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Business Plan
By Entrepreneur Staff
Business Plan Definition:
A written document describing the nature of the business, the sales and marketing strategy, and the financial background, and containing a projected profit and loss statement
A business plan is also a road map that provides directions so a business can plan its future and helps it avoid bumps in the road. The time you spend making your business plan thorough and accurate, and keeping it up-to-date, is an investment that pays big dividends in the long term.
Your business plan should conform to generally accepted guidelines regarding form and content. Each section should include specific elements and address relevant questions that the people who read your plan will most likely ask. Generally, a business plan has the following components:
Title Page and Contents A business plan should be presented in a binder with a cover listing the name of the business, the name(s) of the principal(s), address, phone number, e-mail and website addresses, and the date. You don't have to spend a lot of money on a fancy binder or cover. Your readers want a plan that looks professional, is easy to read and is well-put-together.
Include the same information on the title page. If you have a logo, you can use it, too. A table of contents follows the executive summary or statement of purpose, so that readers can quickly find the information or financial data they need.
Executive Summary The executive summary, or statement of purpose, succinctly encapsulates your reason for writing the business plan. It tells the reader what you want and why, right up front. Are you looking for a $10,000 loan to remodel and refurbish your factory? A loan of $25,000 to expand your product line or buy new equipment? How will you repay your loan, and over what term? Would you like to find a partner to whom you'd sell 25 percent of the business? What's in it for him or her? The questions that pertain to your situation should be addressed here clearly and succinctly.
The summary or statement should be no more than half a page in length and should touch on the following key elements:
- Business concept describes the business, its product, the market it serves and the business' competitive advantage.
- Financial features include financial highlights, such as sales and profits.
- Financial requirements state how much capital is needed for startup or expansion, how it will be used and what collateral is available.
- Current business position furnishes relevant information about the company, its legal form of operation, when it was founded, the principal owners and key personnel.
- Major achievements points out anything noteworthy, such as patents, prototypes, important contracts regarding product development, or results from test marketing that have been conducted.
Description of the Business The business description usually begins with a short explanation of the industry. When describing the industry, discuss what's going on now as well as the outlook for the future. Do the necessary research so you can provide information on all the various markets within the industry, including references to new products or developments that could benefit or hinder your business. Base your observations on reliable data and be sure to footnote and cite your sources of information when necessary. Remember that bankers and investors want to know hard facts--they won't risk money on assumptions or conjecture.
When describing your business, say which sector it falls into (wholesale, retail, food service, manufacturing, hospitality and so on), and whether the business is new or established. Then say whether the business is a sole proprietorship, partnership, C or Sub chapter S corporation. Next, list the business' principals and state what they bring to the business. Continue with information on who the business' customers are, how big the market is, and how the product or service is distributed and marketed.
Description of the Product or Service The business description can be a few paragraphs to a few pages in length, depending on the complexity of your plan. If your plan isn't too complicated, keep your business description short, describing the industry in one paragraph, the product in another, and the business and its success factors in two or three more paragraphs.
When you describe your product or service, make sure your reader has a clear idea of what you're talking about. Explain how people use your product or service and talk about what makes your product or service different from others available in the market. Be specific about what sets your business apart from those of your competitors.
Then explain how your business will gain a competitive edge and why your business will be profitable. Describe the factors you think will make it successful. If your business plan will be used as a financing proposal, explain why the additional equity or debt will make your business more profitable. Give hard facts, such as "new equipment will create an income stream of $10,000 per year" and briefly describe how.
Other information to address here is a description of the experience of the other key people in the business. Whoever reads your business plan will want to know what suppliers or experts you've spoken to about your business and their response to your idea. They may even ask you to clarify your choice of location or reasons for selling this particular product.
Market Analysis A thorough market analysis will help you define your prospects as well as help you establish pricing, distribution, and promotional strategies that will allow your company to be successful vis-à-vis your competition, both in the short and long term.
Begin your market analysis by defining the market in terms of size, demographics, structure, growth prospects, trends, and sales potential. Next, determine how often your product or service will be purchased by your target market. Then figure out the potential annual purchase. Then figure out what percentage of this annual sum you either have or can attain. Keep in mind that no one gets 100 percent market share, and that a something as small as 25 percent is considered a dominant share. Your market share will be a benchmark that tells you how well you're doing in light of your market-planning projections.
You'll also have to describe your positioning strategy. How you differentiate your product or service from that of your competitors and then determine which market niche to fill is called "positioning." Positioning helps establish your product or service's identity within the eyes of the purchaser. A positioning statement for a business plan doesn't have to be long or elaborate, but it does need to point out who your target market is, how you'll reach them, what they're really buying from you, who your competitors are, and what your USP (unique selling proposition) is.
How you price your product or service is perhaps your most important marketing decision. It's also one of the most difficult to make for most small business owners, because there are no instant formulas. Many methods of establishing prices are available to you, but these are among the most common.
- Cost-plus pricing is used mainly by manufacturers to assure that all costs, both fixed and variable, are covered and the desired profit percentage is attained.
- Demand pricing is used by companies that sell their products through a variety of sources at differing prices based on demand.
- Competitive pricing is used by companies that are entering a market where there's already an established price and it's difficult to differentiate one product from another.
- Markup pricing is used mainly by retailers and is calculated by adding your desired profit to the cost of the product.
You'll also have to determine distribution, which includes the entire process of moving the product from the factory to the end user. Make sure to analyze your competitors' distribution channels before deciding whether to use the same type of channel or an alternative that may provide you with a strategic advantage.
Finally, your promotion strategy should include all the ways you communicate with your markets to make them aware of your products or services. To be successful, your promotion strategy should address advertising, packaging, public relations, sales promotions and personal sales.
Competitive Analysis The purpose of the competitive analysis is to determine:
- the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors within your market.
- strategies that will provide you with a distinct advantage.
- barriers that can be developed to prevent competition from entering your market.
- any weaknesses that can be exploited in the product development cycle.
The first step in a competitor analysis is to identify both direct and indirect competition for your business, both now and in the future. Once you've grouped your competitors, start analyzing their marketing strategies and identifying their vulnerable areas by examining their strengths and weaknesses. This will help you determine your distinct competitive advantage.
Whoever reads your business plan should be very clear on who your target market is, what your market niche is, exactly how you'll stand apart from your competitors, and why you'll be successful doing so.
Operations and Management The operations and management component of your plan is designed to describe how the business functions on a continuing basis. The operations plan highlights the logistics of the organization, such as the responsibilities of the management team, the tasks assigned to each division within the company, and capital and expense requirements related to the operations of the business.
Financial Components of Your Business Plan After defining the product, market and operations, the next area to turn your attention to are the three financial statements that form the backbone of your business plan: the income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet.
The income statement is a simple and straightforward report on the business' cash-generating ability. It is a scorecard on the financial performance of your business that reflects when sales are made and when expenses are incurred. It draws information from the various financial models developed earlier such as revenue, expenses, capital (in the form of depreciation), and cost of goods. By combining these elements, the income statement illustrates just how much your company makes or loses during the year by subtracting cost of goods and expenses from revenue to arrive at a net result, which is either a profit or loss. In addition to the income statements, include a note analyzing the results. The analysis should be very short, emphasizing the key points of the income statement. Your CPA can help you craft this.
The cash flow statement is one of the most critical information tools for your business, since it shows how much cash you'll need to meet obligations, when you'll require it and where it will come from. The result is the profit or loss at the end of each month and year. The cash flow statement carries both profits and losses over to the next month to also show the cumulative amount. Running a loss on your cash flow statement is a major red flag that indicates not having enough cash to meet expenses-something that demands immediate attention and action.
The cash flow statement should be prepared on a monthly basis during the first year, on a quarterly basis for the second year, and annually for the third year. The following 17 items are listed in the order they need to appear on your cash flow statement. As with the income statement, you'll need to analyze the cash flow statement in a short summary in the business plan. Once again, the analysis doesn't have to be long and should cover highlights only. Ask your CPA for help.
The last financial statement you'll need is a balance sheet. Unlike the previous financial statements, the balance sheet is generated annually for the business plan and is, more or less, a summary of all the preceding financial information broken down into three areas: assets, liabilities and equity.
Balance sheets are used to calculate the net worth of a business or individual by measuring assets against liabilities. If your business plan is for an existing business, the balance sheet from your last reporting period should be included. If the business plan is for a new business, try to project what your assets and liabilities will be over the course of the business plan to determine what equity you may accumulate in the business. To obtain financing for a new business, you'll need to include a personal financial statement or balance sheet.
In the business plan, you'll need to create an analysis for the balance sheet just as you need to do for the income and cash flow statements. The analysis of the balance sheet should be kept short and cover key points.
Supporting Documents In this section, include any other documents that are of interest to your reader, such as your resume; contracts with suppliers, customers, or clients, letters of reference, letters of intent, copy of your lease and any other legal documents, tax returns for the previous three years, and anything else relevant to your business plan.
Some people think you don't need a business plan unless you're trying to borrow money. Of course, it's true that you do need a good plan if you intend to approach a lender--whether a banker, a venture capitalist or any number of other sources--for startup capital. But a business plan is more than a pitch for financing; it's a guide to help you define and meet your business goals.
Just as you wouldn't start off on a cross-country drive without a road map, you should not embark on your new business without a business plan to guide you. A business plan won't automatically make you a success, but it will help you avoid some common causes of business failure, such as under-capitalization or lack of an adequate market.
As you research and prepare your business plan, you'll find weak spots in your business idea that you'll be able to repair. You'll also discover areas with potential you may not have thought about before--and ways to profit from them. Only by putting together a business plan can you decide whether your great idea is really worth your time and investment.
More from Business Plans
Financial projections.
Estimates of the future financial performance of a business
Financial Statement
A written report of the financial condition of a firm. Financial statements include the balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in net worth and statement of cash flow.
Executive Summary
A nontechnical summary statement at the beginning of a business plan that's designed to encapsulate your reason for writing the plan
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What is Business Plan? Importance, Setting Goals & Objective, Process, Format, Fails
- Post last modified: 14 March 2024
- Reading time: 27 mins read
- Post category: Entrepreneurship
What is Business Plan?
A business plan is an operating document that describes the dream of an entrepreneur with the objectives and plans to achieve them. A business plan shows the viability of the business idea from every aspect. A business plan is a crucial document that is utilized by both the company’s external and internal audiences.
A business plan seeks investment and it is reviewed and revised regularly to see whether goals are accomplished. A fresh business plan is sometimes written for an existing company that has opted to take a different path.
Table of Content
- 1 What is Business Plan?
- 2 Importance of Business Plan
- 3.1 Business Goals Vs. Business Objectives
- 3.2 How to Set Short-term Business Goals?
- 4.1.1 Determine Your Strategic Position
- 4.1.2 Prioritise Objectives
- 4.1.3 Develop a Plan
- 4.1.4 Execute and Manage the Plan
- 4.1.5 Review and Revise the Plan
- 5.1 Section 1: Executive Summary
- 5.2 Section 2: Industry Overview
- 5.3 Section 3: Market Analysis and Competition
- 5.4 Section 4: Sales and Marketing Plan
- 5.5 Section 5: Management Plan
- 5.6 Section 6: Operating Plan
- 5.7 Section 7: Financial Plan
- 5.8 Section 8: Appendices and Exhibits
- 6.1 Lack of planning
- 6.2 Leadership failure
- 6.3 No differentiation
- 6.4 Ignoring customer needs
- 6.5 Inability to learn from failure
- 6.6 Poor management
- 6.7 Lack of capital
- 6.8 Premature scaling
- 6.9 Poor location
- 6.10 Lack of profit
Importance of Business Plan
Let us discuss the importance of a business plan.
- It explains the vision and goals of the founder.
- It acts as a guide for the new entrepreneur.
- It serves as a blueprint for a company’s overall operation. Sales, expenditures, periods, and strategic direction can all be used to gauge a company’s success and progress.
- It may also assist an entrepreneur or management in identifying and focusing on possible areas both inside and outside the organization. Proposed remedies and contingency plans can be integrated into the company’s strategy once potentially difficult areas have been identified.
- It covers the marketing opportunities and future funding requirements, which demand managerial attention.
- In certain cases when an entrepreneur decides to transform a cherished pastime into a home-based business, the business plan can be as short as a one- or two-page document. A company’s proposal with substantial intricacy and financial ramifications, on the other hand, should have a far more detailed plan.
Setting Goals and Objectives
Business objectives are an important component of creating priorities and positioning an organization for long-term success. Setting company goals and developing separate targets to assist in achieving each goal will considerably improve the capacity to attain those goals. Here, we look at how to define company goals, the distinction between business goals and objectives, and examples of short- and long-term business goals.
Business objectives may be defined for a whole organization as well as specific departments, employees, managers, and clients. Goals are usually used to symbolize a company’s wider purpose and provide an end goal for personnel to work toward. Business objectives may not need to be precise or have well-defined activities. Business objectives, on the other hand, are broad results that a company aims to attain.
Business objectives are measures taken to achieve a company’s larger goals that are clearly stated and quantifiable. Objectives are particular and they are simple to establish and track. To fulfill their business objectives, companies must set objectives.
Business Goals Vs. Business Objectives
The distinction between business goals and business objectives is as follows:
- Business objectives establish the “how” of a company’s purpose, whereas business goals define the “what.”
- Business objectives specify concrete tasks, whereas business goals often merely give a broad direction for a firm to pursue.
- Business objectives are usually measurable, whereas business goals are not.
- Business objectives are more detailed, whereas business goals are more wide and inclusive.
- Business objectives are usually time-bound, whereas business goals are not.
How to Set Short-term Business Goals?
Short-term business objectives are those that you wish to attain in the next few weeks or months for a firm. When it comes to short-term business goals, you may take the following steps:
- Recognize the Short-term Business Goals of the Company for A Set period : In this step, short-term objectives of the company are established so that the set objective can be accomplished in a specific time frame. Many short-term goals are secondary to the fulfillment of long-term objectives. Consider your long-term objectives as well as what you want to achieve in the coming weeks or months and turn them into short-term objectives that will help your company grow.
- Break Goals Into Actionable Business Objectives: Here, management breaks the goals into specific targets. These goals should be represented by the measures an organization will take to achieve them. For example, the target for Kalyani is to convert 5 leads and get 5 new customers for the business within the next 2 months, objectives will be the job or work done for getting 5 customers’ such as placing a new advertisement in the newspaper, social media and posting three times a week on YouTube and Instagram.
- Objectives Should Be Measurable: The established business goals should be quantifiable or measurable. For example, if an employee has the short-term goal of posting an advertisement or banner on social media then, do not assign responsibility to him/her by just saying “post more and more on social media”. Instead, give him/her a per-day target to make it quantifiable or measurable. For example “Post on Instagram three times a week and Facebook two times a week for eight weeks,”.
- Goal-related Tasks Must Be Assigned to Employees: Once the objectives for each short-term goal have been determined, assign each one to an individual or team of employees who will see it through to completion.
- Check and Keep a Record of Performance regularly: Measure your short-term goals’ progress regularly to verify you are on pace to fulfill them within the timeframe you set. Measure any additional customer/potential customer contact you receive as a result of increasing your social media postings to three times a week as part of a business objective. Keep track of progress and, if necessary, change your targets to better fulfill your objectives.
Process of Writing the Business Plan
Every company should have a strategic plan, but you might be surprised by the number of companies that try to function without one (or at least one that is well expressed). According to Strategy research, 86 percent of executive teams spend less than one hour per month discussing strategy, while 95 percent of the average worker has no idea what their company’s strategy is. Because so many firms fail in these areas, strategic planning can help you get ahead of the game.
The strategic planning process is more comprehensive; it aids in the creation of a roadmap for which strategic objectives you should focus on and which projects will be less beneficial to the company. The phases of the strategic planning process are listed below.
Strategic Planning Process
Determine your strategic position.
This phase of preparation sets the tone for the rest of the project. To figure out where you need to go and how you will get there, you must first figure out where you are. Include the appropriate stakeholders from the start, taking into account both the internal and the external sources.
Identify significant strategic concerns by speaking with corporate management, gathering consumer feedback, and gathering industry and market data to acquire a comprehensive picture of your position in the market and the thoughts of your customers.
It is better to write a good idea, purpose, and vision statement for the company to get a clear picture of what success looks like. Additionally, you should analyze your firm’s basic principles to remind yourself of how your organization will achieve these goals.
To begin, identify the challenges that need to be solved using industry and market data, including consumer insights and current/future requests. Create a list of your company’s internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external possibilities (ways your company may develop to meet requirements that the market doesn’t currently meet) and threats (your competition).
Use a SWOT diagram as a foundation for your initial analysis. You may easily classify your results as Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats or SWOT to define your present position with input from executives, customers, and external market data.
Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, and Technological or PEST is a strategic technique for identifying dangers and possibilities for your company.
Prioritise Objectives
After you have determined your present market position, you will need to set targets to assist you reach your objectives. Your goals should be in sync with the mission and vision of your firm.
Ask important questions to help you prioritize your goals, such as:
- Which of these measures will have the biggest impact on attaining our company’s mission/vision and strengthening our market position?
- What are the most critical sorts of effects (e.g., client acquisition vs. revenue)?
- What will the competition’s response be?
- Which projects are the most critical?
- What will we have to do to achieve our objectives?
- How will we track our progress and see if we have met our objectives?
To assist you in achieving your long-term strategic goals and activities stated in step one, objectives should be unique and quantifiable. Updated website content, improved email open rates and new leads in the pipeline are all possible goals.
SMART goals may help you set a schedule and identify the resources you will need to reach your objectives, as well as track your progress with key performance indicators or KPIs.
Develop a Plan
Now is the time to develop a strategic strategy for achieving your objectives. This phase entails deciding the techniques required to achieve your goals, as well as establishing a timeframe and communicating responsibilities.
Strategy maps, which work from the top down, make it straightforward to see company processes and find areas for development.
True strategic decisions generally entail a cost-of-opportunity trade-off. For example, your organization could opt to spend less money on customer service to put more money into producing an intuitive user experience. Prepare to say “no” to efforts that will not improve your long-term strategic position, based on your values, mission statement, and defined priorities.
Execute and Manage the Plan
You are now ready to put your strategy into action. To begin, share necessary material with the organization to convey the plan. After that, the real job begins. By mapping your processes, you can turn your overall strategy into a tangible plan.
To communicate team roles, use KPI dashboards. The completion process and ownership for each stage of the journey are depicted in this detailed method. Establish frequent evaluations with individual contributors and their supervisors, as well as check-in points, to ensure you stay on track.
Review and Revise the Plan
The plan’s last step, review, and revision, allows you to examine your goals and make course corrections based on past successes and failures. Determine the KPIs your team has met and how you can continue to fulfill them every quarter, changing your plan as needed.
It is critical to assess your goals and strategic position every year to ensure that you stay on course for long-term success. Balanced scorecards can help you keep track of your progress and achieve strategic goals by giving you a complete picture of your company’s performance.
Your goal and vision may need to evolve; an annual assessment is an excellent time to examine such changes, draft a new strategy, and re-implement it.
Typical Business Plan Format and Content
Here is a simple template that any company may use to create a business plan:
Section 1: Executive Summary
- Give an overview of the company’s mission.
- Describe the product and/or service offerings of the firm.
- Give a brief overview of the target market’s demographics.
- Explain how the firm will gain a piece of the available market by summarising the industry competition.
- Provide an overview of the operations strategy, including inventory, office and labor requirements, and equipment needs.
Section 2: Industry Overview
- Describe the company’s industry position.
- Describe the industry’s current competitiveness and significant players.
- Provide details on the industry in which the company will operate, projected revenues, industry trends, government influences, and the demographics of the target market.
Section 3: Market Analysis and Competition
- Define your target market, their requirements, and their location.
- Describe the market’s size, the number of units of the company’s products that potential consumers might buy, and any market changes that might occur as a result of broader economic developments.
- Give a summary of the projected sales volume in comparison to what your rivals sell.
- Give an outline of how the firm intends to compete with current competitors to achieve and maintain market share.
Section 4: Sales and Marketing Plan
- Describe the company’s items for sale as well as its unique selling proposition.
- List the many advertising outlets that the company will utilize to communicate with clients.
- Describe how the company intends to price its items so that it can earn a profit.
- Give specifics on how the company’s items will be delivered and shipped to the target market.
Section 5: Management Plan
- Describe the company’s organizational structure.
- Make a list of the company’s owners and their ownership percentages.
- Make a list of the top executives, their responsibilities, and their pay.
- List any internal and external professionals the organization intends to recruit, as well as their salaries.
- If available, include a list of the advisory board members.
Section 6: Operating Plan
- Describe the business’s location, including the need for an office and a warehouse.
- Describe the company’s workforce requirements. Outline the number of employees the firm need, their jobs, the skills training that will be required, and the length of time that each person will be with the organization (full-time or part-time).
- Describe the manufacturing process and how long one unit of a product will take to make.
- Describe equipment and machinery requirements, as well as whether the firm will lease or buy the equipment and machinery, as well as the estimated expenses.
- Provide a list of raw material needs, as well as how they will be procured and the primary vendors that will provide the necessary inputs.
Section 7: Financial Plan
- Include the projected income statement, projected cash flow statement, and projected balance sheet projection in your description of the company’s financial predictions.
Section 8: Appendices and Exhibits
- Lease quotes for buildings and machinery
- Plan for offices and warehouses that has been proposed
- An overview of the target market and market research
- The owners’ credit information
- Product and/or service list
Understand Why Business Plans Fail
The saddest aspect of a failing firm is that the owner is frequently completely oblivious to what is going on until it is too late. It makes sense because if the entrepreneur had truly understood what he/she was doing incorrectly, he/she may have been able to rescue the company.
The following is a list of some of the most common causes:
Lack of planning
Businesses fail due to a lack of both short- and long-term planning. The business strategy should address where a company will be in the coming months and years. Quantifiable objectives and outcomes and specific to-do lists with dates and deadlines will be included in the correct plan. Your business will suffer if you do not plan.
Leadership failure
Businesses collapse as a result of poor leadership. Leadership must be capable of making correct judgments the majority of the time. Leadership failures will affect all parts of your firm, from financial management to staff management. To develop their leadership qualities, the most successful entrepreneurs learn, research, and seek out mentors.
No differentiation
Having a fantastic product is not enough. You must also create a distinct value offer; otherwise, you will become lost in the crowd. What distinguishes your company from the competition? What distinguishes your company? Understanding what your rivals do better than you is critical. You won’t be able to develop a brand if you do not separate yourself.
Ignoring customer needs
Every company will tell you that a customer is number one, but only a small fraction of them do so. Failure causes businesses to lose contact with their customers. Keep an eye on your clients’ changing values. Check to see if they still enjoy your products. Are they looking for new features? Therefore, what exactly are they saying? Are you paying attention?
Inability to learn from failure
While we all know that failure is typically a terrible thing, businesses seldom learn from it. Realistically, businesses fail for a variety of reasons. Entrepreneurs are frequently blind to their errors. It is tough to learn from mistakes.
Poor management
Inability to listen, micro-managing – often known as a lack of trust – operating without standards or processes, poor communication, and a lack of feedback are all examples of poor management.
Lack of capital
This might prevent you from attracting investors. A lack of capital is a red flag. It indicates that a company may be unable to pay its payments, loans, and other financial obligations. Lack of finance makes it harder to expand the firm and puts day-to-day operations in jeopardy.
Premature scaling
Scaling is beneficial if done at the appropriate time. To put it another way, if you grow your firm too quickly, it will fail. You may, for example, be recruiting too many staff too rapidly or overspending on marketing. Do not expand your company unless you are ready.
Pets.com collapsed because it attempted to expand too quickly. They opened too many warehouses across the country too soon and it bankrupted them. Even their strong brand equity wasn’t enough to save them. Their stock dropped from $11 to $0.19 in a matter of months.
Poor location
Inconvenient location is a disadvantage that may be difficult to overcome. If your business relies on foot traffic, choosing the right location is crucial. Your client acquisition expenses may be excessively high due to a bad location.
Lack of profit
Revenue is not the same as profit. As an entrepreneur, you must always keep profitability in mind. Profit permits expansion. Only 40% of small firms are successful, 30% are breaking even and 30% are losing money, according to Small Business Trends.
- Pednekar, A. (2010). Entrepreneurship management. Himalaya Pub. House.
- Stutely, R. (2012). The definitive business plan. Pearson.
Marketing Management
( Click on Topic to Read )
- What Is Market Segmentation?
- What Is Marketing Mix?
- Marketing Concept
- Marketing Management Process
- What Is Marketing Environment?
- What Is Consumer Behaviour?
- Business Buyer Behaviour
- Demand Forecasting
- 7 Stages Of New Product Development
- Methods Of Pricing
- What Is Public Relations?
- What Is Marketing Management?
- What Is Sales Promotion?
- Types Of Sales Promotion
- Techniques Of Sales Promotion
- What Is Personal Selling?
- What Is Advertising?
- Market Entry Strategy
- What Is Marketing Planning?
- Segmentation Targeting And Positioning
- Brand Building Process
- Kotler Five Product Level Model
- Classification Of Products
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- What Is DAGMAR?
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- Agricultural Cooperative Marketing
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Sales Management
- What is Sales Management?
- Objectives of Sales Management
- Responsibilities and Skills of Sales Manager
- Theories of Personal Selling
- What is Sales Forecasting?
- Methods of Sales Forecasting
- Purpose of Sales Budgeting
- Methods of Sales Budgeting
- Types of Sales Budgeting
- Sales Budgeting Process
- What is Sales Quotas?
- What is Selling by Objectives (SBO) ?
- What is Sales Organisation?
- Types of Sales Force Structure
- Recruiting and Selecting Sales Personnel
- Training and Development of Salesforce
- Compensating the Sales Force
- Time and Territory Management
- What Is Logistics?
- What Is Logistics System?
- Technologies in Logistics
- What Is Distribution Management?
- What Is Marketing Intermediaries?
- Conventional Distribution System
- Functions of Distribution Channels
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Marketing Essentials
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- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- What i s International Marketing Research?
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- What is Licensing?
- What is Franchising?
- What is Joint Venture?
- What is Turnkey Projects?
- What is Management Contracts?
- What is Foreign Direct Investment?
- Factors That Influence Entry Mode Choice In Foreign Markets
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- Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC)
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- Functions & Role Of Advertising
- What is Database Marketing?
- What is Advertising Budget?
- What is Advertising Agency?
- What is Market Intelligence?
- What is Industrial Marketing?
- What is Customer Value
Consumer Behaviour
- What is Consumer Behaviour?
- What Is Personality?
- What Is Perception?
- What Is Learning?
- What Is Attitude?
- What Is Motivation?
- Consumer Imagery
- Consumer Attitude Formation
- What Is Culture?
- Consumer Decision Making Process
- Applications of Consumer Behaviour in Marketing
- Motivational Research
- Theoretical Approaches to Study of Consumer Behaviour
- Consumer Involvement
- Consumer Lifestyle
- Theories of Personality
- Outlet Selection
- Organizational Buying Behaviour
- Reference Groups
- Consumer Protection Act, 1986
- Diffusion of Innovation
- Opinion Leaders
Business Communication
- What is Business Communication?
- What is Communication?
- Types of Communication
- 7 C of Communication
- Barriers To Business Communication
- Oral Communication
- Types Of Non Verbal Communication
- What is Written Communication?
- What are Soft Skills?
- Interpersonal vs Intrapersonal communication
- Barriers to Communication
- Importance of Communication Skills
- Listening in Communication
- Causes of Miscommunication
- What is Johari Window?
- What is Presentation?
- Communication Styles
- Channels of Communication
- Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Differences and Benett’s Stages of Intercultural Sensitivity
- Organisational Communication
- Horizontal C ommunication
- Grapevine Communication
- Downward Communication
- Verbal Communication Skills
- Upward Communication
- Flow of Communication
- What is Emotional Intelligence?
- What is Public Speaking?
- Upward vs Downward Communication
- Internal vs External Communication
- What is Group Discussion?
- What is Interview?
- What is Negotiation?
- What is Digital Communication?
- What is Letter Writing?
- Resume and Covering Letter
- What is Report Writing?
- What is Business Meeting?
- What is Public Relations?
Business Law
- What is Business Law?
- Indian Contract Act 1872
- Essential Elements of a Valid Contract
- Types of Contract
- What is Discharge of Contract?
- Performance of Contract
- Sales of Goods Act 1930
- Goods & Price: Contract of Sale
- Conditions and Warranties
- Doctrine of Caveat Emptor
- Transfer of Property
- Rights of Unpaid Seller
- Negotiable Instruments Act 1881
- Types of Negotiable Instruments
- Types of Endorsement
- What is Promissory Note?
- What is Cheque?
- What is Crossing of Cheque?
- What is Bill of Exchange?
- What is Offer?
- Limited Liability Partnership Act 2008
- Memorandum of Association
- Articles of Association
- What is Director?
- Trade Unions Act, 1926
- Industrial Disputes Act 1947
- Employee State Insurance Act 1948
- Payment of Wages Act 1936
- Payment of Bonus Act 1965
- Labour Law in India
Brand Management
- What is Brand Management?
- 4 Steps of Strategic Brand Management Process
- Customer Based Brand Equity
- What is Brand Equity?
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