domestic craft of Jammu, which is practised by womenfolk.

It is the most delicate and beautiful embroidery work which takes years to complete even one shawl. It is mainly done on Pashmina shawls, woollen shawls, salwar-kameez and sarees with thin needles.

It is a traditional Kashmiri craft which is done on sarees, salwar-kameez, shawls, pherans, etc. The themes of this embroidery work are lotus, chinar and almond. It is especially done on a bride’s trouser.

  Calico Printing

It is a type of block printing which is mainly done in Samba and Jammu districts. The printing is done on hand woven cotton cloth and floor/bed coverings in vegetable colours with the help of wooden blocks. This printing is in great demand and widely popular.

The Kashmir ruler Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin introduced the carpet industry in Kashmir valley. There are mainly two types of carpets which are as follows:

  1. Khabdan-Pile Carpets

It got its origin from Tibet. These carpets are woven in Ladakhi designs which are mainly used in living rooms and monasteries for prayer. These carpets are woven by the method of looming woollen yarn around an iron rod in which 48 knots per square inch are made on a large perpendicular loom. Then craftsmen cut the loops with a knife and remove the rod to get a pile surface. It is very famous in Ladakh region which is also influenced by Chinese and Mongolian designs.

2. Knotted Carpets

These are mainly made by hand. These are locally known as Kal baffi or ‘Kashmir rug’ . These rugs/carpets are superior in the world of hand-knotted rugs. These rugsare mainly made in pure wool silk and very rarely in wool and silk beads. These arevery famous in Kashmir valley which have primarily floral and oriental styles.Srinagar and rural areas of Kashmir are the source regions of these carpets.

Rugs are floor coverings of thick woven material or animal skin, typically not extending over the entire floor. There are different types of rugs such as:

  Gabba-embroidered Rugs

Gabba is made by recycling old woollen blankets which are washed,milled and dyed in various colours. After colouring these blankets these are stitched together and backed with waste cotton cloth. Then craftsmen embroidered these by crewel work. Chain stitched rugs are also formed by old woollens on which dissimilar cut outs are done and covered with chain stitch. These rugs are mostly made by woollen/silk yarns and very little by cotton yarns. Kashmiri floral patterns are used in embroidery work.

Namda Felted Rugs

These are floor coverings which are very famous in Kashmir valley. These are mainly made by woollen and cotton fibres. These are less expensive and small in size than the carpets. Emporiums in Srinagar have a large variety of namdas.

Tsug-Dul and Tsug-gdan-Woollen Pile Rugs

These rugs are made of fine woven strips that are stitched together. Tsug-dul is used as a blanket and made of six strips, whereas tsug-gdan is used as a spread sheet along the walls of rooms and kitchens in Ladakhi homes. It is also used as floor coverings in times of festivals. It is made of three strips. Sheep wool, yak wool and goat hair are used to make these rugs.

Papier-Mache

It is one of the famous crafts of Kashmir valley. It was introduced in Kashmir valley by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin who invited accomplished artists and craftsmen from Central Asia. It is a craft of paper pulp and adhesive solution. In the process to make a product of papier-mache, first soaking paper is placed under water until it disintegrates. After that, adhesive solution is mixed in this paper pulp and give shape according to available moulded forms and then it left to dry. After drying the object, it is painted by three categories of colours which are mineral, organic and vegetables colours, then it is varnished to give it a shiny look. This process is very long and tedious. Important products of papier mache craft are picture frames, candle sticks, writing sets, handkerchief, vases, ring boxes, bowls, ashtrays, bangles, etc. To make the products more durable and useful, the craftsmen have introduced brass and metal-lining work in papier mache craft.

Metal and Stone Work

Metal work is done in Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh regions. Ladakh’s customary vessels,made out of iron and brass, are very famous. Fateh Kadal area of Srinagar is very famous for copper vessels e.g. cooking pots,milk containers, water jugs and ornamented glasses, etc. Copper is the most popular metal in Kashmir which is used in household items like lota, samovar (tea kettle of Russian origin), trays, etc. Some beautiful silver items are also produced in Kashmir. The silver articles include bowls, tea sets, flower vases, scent chests, ornamental picture frames, etc. Important patterns engraved on these articles are flora and fauna, leaves of chinar and lotus, etc.

This craft work is done in all the regions of J and K. The ornaments in J and K are designed with immaculate precision and require skilled craftsmanship. Jewellery is mostly made by gold, silver and stones like turquoise, coral and pearl. The women of Rajouri district wear silver cap or crown on the head under the veil. It is known as chaunk phool. The gold bridal jewellery of Jammu are tika, nose ring (called as balu) and fine gold filigree wrist ornament (called as band or kada), etc. Kashmir jewellery is mainly made by silver along with intricate designs and filigree work and stones. Srinagar is famous for its precious and semi-precious jewellery of both traditional as well as modern designs. Ladakhi jewellery is mainly made by beadwork with extensive use of turquoise, corals, amber, pearls and semi-precious stones. Ladakhi women wear a wedding ornament known as sondus or branshil , which is fixed on the left shoulder and has a few gold or silver discs connected by a number of long silver strands.Due to historical reasons, the jewellery of the state is influenced by Persian, Afghani and Tibetan cultures.

Wood Work There are many varieties of wood work done in the state such as:

Wood Carving

Srinagar is famous for wood carving. Important products of wood carving are trays, tables, bowls and other items of use.

Wicker Work

It is very famous in India as wicker is abundantly found in the state. Before making  any item it is cleaned and cut into strips-of about 5 mm width. It is a technique which uses plant stalks, branches or shoots and a kind of weaving material. Important regions which are famous for this work are Srinagar, Harwan,Hazratbal Soura, Shelteng. Important products are basket, pannier, kangri, etc. Today plastic strings are also in use.

Khatam Band

It is an old craft which is the speciality of Kashmir woodwork.Deodar wood is mainly used in this wood work. Important products of Khatam Band are floating boat houses and shikaras of Kashmir.Other items are bowls, boxes, screens, panels, cupboards, cabinets, etc.One of the best examples of this craft can also be seen in the shrine of Khwaja Naqshband, near Jama Masjid of Srinagar, Kashmir valley.

Walnut Wood Craft

This woodcraft was introduced in Kashmir by Sheikh Hamza Makhdoom and Islamic Missionary during the period of Zain-ul-Abidin in 15th century. Important products of this craft are boxes, bowls, trays, decorations, furniture, floor tiles and other small products. It is expensive than maple and oaks but still costs less pricethan other woods. Walnut is still available in Kashmir at an altitude of 5500-7500 ft above sea level. The wood is hard and durable, its close grain and even texture facilitating fine and detailed work. A variety of articles, both decorative and utilitarian like trays, tables, bowls, table lamps, etc are made from this. The art of wood carving is centred in the city of Srinagar.

Cane and Bamboo Work

It is a famous wood work in the state. Bamboo is mainly found in Jammu on the Shiwalik range of hills, the Jammu-Pathankot highway in Kathua district and adjoining Dhar-Udhampur road. Important bamboo products are ladies bags furniture, fruit and vegetable bowls, table lamps, other decorative items, etc. In Kashmir region, willow rushes are mainly found in abundance in marshes and lakes. These willows are used to produce shopping baskets, lamp shades and other utilitarian objects. The local folk of Jammu and Kashmir are the conveyors of the local folk tradition of bamboo and cane crafts of Jammu and Kashmir throughout India.

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Art & Handicrafts in Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu & Kashmir Handicrafts is a combination of vibrant hand-made articles that have become a cultural identity for the state. Having an exclusive mastery over the special items like the carpets, baskets, wall hangings and others, the handicrafts industry of Jammu & Kashmir is a flourishing sector which employs quite a lot of the tribal as well as general folks of the valley.

The art of papier mache is an age-old form of handicrafts in Jammu & Kashmir. The basic ingredients of papier mache includes adhesive, paints and paper. Bronze and gold colors are commonly found on the various articles that are made through this art. While the original gold painted items are quite expensive, there are numerous low-cost replicas too that are available in the local markets of Jammu & Kashmir.

Carpets forms a major part of the handicrafts sector of the state. Woven with wool or silk yarns, these knotted carpets reflects the creative exuberance of Persian craftsmen who first brought the art form to the valley.

On the white cotton textures crewel embroidery spells its magic well. This handicraft of Jammu & Kashmir is frequently seen in the beautiful wall hangings of different sizes and shapes. Basketry is another unique handicraft type of the state of Jammu & Kashmir which mostly uses the skin of willow trees that are found in abundance in the valley.

Namdas which is yet another interesting version of the carpet handicraft industry of Jammu & Kashmir state is stitched with both cotton and wool yarns. The fascinating designs of the namdas are made through chain stitching techniques.

Last but not the least, the Pashmina shawls of Jammu & Kashmir have a huge demand in both the national and international markets due to their vibrant motifs and outstanding stitching variations.

Silks and tweeks, pherans, walnut wood and copper and silverware are some other manifestations of the handicrafts of the valley.

Jammu & Kashmir Handicrafts is real symbol of the marvelous creative industry of the state which has been manned some of the highly-dedicated and expert craftsmen.

Banjara Needle work

Banjara Needle work is a local tribal craft practised by the 'Banjaras' (tribals) of Telangana Region. It has a style of its own, the originality and brightness are accentuated by its matchless quality. Needlework is an integral part of this craft and patterns are basic geometric combinations, squares, triangles and diamonds. The distinctive feature of their work is the extensive use of mirrors. A rich appearance is created by filling the background with simple chain stitch, herringbone, long and short stitch. Typical items include cushion covers, bags, skirts, 'kurtas', dress sets for girls and women, blouse pieces, bedspreads and other household furnishings.

Bidri is a metal craft of Andhra Pradesh. It derives its name from Bidar, the hometown of this exquisite craft and the basic material used is alloy of zinc, oxidized and intricately inlaid with silver. It is an art of inlaying silver on black metal. Typical Bidri items include plates, bowls, vases, ashtrays, trinket boxes, huqqa bases, jewellery etc. Glass and studded bangles of Bidri are a favourite with women. Behind the breathtaking beauty of Bidri, lies hours of meticulous effort by the artisans. There are four main stages in the manufacture of Bidri. They are casting, engraving, inlaying and oxidising.

One of the less talked about and yet a very special handicraft is Budithi. It is practiced in Budithi village in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, famous for creating beautiful shapes out of alloys. Strikingly novel shapes ranging from the charmingly traditional to the elegantly modern, with slender necks and exquisite body shapes and elegant charm are the highlights of Budithi art. The art form expresses itself as traditional cooking utensils and also in forms that suit contemporary needs - like flowerpots and planters. Usually made of brass, the objects have patterns that are geometric, with straight lines and curves forming simple and striking presentations. Floral patterns abound too.

Bronze castings

Another art of Andhra Pradesh, the bronze castings are a paragon of excellence in sculpture. This art gives a touch of life to the icons by replicating the exact shapes of human organs. The artists seem to derive a genuine inspiration from nature in molding the metal into icons. The dazzling bronze adds to the grace of the castings. The common metal bronze is transformed into beautiful masterpieces of art by the artisans of Andhra Pradesh. Idols of Gods and Goddesses are molded to perfection, as they are modeled on the instructions from 'Shilpashastra', which specified certain guidelines on physical measurements, proportions, description of the deity, characteristics, symbolism and above all aesthetics.

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Kashmir RootStock

Real to Roots of Realm

Art and Craft of Kashmir

The annals of Kashmir craft lies in the fabric of the woven shawls, handiwork of the wood carvings, carpet making, copper works, stone carvings, paper mache and the decorative house boats. It’s truly a paradise for it preserves and reflects the skilled cultural art work since ages imbibing and displaying the cultural and traditional art and craft heritage of Kashmir . Any visitor who descends in the valley is attracted by the ornamental facade of the streets and buildings of Kashmir studded with such rich artifacts of marvelous creation.

Kashmir valley is recognised in the world for its unique vibrant heritage and culture that is brought to life by the Kashmiri artisans . There are varieties of handicrafts which allure the eyes of the visitors across the world.

Wood Carving

Ranges from furniture like tables, chairs, to articles of personal use like cigar boxes, jewellery boxes and photo frames implying the eclectic beauty of Kashmir is embodied in the architectural magnificence of walnut wood carvings. The shrines of Noor-ud-din-Wali at Charar-e-Sharif, the Naqshbandi Mosque, or the shrine of Nund Rishi in Kashmir, are the classical walnut wood carved monuments an awe and ecstasy for tourists around the world. It is one revelation in the world where walnut is available above 5000 feet sea level. The craftsmanship and skill of artisans are witnessed in the minutely chiselled architecture which is adored world over.

Paper Mache

It is a decorative which involves use of composite ground paper formalized into artefacts designed painted by expert craftsman. Ring boxes, boxes of assorted shapes and sizes, flower vases, bowls, key chains etc., are a numerous forms of the paper mache handicrafts superior designs. Paper mache is a French word meaning chewed composite material ie., paper pieces of old pulp reinforced with textiles and glues. Two main steps are involved in making the artefact. First the structural masterpiece is made from the pulp which is then painted with traditional motifs, giving a dimensionality to the product. It is quite time taking and labour oriented. It is 700 years of old art requiring days to produce a single craft. It is an artistic ideal of craftsmanship.

Copper Works

The Kashmiri artisans produce excellent products of copperware consisting of cooking pots and tea kettles for household and architectural show piece. It’s a tradition to serve the tourists from different parts of the world with delicacies of Kashmir in copper plates and bowls especially in renownrd restaurants. Many household celebrate the feast of Ramzan with the delicacy ‘Roganghosh’ in copper utensils.

Shawl Making

Self-taught fashion designer Sugandha Kedia is promoting authentic Kashmiri shawls through her latest venture Dusala Kashmir. None excels in the beauty, color, texture and elegant designs of Kashmiri shawls. Basically three types of shawls are available Shahtoosh, Pashmina and Raffal. Mostly all Kashmir shawls were made by hand. It took between six months and a year to make one shawl. These antique shawls were made from Pashmina wool, taken from the underhair of pashmina goats living in the high-altitude plains of Tibet, Nepal and Ladakh. Raffal shawls were made by thick Merino wool. There is no tourist who doesn’t shop for this exquisite collection of shawls from Kashmir.

Stone Carving

It is an ancient art where pieces of rough natural stones are made into an refined art. It is by the controlled hand chiselling of the stone by a craftsman who scripts on the stone with Kashmiri scriptures. The art of stone carving is found in various places of Kashmir, but Pantha chowk is the famous among all. The artists of the area are considered to be the best in carving. This place has a history for centuries. Most of the people in the area are associated with the trading of stones. The gates of Kashmir Assembly, High court, Makhdoom sahib and many fountains in the Srinagar city are carved from Devri stones showing its importance in Kashmiri culture.

Kashmir Willow Work

At Various places in the Kashmir valley the willow is interwoven to form furniture, chairs tables baskets etc. These handicrafts continue to thrive and form the backyard economy in parts of rural Kashmir. Also, Kashmir Willow makes the best selling cricket bats ,fondly used by many international and national batsman.

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Published by Rooh Bhat

Freelancer Blogger, Creative Writer and an avid Reader .Sociology and History are my pet subjects. Learning new things and sharing the learnt makes my life rich and wise. View all posts by Rooh Bhat

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