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Research Question Examples 🧑🏻‍🏫

Research Question Examples

• Psychology research questions
• Business research questions
• Education research questions
• Healthcare research questions
• Computer science research questions

Examples: Psychology

Let’s start by looking at some examples of research questions that you might encounter within the discipline of psychology.

How does sleep quality affect academic performance in university students?

This question is specific to a population (university students) and looks at a direct relationship between sleep and academic performance, both of which are quantifiable and measurable variables.

What factors contribute to the onset of anxiety disorders in adolescents?

The question narrows down the age group and focuses on identifying multiple contributing factors. There are various ways in which it could be approached from a methodological standpoint, including both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Do mindfulness techniques improve emotional well-being?

This is a focused research question aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific intervention.

How does early childhood trauma impact adult relationships?

This research question targets a clear cause-and-effect relationship over a long timescale, making it focused but comprehensive.

Is there a correlation between screen time and depression in teenagers?

This research question focuses on an in-demand current issue and a specific demographic, allowing for a focused investigation. The key variables are clearly stated within the question and can be measured and analysed (i.e., high feasibility).

Examples: Business/Management

Next, let’s look at some examples of well-articulated research questions within the business and management realm.

How do leadership styles impact employee retention?

This is an example of a strong research question because it directly looks at the effect of one variable (leadership styles) on another (employee retention), allowing from a strongly aligned methodological approach.

What role does corporate social responsibility play in consumer choice?

Current and precise, this research question can reveal how social concerns are influencing buying behaviour by way of a qualitative exploration.

Does remote work increase or decrease productivity in tech companies?

Focused on a particular industry and a hot topic, this research question could yield timely, actionable insights that would have high practical value in the real world.

How do economic downturns affect small businesses in the homebuilding industry?

Vital for policy-making, this highly specific research question aims to uncover the challenges faced by small businesses within a certain industry.

Which employee benefits have the greatest impact on job satisfaction?

By being straightforward and specific, answering this research question could provide tangible insights to employers.

Examples: Education

Next, let’s look at some potential research questions within the education, training and development domain.

How does class size affect students’ academic performance in primary schools?

This example research question targets two clearly defined variables, which can be measured and analysed relatively easily.

Do online courses result in better retention of material than traditional courses?

Timely, specific and focused, answering this research question can help inform educational policy and personal choices about learning formats.

What impact do US public school lunches have on student health?

Targeting a specific, well-defined context, the research could lead to direct changes in public health policies.

To what degree does parental involvement improve academic outcomes in secondary education in the Midwest?

This research question focuses on a specific context (secondary education in the Midwest) and has clearly defined constructs.

What are the negative effects of standardised tests on student learning within Oklahoma primary schools?

This research question has a clear focus (negative outcomes) and is narrowed into a very specific context.

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Examples: Healthcare

Shifting to a different field, let’s look at some examples of research questions within the healthcare space.

What are the most effective treatments for chronic back pain amongst UK senior males?

Specific and solution-oriented, this research question focuses on clear variables and a well-defined context (senior males within the UK).

How do different healthcare policies affect patient satisfaction in public hospitals in South Africa?

This question is has clearly defined variables and is narrowly focused in terms of context.

Which factors contribute to obesity rates in urban areas within California?

This question is focused yet broad, aiming to reveal several contributing factors for targeted interventions.

Does telemedicine provide the same perceived quality of care as in-person visits for diabetes patients?

Ideal for a qualitative study, this research question explores a single construct (perceived quality of care) within a well-defined sample (diabetes patients).

Which lifestyle factors have the greatest affect on the risk of heart disease?

This research question aims to uncover modifiable factors, offering preventive health recommendations.

Examples: Computer Science

Last but certainly not least, let’s look at a few examples of research questions within the computer science world.

What are the perceived risks of cloud-based storage systems?

Highly relevant in our digital age, this research question would align well with a qualitative interview approach to better understand what users feel the key risks of cloud storage are.

Which factors affect the energy efficiency of data centres in Ohio?

With a clear focus, this research question lays a firm foundation for a quantitative study.

How do TikTok algorithms impact user behaviour amongst new graduates?

While this research question is more open-ended, it could form the basis for a qualitative investigation.

What are the perceived risk and benefits of open-source software software within the web design industry?

Practical and straightforward, the results could guide both developers and end-users in their choices.

Remember, these are just examples…

In this post, we’ve tried to provide a wide range of research question examples to help you get a feel for what research questions look like in practice. That said, it’s important to remember that these are just examples and don’t necessarily equate to good research topics . If you’re still trying to find a topic, check out our topic megalist for inspiration.

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105 Questions to Ask When Reviewing a Research Article

Poring over the pages of a research article can feel like navigating a labyrinth. You’re in pursuit of the truth, but the path is winding, and each choice of direction is pivotal. As a critic, a peer reviewer, or simply an inquisitive reader, you understand the potential impact that a well-conducted study can have on the world.

Unlocking that potential begins with a meticulously critical review guided by questions—questions that cut through the data like a surgeon’s scalpel, revealing the heart of the study’s validity and value.

Let’s prime your inquisitive mind with essential inquiries to illuminate the strengths and shortcomings of any research article.

Table of Contents

Understanding the Research Foundation

• What is the primary research question the article is addressing?
• Is the literature review relevant and comprehensive?
• How does this study contribute to the existing body of knowledge?
• Does the research address a significant problem in the field?
• Are the research objectives clearly stated?
• How well does the study formulate its hypotheses or research questions?
• Are the theoretical framework and background context well articulated?
• Does the article sufficiently justify the relevance of the research?
• Are there any apparent biases in the way the research question is framed?
• How does the research build upon or challenge existing theories?
• Is there a clear connection between the research question and the methodology?
• Does the article clearly state its aims and scope?
• Are any assumptions made in the research explicitly stated?
• Is the importance of the research question evident to non-specialists?
• Are there areas within the research foundation that could benefit from further clarification?

Assessing the Research Methods

• Are the methods appropriate for the research question?
• Is the study design clearly explained and appropriate?
• Have the instruments used for data collection been adequately described?
• Are the methods of data analysis suitable for answering the research question?
• Were any controls used to prevent bias, and are they effective?
• Is there a clear explanation of how participants or samples were selected?
• Does the study acknowledge and account for any limitations in the methodology?
• Are procedures described in enough detail to replicate the study?
• Is the choice of statistical tests clearly justified?
• Were all methods ethically sound?
• Does the author explain the steps taken to ensure data reliability and validity?
• Have the methods been presented transparently?
• Does the article discuss the generalizability of the methods to other contexts?
• Are there any potential confounding variables, and how are they addressed?
• Is the sampling method adequately justified and explained?

Analyzing the Results

• Are the results presented in a clear and organized way?
• Do tables and figures effectively communicate the findings?
• Are all claimed results supported by the data?
• Does the study appropriately discuss any unexpected or unusual findings?
• Are the results contextually interpreted with sufficient caution?
• Is there evidence of data saturation in qualitative studies?
• Does the author distinguish between correlation and causation where applicable?
• Are percentages and numerical results given with appropriate precision?
• Have the results been discussed in relation to the research question?
• Are any findings that do not support the hypotheses adequately acknowledged and discussed?
• Is the variability in the data acknowledged and explained?
• Has the study reported the effect sizes where relevant?
• Are the results consistent with the results from similar studies?
• Does the author avoid overgeneralizing the findings?
• Are all the results derived from the methodology described, or are there unaccounted-for results?

Evaluating the Discussion and Conclusions

• Do the discussion and conclusions logically follow from the results?
• Are the implications of the results clearly spelled out?
• Does the discussion acknowledge the study’s limitations?
• How well does the article relate the findings to the broader context of the field?
• Are all findings integrated into the conclusion, including those that don’t fully support the hypotheses?
• Are the conclusions well-reasoned and supported by evidence?
• Does the discussion consider alternative explanations for the findings?
• Are recommendations for future research made?
• Does the author overstate the significance of the results?
• Has the study’s contribution to new knowledge been articulated well?
• Do the conclusions address the aims stated at the beginning of the paper?
• Is there evidence of reflexivity in acknowledging the researcher’s role?
• Are conclusions kept within the bounds of the research design and data?
• How does the research advance the field or influence practice?
• Is there a call to action or practical application identified in the conclusions?

Considering the Practical Implications

• Are the practical implications of the research clearly outlined?
• How does the research address real-world issues?
• Are recommendations for practitioners or policymakers discussed?
• Is the impact on society or the environment considered?
• Is there potential for the research to influence public policy or regulations?
• How might the results be applied in the field?
• Does the study provide insights that could lead to technological innovations?
• Are ethical considerations in applying the research findings addressed?
• Is there a clear audience or beneficiary of the research implications?
• How can the findings be used to inform future research or professional practice?
• Does the research suggest new areas for practical experimentation or implementation?
• Are the financial or economic implications of the research evaluated?
• Does the article suggest any changes to current standards or protocols?
• How accessible are the implications to stakeholders outside of academia?
• Do the practical implications take into account diverse contexts and populations?

Reviewing the Structure and Presentation

• Is the article structured logically and systematically?
• Does the title accurately describe the content of the article?
• Are all sections of the paper, including the abstract and keywords, effectively presented?
• Is the writing clear, concise, and easy to follow?
• Does the paper avoid unnecessary jargon and define essential terms?
• Is there a smooth flow and transitions between sections?
• Are any graphs, charts, or images appropriate and clearly labeled?
• Does the paper meet the scholarly standards for formatting and style?
• Is the quality of English language usage appropriate for publication?
• Are all necessary acknowledgments or disclaimers included?
• Does the introduction effectively set up the importance of the research and outline the paper?
• Is the conclusion concise and does it summarize the key findings?
• Are the table of contents and/or index clear and correct?
• Is the overall presentation appealing to the journal’s readership?
• Does the paper adhere to the targeted journal’s guidelines for authors?

Checking for Ethical Compliance and Citation Integrity

• Are the sources of funding and any potential conflicts of interest disclosed?
• Is evidence of informed consent or IRB approval mentioned for studies with human participants?
• Are raw data and materials available as per ethical guidelines?
• Is proper attribution given to all sources and previous research?
• Are the citations up-to-date and relevant to the content of the article?
• Is there any sign of plagiarism or self-plagiarism?
• Does the article adhere to ethical standards regarding animal research if applicable?
• Have the authors been transparent about their contribution to the research?
• Are the limitations regarding the ethical aspects of the research acknowledged?
• Are quotes and figures from other works properly cited?
• Does the work avoid undue harm in the presentation of graphic or sensitive material?
• Is there a declaration of any data manipulation or image enhancement?
• Are citation practices consistent throughout the document?
• Has the article avoided sensationalism or overstating research findings?
• Are appropriate permissions documented for copyrighted material?

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is it important to review a research article critically.

Reviewing a research article critically is crucial because it ensures the integrity, reliability, and impact of academic work. It helps to identify strengths and weaknesses within a study, improve research quality, and foster scientific progress.

What should I focus on when assessing a research article’s methodology?

When assessing methodology, focus on whether the methods are suitable for the research question, the study design is solid, and the procedures are meticulously described and ethical. It’s also vital to consider the data analysis, selection of participants, and the method of reporting results.

How do I know if the results of the article are credible?

Results are credible if they are clear, logically presented, supported by the data, and statistically validated. They should align with the methodology and address the research question effectively.

What if I find ethical issues in the research article?

Ethical issues should be addressed by evaluating the transparency of funding, conflicts of interest, adherence to ethical research guidelines, and whether there is informed consent if applicable. If ethical issues are present, they should be reported to the journal or relevant authorities.

Final Thoughts

Evaluating a research article is not dissimilar to assembling a jigsaw puzzle, where every question you pose helps piece the narrative together, giving clarity to blurred lines and bringing context into sharper focus.

Remember, the right questions don’t just lead to answers—they challenge assumptions, push boundaries, and pave the way for innovation and improvement. With this list of questions, you’re equipped to traverse the intricate layers of any research work and emerge with insights as powerful as the studies they scrutinize.

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Research Project Guide

100 Research Questions Examples For Students

Explore 100 research questions examples for students to spark curiosity and guide your academic inquiries effectively.

Oct 31, 2024

Staring at a blank page and wondering how to start a research project can feel overwhelming. You know you need to get your head around the topic, but that vague “where do I go from here?” the feeling just keeps lingering. The good news is you’re not alone; chances are, you only need a good set of research questions to get you going. This guide will show you some examples of research questions that can help you conduct fast research and write efficiently. And if you’re looking for ways to streamline the process even more, Otio’s AI research and writing partner might be just what you need to get the job done.

Table Of Contents

What is a research question, how to find a good research question in 6 simple steps, types of research questions, supercharge your researching ability with otio — try otio for free today.

The Core of Your Research Project

A research question is the engine that drives your entire research project. It’s not just a question—it's what sets your study in motion and dictates its direction. By focusing your energy on crafting a solid research question, you pave the way for a more structured and meaningful investigation. The best research questions are clear and detailed enough that anyone can understand them without explanation. They’re also focused, allowing you to address them within whatever time constraints you’re working with.

Get Specific: Focus and Clarity Are Key

A good research question is laser-focused and doesn’t just wander around aimlessly. Consider you’re looking at a massive pile of data. Your research question is like a spotlight, illuminating only the information that matters to your study. It’s specific enough that you can answer it within the time you have, yet broad enough to be worth exploring in depth. And it’s not a yes-or-no question, but rather one that requires you to analyze and piece together different ideas before you can land an answer. 

The Art of Crafting: Keep It Short and Sweet

When you’re writing your research question, aim for brevity. A good question gets to the point without unnecessary fluff. The language should be straightforward to understand. This helps you stay on track and makes it easier for others to grasp what you’re trying to discover.

Be Argumentative: Invite Debate and Discussion

A practical research question invites debate and discussion. It doesn’t just reaffirm what we already know—it challenges existing ideas and proposes new ones. This is where things can get exciting as you explore uncharted territory and push the boundaries of what’s possible.

Guide the Entire Process

Your research question is like a compass guiding you through the entire research process. It helps you determine the research design and methodology, and it even plays a role in forming your hypothesis. By asking the right questions, you can gather valuable information that will ultimately lead you to your answer.

Why It’s So Important: Navigate with Purpose

Whether your project is qualitative or quantitative , a well-crafted research question provides a roadmap for both you and your audience. It ensures you avoid “all-about” papers that lack focus and direction. Instead, you can zero in on a specific thesis and build a compelling argument.

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Extract critical insights with AI-generated notes and chat-based Q&A, then create draft outputs with your collected sources. Otio transforms your research journey , taking you from initial reading lists to first drafts with unmatched speed. Dive into AI-generated notes on any content type, chat with individual links or entire knowledge repositories, and let AI assist your writing process. Try Otio for free today and transform your research and writing tasks.

2. Understand Your Assignment's Requirements

Before crafting a research question, you must grasp your assignment's requirements. Consider whether you need to test a proposition, evaluate data, or state and defend an argument. Review the assignment instructions and discuss them with your tutor or lecturer. Pinpointing the purpose will guide you in selecting an appropriate topic and framing your question effectively.

3. Picking a Research Topic That Excites You

Have you been given a list of topics, or are you free to choose? Clarify the guidelines with your tutor if needed. Choose a topic that genuinely interests you. Your enthusiasm will lead to deeper investment, creativity, and engaging and insightful assignments.

4. Conduct Initial Research to Inform Your Question

Before drafting your question, read key academic sources on your chosen topic. Focus on recently published works and influential texts. This stage is about familiarizing yourself with the primary debates and arguments in the field. Concentrate on the core ideas in introductions and conclusions—detailed note-taking can come later.

5. Narrow Your Focus for Depth

After some preliminary research, refine your topic to a specific issue or debate. Exploring one aspect in depth is more effective than skimming multiple areas. Consider subtopics, specific issues, and debates within the broader topic. Consider targeting a particular period, location, organization, or group. Focus on the points and arguments you want to make, and choose a subtopic or limitation that best supports this.

6. Crafting a Clear and Compelling Research Question

With your topic narrowed down, focus on writing your research question . This question should outline a straightforward task for you to complete. Keep in mind your assignment's purpose, which can vary across disciplines. Generally, good research questions require analysis. Questions starting with "how" and "why" are often more valuable than those starting with "what" or "describe." Consider using terms like critique, argue, examine, and evaluate to guide your inquiry.

Descriptive: What are the primary factors influencing crop yield in temperate climates?

Explanatory: Why do certain soil types yield higher grain production than others?

Exploratory: How might new organic farming techniques influence soil health over a decade?

Comparative: How do the growth rates differ between genetically modified and traditional corn crops?

Predictive: Based on current climate models, how will changing rain patterns impact wheat production in the next 20 years?

Animal Science

Descriptive: What are the common behavioral traits of domesticated cattle in grass-fed conditions?

Explanatory: Why do certain breeds of chickens have a higher egg production rate?

Exploratory: What potential benefits could arise from integrating tech wearables in livestock management?

Comparative: How does the milk yield differ between Holstein and Jersey cows when given the same diet?

Predictive: How might increasing global temperatures influence the reproductive cycles of swine?

Aquaculture

Descriptive: What are the most commonly farmed fish species in Southeast Asia?

Explanatory: Why do shrimp farms have a higher disease outbreak rate than fish farms?

Exploratory: How might innovative recirculating aquaculture systems revolutionize the industry's environmental impact?

Comparative: How do growth rates of salmon differ between open-net pens and land-based tanks?

Predictive: How will ocean acidification impact mollusk farming over the next three decades?

Descriptive: What tree species dominate the temperate rainforests of North America?

Explanatory: Why are certain tree species more resistant to pest infestations?

Exploratory: What are the benefits of integrating drone technology in forest health monitoring?

Comparative: How do deforestation rates compare between legally protected and unprotected areas in the Amazon?

Predictive: Given the increasing global demand for timber, how might tree populations in Siberia change in the next half-century?

Horticulture

Descriptive: What are the common characteristics of plants suitable for urban vertical farming?

Explanatory: Why do roses require specific pH levels in the soil for optimal growth?

Exploratory: What potential methods might promote year-round vegetable farming in colder regions?

Comparative: How does fruit yield differ between traditionally planted orchards and high-density planting systems?

Predictive: How might changing global temperatures affect wine grape production in traditional regions?

Soil Science

Descriptive: What are the main components of loamy soil?

Explanatory: Why does clay-rich soil retain more water compared to sandy soil?

Exploratory: How might biochar applications transform nutrient availability in degraded soils?

Comparative: How do nutrient levels vary between soils managed with organic versus inorganic fertilizers?

Predictive: Based on current farming practices, how will soil quality in the Midwest U.S. evolve over 30 years?

Architecture And Planning Examples 

Architectural design.

Descriptive: What are the dominant architectural styles of public buildings constructed in the 21st century?

Explanatory: Why do certain architectural elements from classical periods continue to influence modern designs?

Exploratory: How might sustainable materials revolutionize the future of architectural design?

Comparative: How do energy consumption levels differ between buildings with passive design elements and those without?

Predictive: Based on urbanization trends, how will the design of residential buildings evolve in the next two decades?

Landscape architecture

Descriptive: What are the primary components of a thriving urban park design?

Explanatory: Why do certain vegetation types promote more extraordinary biodiversity in urban settings?

Exploratory: What innovative techniques can restore and integrate wetlands into urban landscapes?

Comparative: How does visitor satisfaction vary between nature-inspired landscapes and more structured, geometric designs?

Predictive: With the effects of climate change, how might coastal landscape architecture adapt to rising sea levels over the coming century?

Urban Planning

Descriptive: What are the main components of a pedestrian-friendly city center?

Explanatory: Why do specific urban layouts promote more efficient traffic flow than others?

Exploratory: How might the integration of vertical farming impact urban food security and cityscape aesthetics?

Comparative: How do the air quality levels differ between cities with green belts and those without?

Predictive: How will urban planning strategies adjust to potentially reduced daily commutes based on increasing telecommuting trends?

Arts And Design Examples

Graphic design.

Descriptive: What are the prevailing typography trends in modern branding?

Explanatory: Why do certain color schemes evoke specific emotions or perceptions in consumers?

Exploratory: How is augmented reality reshaping the landscape of interactive graphic design?

Comparative: How do print and digital designs differ regarding elements and principles when targeting a young adult audience?

Predictive: Based on evolving digital platforms, what are potential future trends in web design aesthetics?

Industrial Design

Descriptive: What characterizes the ergonomic features of leading office chairs in the market?

Explanatory: Why have minimalist designs become more prevalent in consumer electronics over the past decade?

Exploratory: How might bio-inspired design influence the future of vehicles?

Comparative: How does user satisfaction differ between traditional versus modular product designs?

Predictive: Given the push towards sustainability, how will material selection evolve in the next decade of product design?

Multimedia arts

Descriptive: What techniques currently define the most popular virtual reality (VR) experiences?

Explanatory: Why do specific sound designs enhance immersion in video games more effectively than others?

Exploratory: How might holographic technologies revolutionize stage performances or public installations in the future?

Comparative: How do user engagement levels differ between 2D and 3D animations in educational platforms?

Predictive: With the rise of augmented reality (AR) wearables, what might be the next frontier in multimedia art installations?

Performing Arts

Descriptive: What styles of dance are currently predominant in global theater productions?

Explanatory: Why do certain rhythms or beats universally resonate with audiences across cultures?

Exploratory: How might digital avatars or AI entities play roles in future theatrical performances?

Comparative: How does audience reception differ between traditional plays and experimental, interactive performances?

Predictive: Considering global digitalization, how might virtual theaters redefine the experience of live performances in the future?

Visual Arts

Descriptive: What themes are prevalent in contemporary art exhibitions worldwide?

Explanatory: Why have mixed media installations become prominent in 21st-century art?

Exploratory: How is the intersection of technology and art opening new mediums or platforms for artists?

Comparative: How do traditional painting techniques, such as oil and watercolor, contrast in terms of texture and luminosity?

Predictive: With the evolution of digital art platforms, how might the definition and appreciation of "original" artworks change in the coming years?

Business and finance examples

Entrepreneurship

Descriptive: What do startups in the tech industry face the main challenges?

Explanatory: Why do some entrepreneurial ventures succeed while others fail within their first five years?

Exploratory: How are emerging digital platforms reshaping the entrepreneurial landscape?

Comparative: How do funding opportunities for entrepreneurs differ between North America and Europe?

Predictive: What sectors will see the most startup growth in the next decade?

Descriptive: What are the primary sources of external funding for large corporations?

Explanatory: Why did the stock market experience a significant drop in Q4 2022?

Exploratory: How might blockchain technology revolutionize the future of banking?

Comparative: How do the financial markets in developing countries compare to those in developed countries?

Predictive: Based on current economic indicators, what is the forecasted health of the global economy for the next five years?

Human Resources

Descriptive: What are the most sought-after employee benefits in the tech industry?

Explanatory: Why is there a high turnover rate in the retail sector?

Exploratory: How might the rise of remote work affect HR practices in the next decade?

Comparative: How do HR practices in multinational corporations differ from those in local companies?

Predictive: What skills will be in the highest demand in the workforce by 2030?

Descriptive: What are the core responsibilities of middle management in large manufacturing firms?

Explanatory: Why do some management strategies fail in diverse cultural environments?

Exploratory: How are companies adapting their management structures in response to the gig economy?

Comparative: How does the management style in Eastern companies compare with Western businesses?

Predictive: How might artificial intelligence reshape management practices in the next decade?

Descriptive: What are the most effective digital marketing channels for e-commerce businesses?

Explanatory: Why did a particular viral marketing campaign succeed in reaching a global audience?

Exploratory: How might virtual reality change the landscape of product advertising?

Comparative: How do marketing strategies differ between B2B and B2C sectors?

Predictive: What consumer behaviors will dominate online shopping trends in the next five years?

Operations Research

Descriptive: What are the primary optimization techniques used in supply chain management?

Explanatory: Why do certain optimization algorithms perform better in specific industries?

Exploratory: How can quantum computing impact the future of operations research?

Comparative: How does operations strategy differ between service and manufacturing industries?

Predictive: Based on current technological advancements, how might automation reshape supply chain strategies by 2035?"

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Qualitative Research Questions: Discovering the Unknown

1. exploratory questions: opening doors to new understandings.

Exploratory questions are designed to illuminate a topic without predetermined biases or expectations. They aim to uncover insights and gather foundational information. For instance, asking, "What are the experiences of first-time mothers navigating healthcare services in rural areas?" allows for organic discovery. Similarly, exploring "How do employees perceive the impact of remote work on their professional growth?" provides a platform for understanding diverse perspectives.

2. Predictive Questions: Peering into the Future

Predictive questions seek to understand future outcomes or intentions around a topic. They help in formulating expectations about what might happen next. For example, questions like "What motivates individuals to adopt eco-friendly practices in urban settings?" aim to identify potential trends. Similarly, asking, "What are the anticipated effects of social media on teenagers’ self-esteem over the next decade?" helps predict future implications based on current observations.

3. Interpretive Questions: Making Sense of Shared Experiences

Interpretive questions focus on understanding behaviors and experiences in their natural settings. They aim to comprehend how groups interpret and make sense of various phenomena. For example, "How do families experience and interpret the cultural significance of holiday traditions?" seeks to explore personal and collective interpretations. Questions like "In what ways do teachers adapt their methods to engage students in virtual classrooms?" investigate adaptive behaviors in changing environments.

Quantitative Research Questions: Testing the Hypothesis

1. descriptive questions: exploring the basics.

Descriptive questions are the most straightforward type of quantitative research question. They seek to explain the situation's who, what, when, where, and how. For instance, "What percentage of high school graduates go on to attend college in the United States?" provides an essential overview. Similarly, asking, "How often do patients in a specific age group visit their primary care physician annually?" reveals patterns in healthcare usage.

2. Comparative Questions: Drawing Meaningful Contrasts

Comparative questions are helpful when studying groups with dependent variables. They help compare one variable to another to identify significant differences. For example, "Is there a significant difference in job satisfaction between remote and on-site employees?" aims to highlight disparities. Similarly, asking, "How do stress levels differ between high school students and college students?" sets the stage for understanding comparative stress factors.

3. Relationship-based Questions: Exploring Influential Connections

Relationship-based questions examine whether one variable influences another. These questions are often used in experimental research to identify causal relationships. For instance, "Does the amount of screen time influence levels of physical activity in adolescents?" explores potential impacts. Similarly, asking, "Is there a correlation between income level and access to mental health services in urban areas?" seeks to identify influential connections.

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How to Write a Research Question: Types and Examples 

The first step in any research project is framing the research question. It can be considered the core of any systematic investigation as the research outcomes are tied to asking the right questions. Thus, this primary interrogation point sets the pace for your research as it helps collect relevant and insightful information that ultimately influences your work.   

Typically, the research question guides the stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting. Depending on the use of quantifiable or quantitative data, research questions are broadly categorized into quantitative or qualitative research questions. Both types of research questions can be used independently or together, considering the overall focus and objectives of your research.  

What is a research question?

A research question is a clear, focused, concise, and arguable question on which your research and writing are centered. 1 It states various aspects of the study, including the population and variables to be studied and the problem the study addresses. These questions also set the boundaries of the study, ensuring cohesion. 

Designing the research question is a dynamic process where the researcher can change or refine the research question as they review related literature and develop a framework for the study. Depending on the scale of your research, the study can include single or multiple research questions. 

A good research question has the following features: 

• It is relevant to the chosen field of study. 
• The question posed is arguable and open for debate, requiring synthesizing and analysis of ideas. 
• It is focused and concisely framed. 
• A feasible solution is possible within the given practical constraint and timeframe. 

A poorly formulated research question poses several risks. 1   

• Researchers can adopt an erroneous design. 
• It can create confusion and hinder the thought process, including developing a clear protocol.  
• It can jeopardize publication efforts.  
• It causes difficulty in determining the relevance of the study findings.  
• It causes difficulty in whether the study fulfils the inclusion criteria for systematic review and meta-analysis. This creates challenges in determining whether additional studies or data collection is needed to answer the question.  
• Readers may fail to understand the objective of the study. This reduces the likelihood of the study being cited by others. 

Now that you know “What is a research question?”, let’s look at the different types of research questions. 

Types of research questions

Depending on the type of research to be done, research questions can be classified broadly into quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods studies. Knowing the type of research helps determine the best type of research question that reflects the direction and epistemological underpinnings of your research. 

The structure and wording of quantitative 2 and qualitative research 3 questions differ significantly. The quantitative study looks at causal relationships, whereas the qualitative study aims at exploring a phenomenon. 

• Quantitative research questions:  
• Seeks to investigate social, familial, or educational experiences or processes in a particular context and/or location.  
• Answers ‘how,’ ‘what,’ or ‘why’ questions. 
• Investigates connections, relations, or comparisons between independent and dependent variables. 

Quantitative research questions can be further categorized into descriptive, comparative, and relationship, as explained in the Table below. 

• Qualitative research questions  

Qualitative research questions are adaptable, non-directional, and more flexible. It concerns broad areas of research or more specific areas of study to discover, explain, or explore a phenomenon. These are further classified as follows: 

• Mixed-methods studies  

Mixed-methods studies use both quantitative and qualitative research questions to answer your research question. Mixed methods provide a complete picture than standalone quantitative or qualitative research, as it integrates the benefits of both methods. Mixed methods research is often used in multidisciplinary settings and complex situational or societal research, especially in the behavioral, health, and social science fields. 

What makes a good research question

A good research question should be clear and focused to guide your research. It should synthesize multiple sources to present your unique argument, and should ideally be something that you are interested in. But avoid questions that can be answered in a few factual statements. The following are the main attributes of a good research question. 

• Specific: The research question should not be a fishing expedition performed in the hopes that some new information will be found that will benefit the researcher. The central research question should work with your research problem to keep your work focused. If using multiple questions, they should all tie back to the central aim. 
• Measurable: The research question must be answerable using quantitative and/or qualitative data or from scholarly sources to develop your research question. If such data is impossible to access, it is better to rethink your question. 
• Attainable: Ensure you have enough time and resources to do all research required to answer your question. If it seems you will not be able to gain access to the data you need, consider narrowing down your question to be more specific. 
• You have the expertise 
• You have the equipment and resources 
• Realistic: Developing your research question should be based on initial reading about your topic. It should focus on addressing a problem or gap in the existing knowledge in your field or discipline. 
• Based on some sort of rational physics 
• Can be done in a reasonable time frame 
• Timely: The research question should contribute to an existing and current debate in your field or in society at large. It should produce knowledge that future researchers or practitioners can later build on. 
• Novel 
• Based on current technologies. 
• Important to answer current problems or concerns. 
• Lead to new directions. 
• Important: Your question should have some aspect of originality. Incremental research is as important as exploring disruptive technologies. For example, you can focus on a specific location or explore a new angle. 
• Meaningful whether the answer is “Yes” or “No.” Closed-ended, yes/no questions are too simple to work as good research questions. Such questions do not provide enough scope for robust investigation and discussion. A good research question requires original data, synthesis of multiple sources, and original interpretation and argumentation before providing an answer. 

Steps for developing a good research question

The importance of research questions cannot be understated. When drafting a research question, use the following frameworks to guide the components of your question to ease the process. 4  

• Determine the requirements: Before constructing a good research question, set your research requirements. What is the purpose? Is it descriptive, comparative, or explorative research? Determining the research aim will help you choose the most appropriate topic and word your question appropriately. 
• Select a broad research topic: Identify a broader subject area of interest that requires investigation. Techniques such as brainstorming or concept mapping can help identify relevant connections and themes within a broad research topic. For example, how to learn and help students learn. 
• Perform preliminary investigation: Preliminary research is needed to obtain up-to-date and relevant knowledge on your topic. It also helps identify issues currently being discussed from which information gaps can be identified. 
• Narrow your focus: Narrow the scope and focus of your research to a specific niche. This involves focusing on gaps in existing knowledge or recent literature or extending or complementing the findings of existing literature. Another approach involves constructing strong research questions that challenge your views or knowledge of the area of study (Example: Is learning consistent with the existing learning theory and research). 
• Identify the research problem: Once the research question has been framed, one should evaluate it. This is to realize the importance of the research questions and if there is a need for more revising (Example: How do your beliefs on learning theory and research impact your instructional practices). 

How to write a research question

Those struggling to understand how to write a research question, these simple steps can help you simplify the process of writing a research question. 

Sample Research Questions

The following are some bad and good research question examples 

• Example 1 
• Example 2 

References:  

• Thabane, L., Thomas, T., Ye, C., & Paul, J. (2009). Posing the research question: not so simple.  Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie ,  56 (1), 71-79. 
• Rutberg, S., & Bouikidis, C. D. (2018). Focusing on the fundamentals: A simplistic differentiation between qualitative and quantitative research.  Nephrology Nursing Journal ,  45 (2), 209-213. 
• Kyngäs, H. (2020). Qualitative research and content analysis.  The application of content analysis in nursing science research , 3-11. 
• Mattick, K., Johnston, J., & de la Croix, A. (2018). How to… write a good research question.  The clinical teacher ,  15 (2), 104-108. 
• Fandino, W. (2019). Formulating a good research question: Pearls and pitfalls.  Indian Journal of Anaesthesia ,  63 (8), 611. 
• Richardson, W. S., Wilson, M. C., Nishikawa, J., & Hayward, R. S. (1995). The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions.  ACP journal club ,  123 (3), A12-A13 

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415 Research Question Examples Across 15 Disciplines

A research question is a clearly formulated query that delineates the scope and direction of an investigation. It serves as the guiding light for scholars, helping them to dissect, analyze, and comprehend complex phenomena. Beyond merely seeking answers, a well-crafted research question ensures that the exploration remains focused and goal-oriented.

The significance of framing a clear, concise, and researchable question cannot be overstated. A well-defined question not only clarifies the objective of the research but also determines the methodologies and tools a researcher will employ. A concise question ensures precision, eliminating the potential for ambiguity or misinterpretation. Furthermore, the question must be researchable—posing a question that is too broad, too subjective, or unanswerable can lead to inconclusive results or an endless loop of investigation. In essence, the foundation of any meaningful academic endeavor rests on the articulation of a compelling and achievable research question.

Research questions can be categorized based on their intent and the nature of the information they seek. Recognizing the different types is essential for crafting an effective inquiry and guiding the research process. Let's delve into the various categories:

• Descriptive Research Questions: These types of questions aim to outline and characterize specific phenomena or attributes. They seek to provide a clear picture of a situation or context without necessarily diving into causal relationships. For instance, a question like "What are the main symptoms of the flu?" is descriptive as it seeks to list the symptoms.
• Explanatory (or Causal) Research Questions: Explanatory questions delve deeper, trying to uncover the reasons or causes behind certain phenomena. They are particularly common in experimental research where researchers are attempting to establish cause-and-effect relationships. An example might be, "Does smoking increase the risk of lung cancer?"
• Exploratory Research Questions: As the name suggests, these questions are used when researchers are entering uncharted territories. They are designed to gather preliminary information on topics that haven't been studied extensively. A question like "How do emerging technologies impact remote tribal communities?" can be seen as exploratory if there's limited existing research on the topic.
• Comparative Research Questions: These questions are formulated when the objective is to compare two or more groups, conditions, or variables. Comparative questions might look like "How do test scores differ between students who study regularly and those who cram?"
• Predictive Research Questions: The goal here is to forecast or predict potential outcomes based on certain variables or conditions. Predictive research might pose questions such as "Based on current climate trends, how will average global temperatures change by 2050?"

Here are examples of research questions across various disciplines, shedding light on queries that stimulate intellectual curiosity and advancement. In this post, we will delve into disciplines ranging from the Natural Sciences, such as Physics and Biology, to the Social Sciences, including Sociology and Anthropology, as well as the Humanities, like Literature and Philosophy. We'll also explore questions from fields as varied as Health Sciences, Engineering, Business, Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, Education, Law, Agriculture, Arts, Computer Science, Architecture, and Languages. This comprehensive overview aims to illustrate the breadth and depth of inquiries that shape our world of knowledge.

Agriculture and forestry examples

Architecture and planning examples, arts and design examples, business and finance examples, computer science and informatics examples, education examples, engineering and technology examples, environmental sciences examples, health sciences examples, humanities examples, languages and linguistics examples, law examples, mathematics and statistics examples, natural sciences examples, social sciences examples.

• Descriptive: What are the primary factors that influence crop yield in temperate climates?
• Explanatory: Why do certain soil types yield higher grain production than others?
• Exploratory: How might new organic farming techniques influence soil health over a decade?
• Comparative: How do the growth rates differ between genetically modified and traditional corn crops?
• Predictive: Based on current climate models, how will changing rain patterns impact wheat production in the next 20 years?

Animal science

• Descriptive: What are the common behavioral traits of domesticated cattle in grass-fed conditions?
• Explanatory: Why do certain breeds of chickens have a higher egg production rate?
• Exploratory: What potential benefits could arise from integrating tech wearables in livestock management?
• Comparative: How does the milk yield differ between Holstein and Jersey cows when given the same diet?
• Predictive: How might increasing global temperatures influence the reproductive cycles of swine?

Aquaculture

• Descriptive: What are the most commonly farmed fish species in Southeast Asia?
• Explanatory: Why do shrimp farms have a higher disease outbreak rate compared to fish farms?
• Exploratory: How might innovative recirculating aquaculture systems revolutionize the industry's environmental impact?
• Comparative: How do growth rates of salmon differ between open-net pens and land-based tanks?
• Predictive: What will be the impact of ocean acidification on mollusk farming over the next three decades?
• Descriptive: What tree species dominate the temperate rainforests of North America?
• Explanatory: Why are certain tree species more resistant to pest infestations?
• Exploratory: What are the potential benefits of integrating drone technology in forest health monitoring?
• Comparative: How do deforestation rates compare between legally protected and unprotected areas in the Amazon?
• Predictive: Given increasing global demand for timber, how might tree populations in Siberia change in the next half-century?

Horticulture

• Descriptive: What are the common characteristics of plants suitable for urban vertical farming?
• Explanatory: Why do roses require specific pH levels in the soil for optimal growth?
• Exploratory: What potential methods might promote year-round vegetable farming in colder regions?
• Comparative: How does fruit yield differ between traditionally planted orchards and high-density planting systems?
• Predictive: How might changing global temperatures affect wine grape production in traditional regions?

Soil science

• Descriptive: What are the main components of loamy soil?
• Explanatory: Why does clay-rich soil retain more water compared to sandy soil?
• Exploratory: How might biochar applications transform nutrient availability in degraded soils?
• Comparative: How do nutrient levels vary between soils managed with organic versus inorganic fertilizers?
• Predictive: Based on current farming practices, how will soil quality in the Midwest U.S. evolve over the next 30 years?

Architectural design

• Descriptive: What are the dominant architectural styles of public buildings constructed in the 21st century?
• Explanatory: Why do certain architectural elements from classical periods continue to influence modern designs?
• Exploratory: How might sustainable materials revolutionize the future of architectural design?
• Comparative: How do energy consumption levels differ between buildings with passive design elements and those without?
• Predictive: Based on urbanization trends, how will the design of residential buildings evolve in the next two decades?

Landscape architecture

• Descriptive: What are the primary components of a successful urban park design?
• Explanatory: Why do certain types of vegetation promote greater biodiversity in urban settings?
• Exploratory: What innovative techniques can be employed to restore and integrate wetlands into urban landscapes?
• Comparative: How does visitor satisfaction vary between nature-inspired landscapes and more structured, geometric designs?
• Predictive: With the effects of climate change, how might coastal landscape architecture adapt to rising sea levels over the coming century?

Urban planning

• Descriptive: What are the main components of a pedestrian-friendly city center?
• Explanatory: Why do certain urban layouts promote more efficient traffic flow than others?
• Exploratory: How might the integration of vertical farming impact urban food security and cityscape aesthetics?
• Comparative: How do the air quality levels differ between cities with green belts and those without?
• Predictive: Based on increasing telecommuting trends, how will urban planning strategies adjust to potentially reduced daily commutes in the future?

Graphic design

• Descriptive: What are the prevailing typography trends in modern branding?
• Explanatory: Why do certain color schemes evoke specific emotions or perceptions in consumers?
• Exploratory: How is augmented reality reshaping the landscape of interactive graphic design?
• Comparative: How do print and digital designs differ in terms of elements and principles when targeting a young adult audience?
• Predictive: Based on evolving digital platforms, what are potential future trends in web design aesthetics?

Industrial design

• Descriptive: What characterizes the ergonomic features of leading office chairs in the market?
• Explanatory: Why have minimalist designs become more prevalent in consumer electronics over the past decade?
• Exploratory: How might bio-inspired design influence the future of transportation vehicles?
• Comparative: How does user satisfaction differ between traditional versus modular product designs?
• Predictive: Given the push towards sustainability, how will material selection evolve in the next decade of product design?

Multimedia arts

• Descriptive: What techniques define the most popular virtual reality (VR) experiences currently available?
• Explanatory: Why do certain sound designs enhance immersion in video games more effectively than others?
• Exploratory: How might holographic technologies revolutionize stage performances or public installations in the future?
• Comparative: How do user engagement levels differ between 2D animations and 3D animations in educational platforms?
• Predictive: With the rise of augmented reality (AR) wearables, what might be the next frontier in multimedia art installations?

Performing arts

• Descriptive: What styles of dance are currently predominant in global theater productions?
• Explanatory: Why do certain rhythms or beats universally resonate with audiences across cultures?
• Exploratory: How might digital avatars or AI entities play roles in future theatrical performances?
• Comparative: How does audience reception differ between traditional plays and experimental, interactive performances?
• Predictive: Considering global digitalization, how might virtual theaters redefine the experience of live performances in the future?

Visual arts

• Descriptive: What themes are prevalent in contemporary art exhibitions worldwide?
• Explanatory: Why have mixed media installations gained prominence in the 21st-century art scene?
• Exploratory: How is the intersection of technology and art opening new mediums or platforms for artists?
• Comparative: How do traditional painting techniques, such as oil and watercolor, contrast in terms of texture and luminosity?
• Predictive: With the evolution of digital art platforms, how might the definition and appreciation of "original" artworks change in the coming years?

Entrepreneurship

• Descriptive: What are the main challenges faced by startups in the tech industry?
• Explanatory: Why do some entrepreneurial ventures succeed while others fail within their first five years?
• Exploratory: How are emerging digital platforms reshaping the entrepreneurial landscape?
• Comparative: How do funding opportunities for entrepreneurs differ between North America and Europe?
• Predictive: What sectors are predicted to see the most startup growth in the next decade?
• Descriptive: What are the primary sources of external funding for large corporations?
• Explanatory: Why did the stock market experience a significant drop in Q4 2022?
• Exploratory: How might blockchain technology revolutionize the future of banking?
• Comparative: How do the financial markets in developing countries compare to those in developed countries?
• Predictive: Based on current economic indicators, what is the forecasted health of the global economy for the next five years?

Human resources

• Descriptive: What are the most sought-after employee benefits in the tech industry?
• Explanatory: Why is there a high turnover rate in the retail sector?
• Exploratory: How might the rise of remote work affect HR practices in the next decade?
• Comparative: How do HR practices in multinational corporations differ from those in local companies?
• Predictive: What skills will be in highest demand in the workforce by 2030?
• Descriptive: What are the core responsibilities of middle management in large manufacturing firms?
• Explanatory: Why do some management strategies fail in diverse cultural environments?
• Exploratory: How are companies adapting their management structures in response to the gig economy?
• Comparative: How does management style in Eastern companies compare with Western businesses?
• Predictive: How might artificial intelligence reshape management practices in the next decade?
• Descriptive: What are the most effective digital marketing channels for e-commerce businesses?
• Explanatory: Why did a particular viral marketing campaign succeed in reaching a global audience?
• Exploratory: How might virtual reality change the landscape of product advertising?
• Comparative: How do marketing strategies differ between B2B and B2C sectors?
• Predictive: What consumer behaviors are forecasted to dominate online shopping trends in the next five years?

Operations research

• Descriptive: What are the primary optimization techniques used in supply chain management?
• Explanatory: Why do certain optimization algorithms perform better in specific industries?
• Exploratory: How can quantum computing impact the future of operations research?
• Comparative: How does operations strategy differ between service and manufacturing industries?
• Predictive: Based on current technological advancements, how might automation reshape supply chain strategies by 2035?

Artificial intelligence

• Descriptive: What are the primary algorithms used in deep learning?
• Explanatory: Why do certain neural network architectures outperform others in image recognition tasks?
• Exploratory: How might quantum computing influence the development of AI models?
• Comparative: How do reinforcement learning methods compare to supervised learning in game playing scenarios?
• Predictive: Based on current trends, how will AI impact the job market over the next decade?

Cybersecurity

• Descriptive: What are the most common types of cyberattacks reported in 2022?
• Explanatory: Why are certain industries more vulnerable to ransomware attacks?
• Exploratory: How might advances in quantum computing challenge existing encryption methods?
• Comparative: How do open-source software vulnerabilities compare to those in proprietary systems?
• Predictive: Given emerging technologies, what types of cyber threats will likely dominate in the next five years?

Data science

• Descriptive: What are the main tools used by data scientists in large-scale data analysis?
• Explanatory: Why does algorithm X yield more accurate predictions than algorithm Y for certain datasets?
• Exploratory: How can machine learning models improve real-time data processing in IoT devices?
• Comparative: How does the performance of traditional statistical models compare to machine learning models in predicting stock prices?
• Predictive: Based on current data trends, what industries will likely benefit the most from data analytics advancements in the coming decade?

Information systems

• Descriptive: What are the core components of a modern enterprise resource planning (ERP) system?
• Explanatory: Why have cloud-based information systems seen a rapid adoption rate in recent years?
• Exploratory: How might the integration of blockchain technology revolutionize supply chain information systems?
• Comparative: How do information system strategies differ between e-commerce and brick-and-mortar retailers?
• Predictive: Given the rise of remote work, how will information systems evolve to support decentralized teams in the future?

Software engineering

• Descriptive: What are the standard practices in agile software development?
• Explanatory: Why do some software projects face significant delays despite rigorous planning?
• Exploratory: How are emerging programming languages shaping the future of software development?
• Comparative: How does the software development lifecycle in startup environments compare to that in large corporations?
• Predictive: Based on current development trends, which software platforms are forecasted to dominate market share by 2030?

Adult education

• Descriptive: What are the primary motivations behind adults seeking further education later in life?
• Explanatory: Why do some adult education programs have a higher success rate compared to others?
• Exploratory: How might online learning platforms revolutionize adult education in the next decade?
• Comparative: How do adult education methodologies differ from traditional collegiate teaching techniques?
• Predictive: Given current trends, how will the demand for adult education courses change in the upcoming years?

Curriculum studies

• Descriptive: What are the core components of a modern high school curriculum in the United States?
• Explanatory: Why have certain subjects, like financial literacy, become more emphasized in recent curriculum updates?
• Exploratory: How can interdisciplinary studies be better incorporated into traditional curricula?
• Comparative: How does the math curriculum in the US compare to that in other developed countries?
• Predictive: Based on pedagogical research, what subjects are forecasted to gain prominence in curricula over the next decade?

Educational administration

• Descriptive: What are the main responsibilities of a school principal in large urban schools?
• Explanatory: Why do some schools consistently perform better in standardized testing than others, despite similar resources?
• Exploratory: How might emerging technologies shape the administrative tasks of educational institutions in the future?
• Comparative: How does school administration differ between private and public educational institutions?
• Predictive: Given the rise of online education, how will the role of educational administrators evolve in the coming years?

Educational psychology

• Descriptive: What cognitive strategies are commonly used by students to enhance memory retention during studies?
• Explanatory: Why do certain teaching methodologies resonate better with students having specific learning styles?
• Exploratory: How can insights from behavioral psychology improve student engagement in virtual classrooms?
• Comparative: How does the motivation level of students differ between self-paced versus instructor-led courses?
• Predictive: With the increasing integration of technology in education, how will student learning behaviors change in the next decade?

Special education

• Descriptive: What interventions are commonly used to support students with autism spectrum disorders in inclusive classrooms?
• Explanatory: Why do some special education programs yield better academic outcomes for students with specific learning disabilities?
• Exploratory: How can augmented reality technologies be utilized to enhance learning for students with visual impairments?
• Comparative: How does special education support differ between urban and rural school districts?
• Predictive: Based on advancements in assistive technologies, how will the landscape of special education transform in the near future?

Aerospace engineering

• Descriptive: What are the key materials and technologies utilized in modern spacecraft design?
• Explanatory: Why are certain alloys preferred in high-temperature aerospace applications?
• Exploratory: How might advances in propulsion technologies revolutionize space travel in the next decade?
• Comparative: How do commercial aircraft designs differ from military aircraft designs in terms of aerodynamics?
• Predictive: Given current research trends, how will the efficiency of jet engines change in the upcoming years?

Biomedical engineering

• Descriptive: What are the foundational principles behind the design of modern prosthetic limbs?
• Explanatory: Why have bio-compatible materials like titanium become crucial in implantable medical devices?
• Exploratory: How can nanotechnology be leveraged to improve drug delivery systems in the future?
• Comparative: How do MRI machines differ from CT scanners in terms of their underlying technology and application?
• Predictive: Based on emerging trends, how will wearable health monitors evolve in the next decade?

Chemical engineering

• Descriptive: What processes are involved in the large-scale production of ethylene?
• Explanatory: Why is distillation the most common separation method in the petroleum industry?
• Exploratory: How might green chemistry principles transform traditional chemical manufacturing processes?
• Comparative: How does the production of biofuels compare to traditional fossil fuels in terms of yield and environmental impact?
• Predictive: Given global sustainability goals, how will the chemical industry's reliance on fossil resources shift in the future?

Civil engineering

• Descriptive: What are the primary considerations in the structural design of skyscrapers in earthquake-prone regions?
• Explanatory: Why are steel-reinforced concrete beams commonly used in bridge construction?
• Exploratory: How can smart city concepts influence the infrastructure planning of urban centers in the future?
• Comparative: How do tunneling methods differ between soft soil and hard rock terrains?
• Predictive: With the increasing threat of climate change, how will coastal infrastructure design criteria change to account for rising sea levels?

Computer engineering

• Descriptive: What are the main components of a modern central processing unit (CPU) and their functions?
• Explanatory: Why is silicon predominantly used in semiconductor manufacturing?
• Exploratory: How might quantum computing redefine the landscape of traditional computing architectures?
• Comparative: How do solid-state drives (SSDs) compare to traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) in terms of performance and longevity?
• Predictive: Given advancements in chip miniaturization, how will the form factor of consumer electronics evolve in the coming years?

Electrical engineering

• Descriptive: What are the standard stages involved in the transmission and distribution of electrical power?
• Explanatory: Why are transformers essential in the power distribution network?
• Exploratory: How can emerging smart grid technologies improve the efficiency and reliability of electrical distribution systems?
• Comparative: How do AC and DC transmission methods differ in terms of efficiency and infrastructure requirements?
• Predictive: With the rise of renewable energy sources, how will power grid management complexities change in the next decade?

Mechanical engineering

• Descriptive: What are the fundamental principles behind the operation of a four-stroke internal combustion engine?
• Explanatory: Why are certain polymers used as vibration dampeners in machinery?
• Exploratory: How might advancements in materials science impact the design of future automotive systems?
• Comparative: How do hydraulic systems compare to pneumatic systems in terms of energy efficiency and application?
• Predictive: With the push towards sustainability, how will traditional manufacturing methods evolve to reduce their carbon footprint?

Climatology

• Descriptive: What are the primary factors that influence the El Niño and La Niña phenomena?
• Explanatory: Why have certain regions experienced more intense and frequent heatwaves in the past decade?
• Exploratory: How might changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations impact global wind patterns in the future?
• Comparative: How do urban areas differ from rural areas in terms of microclimate conditions?
• Predictive: Given current greenhouse gas emission trends, what will be the average global temperature increase by the end of the century?

Conservation science

• Descriptive: What are the primary threats faced by tropical rainforests around the world?
• Explanatory: Why are certain species more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation than others?
• Exploratory: How can community involvement enhance conservation efforts in protected areas?
• Comparative: How does the effectiveness of in-situ conservation compare to ex-situ conservation for endangered species?
• Predictive: If current deforestation rates continue, how many species are predicted to go extinct in the next 50 years?
• Descriptive: What are the dominant flora and fauna in a temperate deciduous forest biome?
• Explanatory: Why do certain ecosystems, like wetlands, have higher biodiversity than others?
• Exploratory: How might the spread of invasive species alter nutrient cycling in freshwater lakes?
• Comparative: How do the trophic dynamics of grassland ecosystems differ from those of desert ecosystems?
• Predictive: How will global ecosystems change if bee populations continue to decline at current rates?

Environmental health

• Descriptive: What are the major pollutants found in urban air?
• Explanatory: Why do certain pollutants cause respiratory diseases in humans?
• Exploratory: How might green building designs reduce the health risks associated with indoor air pollutants?
• Comparative: How do the health impacts of living near coal-fired power plants compare to living near nuclear power plants?
• Predictive: Given increasing urbanization trends, how will air quality in major cities change over the next two decades?

Marine biology

• Descriptive: What are the primary species that comprise a coral reef ecosystem?
• Explanatory: Why are coral reefs particularly sensitive to changes in sea temperature?
• Exploratory: How might deep-sea exploration reveal unknown marine species and their adaptations?
• Comparative: How do the feeding strategies of pelagic fish differ from benthic fish in oceanic ecosystems?
• Predictive: If ocean acidification trends continue, what will be the impact on shell-forming marine organisms in the next 30 years?
• Descriptive: What are the most common oral health issues faced by elderly individuals?
• Explanatory: Why do sugary foods lead to a higher prevalence of cavities?
• Exploratory: How might emerging technologies revolutionize dental procedures in the coming decade?
• Comparative: How do the effects of electric toothbrushes compare to manual ones in reducing plaque?
• Predictive: Given current trends, how might the prevalence of gum diseases change in populations with increased sugar consumption over the next decade?

Kinesiology

• Descriptive: What are the primary physiological changes that occur during aerobic exercise?
• Explanatory: Why do some athletes experience muscle cramps during extensive physical activity?
• Exploratory: How might different stretching routines impact athletic performance?
• Comparative: How do the biomechanics of running on a treadmill differ from running outdoors?
• Predictive: If sedentary lifestyles continue to rise, what could be the potential impact on musculoskeletal health in the next 20 years?
• Descriptive: What are the main symptoms associated with the early stages of Parkinson's disease?
• Explanatory: Why are some viruses, like the flu, more prevalent in colder months?
• Exploratory: How might genetic editing technologies, like CRISPR, be utilized to treat hereditary diseases in the future?
• Comparative: How does the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy compare to targeted therapy in treating certain cancers?
• Predictive: Given advances in telemedicine, how might patient-doctor interactions evolve over the next decade?
• Descriptive: What are the primary responsibilities of nurses in intensive care units?
• Explanatory: Why is there a higher burnout rate among nurses compared to other healthcare professionals?
• Exploratory: How can training programs be improved to better equip nurses for challenges in emergency situations?
• Comparative: How does the patient recovery rate differ when cared for by specialized nurses versus general ward nurses?
• Predictive: How will the role of nurses change with the integration of more AI-based diagnostic tools in hospitals?
• Descriptive: What are the main nutritional components of a Mediterranean diet?
• Explanatory: Why does a diet high in processed sugars lead to increased risks of type 2 diabetes?
• Exploratory: How might gut microbiota be influenced by various diets and what are the potential health implications?
• Comparative: How does the nutritional profile of plant-based proteins compare to animal-based proteins?
• Predictive: If global meat consumption trends continue, what could be the implications for population-wide nutritional health in 30 years?
• Descriptive: What are the primary active ingredients in over-the-counter pain relievers?
• Explanatory: Why do certain medications cause drowsiness as a side effect?
• Exploratory: How might nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems enhance the efficacy of certain treatments?
• Comparative: How do the effects of generic drugs compare to their brand-name counterparts?
• Predictive: Given the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, how might pharmaceutical approaches to bacterial infections change in the future?

Public health

• Descriptive: What are the main factors contributing to public health disparities in urban vs rural areas?
• Explanatory: Why did certain regions have higher transmission rates during the COVID-19 pandemic?
• Exploratory: How can community engagement strategies be optimized for more effective health campaigns?
• Comparative: How do vaccination rates and outcomes differ between countries with public vs private healthcare systems?
• Predictive: Based on current trends, how will global public health challenges evolve over the next 50 years?

Art history

• Descriptive: What are the primary artistic styles observed in the Renaissance era?
• Explanatory: Why did the Baroque art movement emerge after the Renaissance?
• Exploratory: How might newly discovered ancient art pieces reshape our understanding of prehistoric artistic practices?
• Comparative: How does European Romantic art differ from Asian Romantic art of the same period?
• Predictive: Given current trends, how might digital art impact traditional art gallery setups in the next decade?
• Descriptive: What are the primary themes in Homer's "Odyssey"?
• Explanatory: Why did Greek tragedies place a strong emphasis on the concept of fate?
• Exploratory: Are there undiscovered works that might provide more insight into daily life in ancient Rome?
• Comparative: How do Roman epics compare to their Greek counterparts in terms of character development?
• Predictive: How will emerging technologies like virtual reality affect the study of ancient ruins?

Cultural studies

• Descriptive: How is the concept of family portrayed in contemporary American media?
• Explanatory: Why has the influence of Western culture grown in certain Eastern countries over the last century?
• Exploratory: What are the emerging subcultures in the digital age and how do they communicate?
• Comparative: How does the representation of masculinity vary between Eastern and Western films?
• Predictive: In what ways might globalization affect cultural identities in the next two decades?
• Descriptive: What events led to the fall of the Berlin Wall?
• Explanatory: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
• Exploratory: Are there undocumented civilizational interactions in ancient times that new archaeological findings might reveal?
• Comparative: How did the responses to the Black Plague differ between European and Asian nations?
• Predictive: Given historical patterns, how might major global powers react to dwindling natural resources in the future?
• Descriptive: What are the main narrative techniques used in James Joyce's "Ulysses"?
• Explanatory: Why did the Gothic novel become popular in 19th-century England?
• Exploratory: How might translations of ancient texts reveal different interpretations based on the translator's cultural background?
• Comparative: How does the portrayal of war differ between post-WWII American and French literature?
• Predictive: How might the rise of AI-authored literature change the publishing industry?
• Descriptive: What are the core principles of existentialism as described by Jean-Paul Sartre?
• Explanatory: Why did the philosophy of existentialism gain prominence post-WWII?
• Exploratory: How might ancient Eastern philosophies provide insights into modern ethical dilemmas surrounding technology?
• Comparative: How does Nietzsche's concept of the "Ubermensch" compare to Aristotle's "virtuous person"?
• Predictive: As AI becomes more prevalent, how might philosophical discussions around consciousness evolve?

Religious studies

• Descriptive: What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
• Explanatory: Why did Protestantism emerge within Christianity during the 16th century?
• Exploratory: Are there common motifs in creation myths across various religions?
• Comparative: How do concepts of the afterlife compare between Christianity, Buddhism, and Ancient Egyptian beliefs?
• Predictive: How might interfaith dialogue shape religious practices in multi-faith societies over the next decade?

Classic languages

• Descriptive: What are the primary grammatical structures in Ancient Greek?
• Explanatory: Why did Latin play a foundational role in the development of many modern European languages?
• Exploratory: Are there yet-to-be-deciphered scripts from ancient civilizations that might provide insight into lost languages?
• Comparative: How do the verb conjugation patterns in Latin compare to those in Sanskrit?
• Predictive: Given the ongoing research in classical studies, how might our understanding of certain ancient texts change in the next decade?

Comparative literature

• Descriptive: What are the main themes in Japanese Haiku and English Sonnets?
• Explanatory: Why do certain folklore tales appear with variations across different cultures?
• Exploratory: How might newly translated works from lesser-known languages reshape the world literature canon?
• Comparative: How does the role of the tragic hero in French literature differ from its portrayal in Russian literature?
• Predictive: As global communication becomes more interconnected, how might the study of world literature evolve in universities?

Modern languages

• Descriptive: What are the primary tonal patterns observed in Mandarin Chinese?
• Explanatory: Why has English become a dominant lingua franca in international business and diplomacy?
• Exploratory: Which lesser-studied languages might become more prominent due to socio-political changes in their regions?
• Comparative: How do the grammatical complexities of Russian compare to those of German?
• Predictive: Given current global trends, which languages are predicted to become more widely spoken in the next two decades?
• Descriptive: What are the primary articulatory features of plosive sounds?
• Explanatory: Why do certain accents develop specific pitch fluctuations and intonations?
• Exploratory: How do various environmental factors affect vocal cord vibrations and sound production?
• Comparative: How does the pronunciation of fricatives differ between Spanish and Portuguese speakers?
• Predictive: How might advancements in voice recognition technology influence phonetics research in the next decade?
• Descriptive: What are the primary signs and symbols used in American road signage?
• Explanatory: Why do red roses universally symbolize love or passion in many cultures?
• Exploratory: Are there emerging symbols in digital communication that could become universally recognized signs in the future?
• Comparative: How do the semiotic structures in print advertisements differ between Western and Eastern cultures?
• Predictive: As emoji usage becomes more widespread, how might they impact written language semantics in the coming years?
• Descriptive: What are the key statutes governing tenant rights in residential leases?
• Explanatory: Why do personal injury claims vary significantly in settlement amounts even under similar circumstances?
• Exploratory: How might alternative dispute resolution mechanisms evolve in civil law contexts over the next decade?
• Comparative: How do defamation laws differ between jurisdictions that adopt the British common law system versus the Napoleonic code?
• Predictive: How might the rise of online transactions affect the volume and nature of civil law cases related to contract disputes?

Constitutional law

• Descriptive: What are the main principles enshrined in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution?
• Explanatory: Why have some constitutional rights been subject to varying interpretations over time?
• Exploratory: Are there emerging debates around digital rights and freedoms that might reshape constitutional interpretations in the future?
• Comparative: How does the protection of freedom of speech differ between the U.S. Constitution and the German Basic Law?
• Predictive: Given global socio-political trends, how might constitutional democracies adjust their foundational texts in the next two decades?

Corporate law

• Descriptive: What are the primary duties and liabilities of a board of directors in a publicly traded company?
• Explanatory: Why do mergers and acquisitions often involve extensive due diligence processes?
• Exploratory: How might the rise of digital currencies impact the regulatory landscape for corporations in the finance sector?
• Comparative: How does the legal framework for shareholder rights in the U.S. compare to that of Japan?
• Predictive: How might changing global trade dynamics influence corporate structuring and international partnerships?

Criminal law

• Descriptive: What constitutes first-degree murder in the majority of jurisdictions?
• Explanatory: Why are certain offenses classified as misdemeanors while others are felonies?
• Exploratory: Are there emerging patterns in cybercrime that suggest new areas of legal vulnerability?
• Comparative: How does the treatment of juvenile offenders differ between Scandinavian countries and the U.S.?
• Predictive: Given advancements in technology, how might criminal law evolve to address potential misuses of artificial intelligence?

International law

• Descriptive: What are the foundational principles of the Geneva Conventions?
• Explanatory: Why have some nations refused to recognize or be bound by certain international treaties?
• Exploratory: How might global climate change reshape international agreements and treaties in the coming years?
• Comparative: How do regional trade agreements in Africa compare to those in Southeast Asia in terms of provisions and enforcement mechanisms?
• Predictive: How might geopolitical shifts influence the role and effectiveness of international courts in resolving state disputes?

Applied mathematics

• Descriptive: What are the primary mathematical models used to predict the spread of infectious diseases?
• Explanatory: Why does the Navier–Stokes equation play a pivotal role in fluid dynamics?
• Exploratory: How might new computational methods enhance the efficiency of existing algorithms in applied mathematics?
• Comparative: How do optimization techniques in operations research differ from those in machine learning applications?
• Predictive: Given the rapid growth of quantum computing, how might it reshape the landscape of applied mathematical problems in the next decade?

Applied statistics

• Descriptive: What are the standard procedures for handling missing data in a large-scale survey?
• Explanatory: Why do statisticians use bootstrapping techniques in hypothesis testing?
• Exploratory: How might emerging data sources, like wearables and IoT devices, introduce new challenges and opportunities in applied statistics?
• Comparative: How does the performance of Bayesian methods compare to frequentist methods in complex hierarchical models?
• Predictive: With the increasing availability of big data, how might the role of applied statisticians evolve in the next five years?

Pure mathematics

• Descriptive: What are the axioms underpinning Euclidean geometry?
• Explanatory: Why is Gödel's incompleteness theorem considered a foundational result in the philosophy of mathematics?
• Exploratory: Are there newly emerging areas of study within number theory due to advancements in computational mathematics?
• Comparative: How do algebraic structures differ between rings and fields?
• Predictive: Considering current research trends, what areas of pure mathematics are poised for significant breakthroughs in the next decade?

Theoretical statistics

• Descriptive: What foundational principles underlie the Central Limit Theorem?
• Explanatory: Why is the concept of sufficiency crucial in the design of statistical tests?
• Exploratory: How might advances in artificial intelligence influence theoretical developments in statistical inference?
• Comparative: How do likelihood-based inference methods compare to Bayesian methods in terms of theoretical underpinnings?
• Predictive: As data generation mechanisms evolve, how might the theoretical foundations of statistics need to adapt in the future?
• Descriptive: What are the key features and behaviors of black holes?
• Explanatory: Why does the expansion of the universe appear to be accelerating?
• Exploratory: What potential insights might the study of exoplanets provide about the conditions necessary for life?
• Comparative: How do the properties of spiral galaxies differ from those of elliptical galaxies?
• Predictive: Based on current data, what are the projected future behaviors of our sun as it ages?
• Descriptive: What are the primary functions and structures of ribosomes in a cell?
• Explanatory: Why does DNA replication occur semi-conservatively?
• Exploratory: How might emerging technologies like CRISPR redefine our understanding of genetic engineering?
• Comparative: How do the metabolic processes of prokaryotic cells differ from those of eukaryotic cells?
• Predictive: Given the current trajectory of climate change, how might the biodiversity in tropical rainforests be affected over the next century?
• Descriptive: What are the key properties and uses of the noble gases?
• Explanatory: Why do exothermic reactions release heat?
• Exploratory: How might advances in nanochemistry influence drug delivery systems?
• Comparative: How do ionic bonds differ in strength and characteristics from covalent bonds?
• Predictive: Considering the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, how might the field of medicinal chemistry adapt to produce effective treatments in the future?

Earth science

• Descriptive: What are the primary layers of Earth's atmosphere and their respective characteristics?
• Explanatory: Why do certain regions experience more seismic activity than others?
• Exploratory: How might the study of ancient ice cores provide insights into past climate conditions?
• Comparative: How do the processes of weathering differ between arid and humid climates?
• Predictive: Given current data on deforestation, what could be its impact on global soil quality and erosion patterns over the next 50 years?
• Descriptive: What are the fundamental principles underlying quantum mechanics?
• Explanatory: Why does the speed of light in a vacuum remain constant regardless of the observer's frame of reference?
• Exploratory: How might studies in string theory reshape our understanding of the universe at the smallest scales?
• Comparative: How do the effects of general relativity contrast with predictions from Newtonian physics under extreme gravitational conditions?
• Predictive: With advancements in particle physics, what potential new particles or phenomena might be discovered in the next decade?

Anthropology

• Descriptive: What are the primary rituals and customs of the indigenous tribes of the Amazon?
• Explanatory: Why did the ancient Mayan civilization collapse?
• Exploratory: How might modern urbanization impact the preservation of ancient burial sites?
• Comparative: How do hunter-gatherer societies differ from agricultural societies in terms of social structures?
• Predictive: Given global trends, how might indigenous cultures evolve over the next century?

Communication

• Descriptive: What are the main modes of communication used by millennials compared to baby boomers?
• Explanatory: Why has the usage of social media platforms surged in the last two decades?
• Exploratory: How might advancements in virtual reality reshape interpersonal communication in the future?
• Comparative: How do written communication skills differ between those educated in traditional schools versus online schools?
• Predictive: How might the nature of journalism change with the rise of automated content generation?
• Descriptive: What are the primary components of a nation's gross domestic product (GDP)?
• Explanatory: Why did the economic recession of 2008 occur?
• Exploratory: How might the concept of universal basic income impact labor market dynamics?
• Comparative: How do free market economies differ from command economies in terms of resource allocation?
• Predictive: Based on current global economic trends, which industries are predicted to boom in the next decade?
• Descriptive: What are the geographical features of the Himalayan mountain range?
• Explanatory: Why do desert regions exist on the western coasts of continents, such as the Atacama in South America?
• Exploratory: How might rising sea levels reshape the world's coastlines over the next century?
• Comparative: How does urban planning in European cities differ from that in American cities?
• Predictive: Given current urbanization rates, which cities are poised to become megacities by 2050?

Political science

• Descriptive: What are the foundational principles of a parliamentary democracy?
• Explanatory: Why do certain nations adopt federal systems while others prefer unitary systems?
• Exploratory: How might the rise of populism influence global diplomatic relations in the 21st century?
• Comparative: How do the rights of citizens in liberal democracies differ from those in authoritarian regimes?
• Predictive: Based on current political trends, which nations might see significant shifts in governance models over the next two decades?
• Descriptive: What are the primary stages of cognitive development in children according to Piaget?
• Explanatory: Why do certain individuals develop phobias?
• Exploratory: How might emerging neuroscientific tools, like fMRI, alter our understanding of human emotions?
• Comparative: How do coping mechanisms differ between individuals with high resilience versus those with low resilience?
• Predictive: Given the rise in digital communication, how might human attention spans evolve in future generations?

Social work

• Descriptive: What are the core principles and practices in child protective services?
• Explanatory: Why do certain communities have higher rates of child neglect and abuse?
• Exploratory: How might the integration of artificial intelligence in social work affect decision-making in child welfare cases?
• Comparative: How do intervention strategies for substance abuse differ between urban and rural settings?
• Predictive: Based on current societal trends, what challenges might social workers face in the next decade?
• Descriptive: What are the defining characteristics of Generation Z as a social cohort?
• Explanatory: Why have nuclear families become less prevalent in Western societies?
• Exploratory: How might the widespread adoption of virtual realities impact social interactions and community structures in the future?
• Comparative: How do the roles and perceptions of elderly individuals differ between Eastern and Western societies?
• Predictive: Given the rise in remote work, how might urban and suburban living patterns change over the next three decades?

In synthesizing the vast range of research questions posed across diverse disciplines, it becomes clear that every academic field, from the humanities to the social sciences, offers unique perspectives and methodologies to uncover and understand various facets of our world. These questions, whether descriptive, explanatory, exploratory, comparative, or predictive, serve as guiding lights, driving scholarship and innovation. As academia continues to evolve and adapt, these inquiries not only define the boundaries of current knowledge but also pave the way for future discoveries and insights, emphasizing the invaluable role of continuous inquiry in the ever-evolving tapestry of human understanding.

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Research Questions – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

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Research questions are the foundation of any research study, guiding the direction, focus, and objectives of the investigation. A well-defined research question helps researchers clarify what they seek to answer or achieve and establishes a clear purpose for the study. Formulating effective research questions is crucial as they shape the research design, methodology, data collection, and analysis.

Research Questions

A research question is a focused inquiry that outlines the central issue or objective of a study. It articulates what the researcher aims to investigate or understand within the scope of their research. Research questions should be clear, concise, and answerable, providing a solid framework for the study and narrowing down the study’s focus.

Key Characteristics of Research Questions :

• Clear : Easily understandable and specific.
• Focused : Narrow enough to be manageable within the scope of the research.
• Researchable : Feasible to answer with available methods and resources.
• Relevant : Addresses significant issues related to the topic or field of study.

Types of Research Questions

Research questions can be categorized into different types based on their purpose and the kind of data they seek. The most common types are descriptive , comparative , causal , exploratory , and evaluative research questions.

1. Descriptive Research Questions

Definition : Descriptive research questions seek to describe the characteristics or features of a phenomenon. They often start with “What” or “How,” aiming to provide a detailed overview without investigating causal relationships.

Purpose : To outline the characteristics, behaviors, or trends of the subject under investigation.

• What are the most common challenges faced by remote workers?
• How do college students use social media for academic purposes?

2. Comparative Research Questions

Definition : Comparative research questions aim to compare two or more groups or variables to identify differences or similarities. These questions often start with “How” or “What,” followed by a comparison between distinct groups.

Purpose : To identify and analyze differences and similarities between groups or conditions.

• How do male and female high school students differ in their academic performance?
• What is the difference in job satisfaction between remote and in-office employees?

3. Causal Research Questions

Definition : Causal research questions explore cause-and-effect relationships between variables. These questions typically start with “How” or “What,” focusing on whether one variable influences another.

Purpose : To examine the impact of an independent variable on a dependent variable and identify causal relationships.

• How does sleep duration affect cognitive performance in adults?
• What is the impact of a new training program on employee productivity?

4. Exploratory Research Questions

Definition : Exploratory research questions are open-ended and aim to explore a topic that is not yet well understood. These questions often start with “Why” or “How” and are broad, guiding initial research to generate hypotheses.

Purpose : To investigate a new area of interest and gain foundational insights.

• Why do students choose online learning over traditional classrooms?
• How do individuals perceive the effects of climate change in their communities?

5. Evaluative Research Questions

Definition : Evaluative research questions assess the effectiveness, impact, or value of a program, intervention, or strategy. They help in determining whether specific goals or outcomes have been achieved.

Purpose : To assess the outcomes or effectiveness of specific actions or programs.

• How effective is cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing symptoms of anxiety?
• What impact has the new policy on work-from-home had on employee satisfaction?

Examples of Research Questions in Different Fields

• Descriptive: What are the most common learning challenges for students with dyslexia?
• Comparative: How do public and private school students differ in their academic achievements?
• Causal: How does teacher feedback impact student motivation?
• Descriptive: How frequently do college students experience symptoms of anxiety?
• Causal: What effect does mindfulness meditation have on reducing stress levels?
• Evaluative: How effective is group therapy in treating depression?
• Descriptive: What are the primary reasons patients visit emergency departments?
• Comparative: How does patient satisfaction differ between private and public hospitals?
• Causal: How does diet affect recovery time in post-surgical patients?
• Descriptive: What are the primary reasons customers choose organic products?
• Comparative: What is the difference in brand loyalty between millennials and Generation Z?
• Causal: How does advertising frequency affect consumer buying behavior?

Writing Guide for Research Questions

Step 1: identify the research topic.

Begin by selecting a clear research topic or area of interest. Consider the broader field of study and identify a specific aspect that is meaningful, relevant, and researchable.

Example : Suppose your topic is “effects of social media on mental health.”

Step 2: Narrow the Focus

Refine the topic into a specific issue or question. Think about the aspect of social media’s effects on mental health that interests you most, such as anxiety, depression, or sleep.

Example : Narrow the topic to focus on “how social media affects anxiety levels in college students.”

Step 3: Determine the Type of Research Question

Choose the type of research question that best aligns with your research objectives. If you want to describe the relationship, use a descriptive question; if you are exploring causal relationships, use a causal question.

Example : “How does the amount of time spent on social media affect anxiety levels among college students?”

Step 4: Make It Clear and Researchable

Ensure that the question is clear and specific, so it can be answered within the scope of your study. Avoid overly broad questions, and ensure that the question aligns with available research methods and resources.

Example : Refine the question to be more specific: “Does spending more than two hours a day on social media increase anxiety levels among college students compared to those who spend less time?”

Step 5: Check for Feasibility and Relevance

Evaluate whether the research question is feasible to investigate given the resources, time, and methodology available. Additionally, confirm that the question is relevant to current issues or knowledge gaps in your field.

Tips for Writing Effective Research Questions

• Be Specific : Avoid vague language and ensure the question is focused. A specific question provides clarity and direction for the research process.
• Keep It Manageable : Narrow down broad questions to make them achievable within the constraints of time, resources, and study size.
• Use Clear Language : Use simple, direct language to avoid misunderstandings. Ambiguity in research questions can lead to confusion and inaccurate findings.
• Align with Research Goals : Ensure that the question aligns with the study’s purpose, objectives, and methods, making it suitable for the chosen methodology.
• Avoid Leading or Biased Questions : Write questions that are neutral and unbiased, allowing for objective investigation rather than assuming specific answers.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Overly Broad Questions : Questions that are too general or complex are challenging to answer in a single study. Narrow down the focus to create a researchable question.
• Unanswerable Questions : Avoid questions that cannot be answered with empirical data or that lack objective measurement.
• Assumptive Questions : Avoid questions that assume a certain outcome, as they can introduce bias into the research design and analysis.
• Complex Language : Overly complicated language or jargon can make questions difficult to understand. Use clear, straightforward language instead.

Research questions are foundational to conducting structured, effective studies that contribute valuable insights to the field. By understanding different types of research questions and following a clear writing guide, researchers can create questions that direct their study and produce meaningful answers. Whether for descriptive, comparative, causal, exploratory, or evaluative research, well-crafted questions provide clarity and purpose to research, guiding all aspects of the methodology, data collection, and analysis.

• Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
• Flick, U. (2018). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
• Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). The Research Methods Knowledge Base (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning.
• Punch, K. F. (2014). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
• Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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How to write a research question

Last updated

7 February 2023

Reviewed by

Miroslav Damyanov

In this article, we take an in-depth look at what a research question is, the different types of research questions, and how to write one (with examples). Read on to get started with your thesis, dissertation, or research paper .

Make research less tedious

Dovetail streamlines research to help you uncover and share actionable insights

• What is a research question?

A research question articulates exactly what you want to learn from your research. It stems directly from your research objectives, and you will arrive at an answer through data analysis and interpretation.

However, it is not that simple to write a research question—even when you know the question you intend to answer with your study. The main characteristics of a good research question are:

Feasible. You need to have the resources and abilities to examine the question, collect the data, and give answers.

Interesting. Create research questions that offer fascinating insights into your industry.

Novel. Research questions have to offer something new within your field of study.

Ethical. The research question topic should be approved by the relevant authorities and review boards.

Relevant. Your research question should lead to visible changes in society or your industry.

Usually, you write one single research question to guide your entire research paper. The answer becomes the thesis statement—the central position of your argument. A dissertation or thesis, on the other hand, may require multiple problem statements and research questions. However, they should be connected and focused on a specific problem.

• Importance of the research question

A research question acts as a guide for your entire study. It serves two vital purposes:

to determine the specific issue your research paper addresses

to identify clear objectives

Therefore, it helps split your research into small steps that you need to complete to provide answers.

Your research question will also provide boundaries for your study, which help set limits and ensure cohesion.

Finally, it acts as a frame of reference for assessing your work. Bear in mind that research questions can evolve, shift, and change during the early stages of your study or project.

• Types of research questions

The type of research you are conducting will dictate the type of research question to use. Primarily, research questions are grouped into three distinct categories of study:

qualitative

quantitative

mixed-method

Let’s look at each of these in turn:

Quantitative research questions

The number-one rule of quantitative research questions is that they are precise. They mainly include:

independent and dependent variables

the exact population being studied

the research design to be used

Therefore, you must frame and finalize quantitative research questions before starting the study.

Equally, a quantitative research question creates a link between itself and the research design. These questions cannot be answered with simple 'yes' or' no' responses, so they begin with words like 'does', 'do', 'are', and 'is'.

Quantitative research questions can be divided into three categories:

Relationship research questions usually leverage words such as 'trends' and 'association' because they include independent and dependent variables. They seek to define or explore trends and interactions between multiple variables.

Comparative research questions tend to analyze the differences between different groups to find an outcome variable. For instance, you may decide to compare two distinct groups where a specific variable is present in one and absent in the other.

Descriptive research questions usually start with the word 'what' and aim to measure how a population will respond to one or more variables.

Qualitative research questions

Like quantitative research questions, these questions are linked to the research design. However, qualitative research questions may deal with a specific or broad study area. This makes them more flexible, very adaptable, and usually non-directional.

Use qualitative research questions when your primary aim is to explain, discover, or explore.

There are seven types of qualitative research questions:

Explanatory research questions investigate particular topic areas that aren't well known.

Contextual research questions describe the workings of what is already in existence.

Evaluative research questions examine the effectiveness of specific paradigms or methods.

Ideological research questions aim to advance existing ideologies.

Descriptive research questions describe an event.

Generative research questions help develop actions and theories by providing new ideas.

Emancipatory research questions increase social action engagement, usually to benefit disadvantaged people.

Mixed-methods studies

With mixed-methods studies, you combine qualitative and quantitative research elements to get answers to your research question. This approach is ideal when you need a more complete picture. through a blend of the two approaches.

Mixed-methods research is excellent in multidisciplinary settings, societal analysis, and complex situations. Consider the following research question examples, which would be ideal candidates for a mixed-methods approach

How can non-voter and voter beliefs about democracy (qualitative) help explain Town X election turnout patterns (quantitative)?

How does students’ perception of their study environment (quantitative) relate to their test score differences (qualitative)?

• Developing a strong research question—a step-by-step guide

Research questions help break up your study into simple steps so you can quickly achieve your objectives and find answers. However, how do you develop a good research question? Here is our step-by-step guide:

1. Choose a topic

The first step is to select a broad research topic for your study. Pick something within your expertise and field that interests you. After all, the research itself will stem from the initial research question.

2. Conduct preliminary research

Once you have a broad topic, dig deeper into the problem by researching past studies in the field and gathering requirements from stakeholders if you work in a business setting.

Through this process, you will discover articles that mention areas not explored in that field or products that didn’t resonate with people’s expectations in a particular industry. For instance, you could explore specific topics that earlier research failed to study or products that failed to meet user needs.

3. Keep your audience in mind

Is your audience interested in the particular field you want to study? Are the research questions in your mind appealing and interesting to the audience? Defining your audience will help you refine your research question and ensure you pick a question that is relatable to your audience.

4. Generate a list of potential questions

Ask yourself numerous open-ended questions on the topic to create a potential list of research questions. You could start with broader questions and narrow them down to more specific ones. Don’t forget that you can challenge existing assumptions or use personal experiences to redefine research issues.

5. Review the questions

Evaluate your list of potential questions to determine which seems most effective. Ensure you consider the finer details of every question and possible outcomes. Doing this helps you determine if the questions meet the requirements of a research question.

6. Construct and evaluate your research question

Consider these two frameworks when constructing a good research question: PICOT and PEO. 

PICOT stands for:

P: Problem or population

I: Indicator or intervention to be studied

C: Comparison groups

O: Outcome of interest

T: Time frame

PEO stands for:

P: Population being studied

E: Exposure to any preexisting conditions

To evaluate your research question once you’ve constructed it, ask yourself the following questions:

Is it clear?

Your study should produce precise data and observations. For qualitative studies, the observations need to be delineable across categories. Quantitative studies must have measurable and empirical data.

Is it specific and focused?

An excellent research question must be specific enough to ensure your testing yields objective results. General or open-ended research questions are often ambiguous and subject to different kinds of interpretation.

Is it sufficiently complex?

Your research needs to yield substantial and consequential results to warrant the study. Merely supporting or reinforcing an existing paper is not good enough.

• Examples of good research questions

A robust research question actively contributes to a specific body of knowledge; it is a question that hasn’t been answered before within your research field.

Here are some examples of good and bad research questions :

Good: How effective are A and B policies at reducing the rates of Z?

Bad: Is A or B a better policy?

The first is more focused and researchable because it isn't based on value judgment. The second fails to give clear criteria for answering the question.

Good: What is the effect of daily Twitter use on the attention span of college students?

Bad: What is the effect of social media use on people's minds?

The first includes specific and well-defined concepts, which the second lacks.

Ensure all terms within your research question have precise meanings. Avoid vague or general language that makes the topic too broad.

• The bottom line

The success of any research starts with formulating the right questions that ensure you collect the most insightful data. A good research question will showcase the objectives of your systematic investigation and emphasize specific contexts.

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Educational resources and simple solutions for your research journey

How to Craft a Strong Research Question (With Research Question Examples)

A sound and effective research question is a key element that must be identified and pinned down before researchers can even begin their research study or work. A strong research question lays the foundation for your entire study, guiding your investigation and shaping your findings. Hence, it is critical that researchers spend considerable time assessing and refining the research question based on in-depth reading and comprehensive literature review. In this article, we will discuss how to write a strong research question and provide you with some good examples of research questions across various disciplines.

Table of Contents

The importance of a research question

A research question plays a crucial role in driving scientific inquiry, setting the direction and purpose of your study, and guiding your entire research process. By formulating a clear and focused research question, you lay the foundation for your investigation, ensuring that your research remains on track and aligned with your objectives so you can make meaningful contribution to the existing body of knowledge. A well-crafted research question also helps you define the scope of your study and identify the appropriate methodologies and data collection techniques to employ.

Key components of a strong research question

A good research question possesses several key components that contribute to the quality and impact of your study. Apart from providing a clear framework to generate meaningful results, a well-defined research question allows other researchers to understand the purpose and significance of your work. So, when working on your research question, incorporate the following elements:

• Specificity : A strong research question should be specific about the main focus of your study, enabling you to gather precise data and draw accurate conclusions. It clearly defines the variables, participants, and context involved, leaving no room for ambiguity.
• Clarity : A good research question is clear and easily understood, so articulate the purpose and intent of your study concisely without being generic or vague. Ensuring clarity in your research question helps both you and your readers grasp the research objective.
• Feasibility : While crafting a research question, consider the practicality of conducting the research and availability of necessary data or access to participants. Think whether your study is realistic and achievable within the constraints of time, resources, and ethical considerations.

How to craft a well-defined research question

A first step that will help save time and effort is knowing what your aims are and thinking about a few problem statements on the area or aspect one wants to study or do research on. Contemplating these statements as one undertakes more progressive reading can help the researcher in reassessing and fine-tuning the research question. This can be done over time as they read and learn more about the research topic, along with a broad literature review and parallel discussions with peer researchers and supervisors. In some cases, a researcher can have more than one research question if the research being undertaken is a PhD thesis or dissertation, but try not to cover multiple concerns on a topic.

A strong research question must be researchable, original, complex, and relevant. Here are five simple steps that can make the entire process easier.

• Identify a broad topic from your areas of interest, something that is relevant, and you are passionate about since you’ll be spending a lot of time conducting your research.
• Do a thorough literature review to weed out potential gaps in research and stay updated on what’s currently being done in your chosen topic and subject area.
• Shortlist possible research questions based on the research gaps or see how you can build on or refute previously published ideas and concepts.
• Assess your chosen research question using the FINER criteria that helps you evaluate whether the research is Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, and Relevant. 1
• Formulate the final research question, while ensuring it is clear, well-written, and addresses all the key elements of a strong research question.

Examples of research questions

Remember to adapt your research question to suit your purpose, whether it’s exploratory, descriptive, comparative, experimental, qualitative, or quantitative. Embrace the iterative nature of the research process, continually evaluating and refining your question as you progress. Here are some good examples of research questions across various disciplines.

Exploratory research question examples

• How does social media impact interpersonal relationships among teenagers?
• What are the potential benefits of incorporating mindfulness practices in the workplace?

Descriptive research question examples

• What factors influence customer loyalty in the e-commerce industry?
• Is there a relationship between socioeconomic status and academic performance among elementary school students?

Comparative research question examples

• How does the effectiveness of traditional teaching methods compare to online learning platforms in mathematics education?
• What is the impact of different healthcare policies on patient outcomes in various countries?

Experimental research question examples

• What are the effects of a new drug on reducing symptoms of a specific medical condition?
• Does a dietary intervention have an impact on weight loss among individuals with obesity?

Qualitative research question examples

• What are the lived experiences of immigrants adapting to a new culture?
• What factors influence job satisfaction among healthcare professionals?

Quantitative research question examples

• Is there a relationship between sleep duration and academic performance among college students?
• How effective is a specific intervention in reducing anxiety levels among individuals with phobias?

With these simple guidelines and inspiring examples of research questions, you are equipped to embark on your research journey with confidence and purpose. Here’s wishing you all the best for your future endeavors!

References:

• How to write a research question: Steps and examples. Indeed Career Guide. Available online at https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/how-to-write-research-questions

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