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Practical Research 1 Module 1

Practical research 1 (pr1), west visayas state university.

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Preview text, practical research 1, quarter 1 - module 1:, nature of inquiry and research.

Practical Research 1 – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research First Edition, 2019 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Printed in the Philippines by __________________

Department of Education – REGION 10 Office Address : Zone 1, Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro City 9000 Telephone : (088) 880-7071, (088) 880- E-mail Address : [email protected]

Development Team of the Module:

Author: Jay L. Caballero

Editors: Jane Charity E. Madronero, Anthony P. Marollano, Chelou M. Tizon, Norma Delima, Hasima Salic, Kareen Agcopra, Jerry Jane Y. Alojado

Reviewers: May P. Edullantes, EPS-LRMDS

Illustrator: Jay Michael A. Calipusan, S. Aparejo, R. Fabre

Layout & Design Evaluator: Allan H. Guibone

Management Team Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III Regional Director Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr., CESO V Asst. Regional Director Mala Epra B. Magnaong CES, CLMD Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot,Jr. Regional ADM Coordinator Dr. Marie Emerald A. Cabigas Regional EPS, LRMDS

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,

directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand

each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-

by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you

need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding

of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-

check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust

that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also

provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any

part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and

tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering

the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

What I Need to Know

Introduction

Nowadays society has many forms of problems that require solutions. These solutions must be based on facts, valid investigations, experiences and not just on mere beliefs and suggestions. Indeed, to attain such knowledge and accuracy, a systematic procedure and well-planned research are required. Research is a process of inquiring about the solution to the problem, collecting data, and logically evaluating information. To develop good research, one must investigate reliable information. In this lesson, you will conduct research with a vision to seek information and solution to a problem. You will look for an in-depth evaluation of everything that is needed in the research.

Learning Objectives :

After studying this chapter, you will be able to: a. define what is research ( CS_RS11-IIIa-1 ); b. give the importance of research in daily life ( CS_RS11-IIIa-2 ); c. enumerate the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research ( CS_RS11- IIIa-3 ); d. differentiate Quantitative from Qualitative Research ( CS_RS11-IIIa-4 ); and e. provide examples of research in the area of interest ( CS_RS11-IIIa-5 ).

What I Know

Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter that corresponds to your answer on the blank.

It is a systematic inquiry that describes, explains, predicts, and controls the observed phenomenon. A. Research B. Action Plan C. Thesis D. Case Study

It is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. A. Qualitative Research C. Variables B. Quantitative Research D. Hypothesis

It is a structured way of collecting and analyzing data obtained from different sources. A. Hypothesis C. Variables B. Quantitative Research D. Qualitative Research

It is a process that answers what is the problem and why it should be studied. A. Formulating Hypothesis C. Identifying Problems B. Review of Related Literature D. Analyzing the Data

It is a process that answers what the finding in relation to the hypothesis is.

A. Drawing conclusion C. Interpreting Data B. Data Analysis D. Formulating Hypothesis

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN

Directions: Complete the concept map by writing words associated with the middle word.

What is RESEARCH?

Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and reach new inferences. Research has come up with developing appropriate solutions

to improve the individual’s quality of life. Although it may take place in a different setting and

may use different methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective search for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).

Research is a verified approach of thinking and employing legalized instruments and

steps to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address

under ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).

In most cases, research helps society to answer the WHAT and HOW questions. It must be a proper investigation and should reach a valid conclusion that would facilitate the

finding of answers to the questions. Some of these questions are: How can research affect

society? What is the impact of the research to daily life?

Research can be categorized into two: Basic Research This is the type of research that is a purely direct

application but increasing the nature of understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific theories to be more understandable to the readers.

What’s More

Directions: Arrange the scrambled words properly to form a logical sentence.

1. answer to a specific question is a type of research applied research that needs 2. is a type of research that is purely direct application but expanding the nature of understanding basic research

Your answers :

What I Have Learned

This part of the module, you will brush up on your knowledge of the lesson by filling in the blanks below

Research is

Give at least two (2) importance of research. 1. 2.

What I Can Do

Directions: Imagine that you are a detective, and you will look for evidence on the crime

scene. Supply possible evidence to solve the problem.

Situations: Possible Evidences:

1. A Rape Case

• medical examination/ victim injuries
• toxicology report

2. 2. Carnapping Case

• bodybuilding
• dismantling

Applied Research It is a type of research that needs an answer to a specific question. It provides solutions and validation in order to apply to the real setting.

• To go to school. a. b. c.

● In the activity above, you have learned the processes/ steps on some given situations. This time, you will be learning more about research.

CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN RESEARCH

Prieto, et. (2017) stated that the following are the major characteristics of research: 1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and experiments of theories. 2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid procedures and principles. 3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except those that are tested/ experimented on, are kept constant. 4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and solutions to problems. 5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and or case study. 6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on real-life situations. 7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own examination and produces the data needed to complete the study.

It is said that research can be done in different ways. It can be either a well-planned and methodical process that is based on keen observation and concrete and valid evaluation. Integration is the best way to evaluate the validity of a certain study.

Prieto, et. (2017) also added that the following are involved in the Research Processes: 1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem? 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented? 3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the answer to questions being studied? 4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population? 5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data? 6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries? 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results?

According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in conducting research studies as explained in the following:

First , ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative work.

Second , ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the researcher/s undertake.

Third , ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.

Lastly , an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be evaluated by the researcher before conducting the study because this may help a certain population in an area once the study is completed.

Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 20 07

Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow codes and policies for research: Honesty Maintain all communication. Data should not be faked. Objectivity Avoid biases in experimental designs, data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. Integrity Keep your promises and agreements. Carefulness Avoid careless errors and negligence. Openness Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to criticism and new ideas. Confidentiality Protect confidential communication. Responsible Publication Avoid duplicating publications. Responsible Mentoring Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Respect Colleagues Treat all peers fairly. Social Responsibility Strive to promote social good. Avoid social harm. Non- Discrimination avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or others. Legality Be informed and obey relevant laws and institutional governmental policies. Respect of Intellectual Property Give proper acknowledgment or credits to all researchers. Human Subject Minimize risks that involve human lives, dignity, and privacy.

Directions: Match the characteristics of a research from Column A to Column B and write your answer in Column C.

Column A Column B Column

• Research is empirical. a. own investigation 1.
• Research is systematic. b. unbiased and logical 2.
• Research is controlled. c. order and sequence 3.
• Research employs hypothesis. d. direct experience 4.
• Research is analytical. e. critical analysis 5.
• Research is objective. f. variables 6.
• Research is original work. g. search for facts 7. h. copyright

Directions: Sort out the RED letters to supply and to form new words which will be written on the boxes provided below.

• QUALITY 2. EQUALLY

N I I V E I T T I V

● In the activity above, you have formed words that will be our topic for this lesson. Let’s Jump!

KINDS OF RESEARCH:

QUANTITATIVE VERSUS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH There are two categories of research methodology:

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - is a positivist scientific method which refers to a general set of orderly discipline procedures to acquire information (Beck, 2004).

Mostly, it is concerned with numbers and measurement.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - is defined as the “naturalistic method of research which deals with the concern of human difficulty by discovering it straightly.” (Beck, 2004)

It is concerned with the experiences, understanding and words of the individual.

Directions: Use the graphic organizer to differentiate qualitative and quantitative research.

Common: Quantitative Qualitative

Directions: Answer the following questions.

• What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

Your answer:

• State the qualities of qualitative and quantitative research

Qualitative ____________________________________________________________. Quantitative ___________________________________________________________.

Directions: Present your understanding of the lesson through a topical outline and give examples.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚

####### Lesson

KINDS OF RESEARCH

Across field.

Last time, we learned the difference between quantitative and qualitative research. Today, we are about to reach the finish line going to lesson 4, so hold on and do the activity.

Because little work exists on the sense of belonging focusing on just Black undergraduate women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM), especially at highly selective predominantly white institutions (PWIs), this study takes a phenomenological approach to understand the lived experiences of Black undergraduate women in STEM by exploring how racial and gendered micro-aggressions influence how three African American women majoring in the sciences experience sense of belonging at PWIs. A phenomenological inductive analysis was used to compile the research findings, which indicated that racial and gender discrimination, isolation, marginalization, and alienation resulting from micro- aggressions occurred. Implications for inclusive practices are discussed.

Arts and Design

Social Phenomenological Analysis as a Research Method in Art Education: Developing an Empirical Model for Understanding Gallery Talks, Hofmann, Fabian International Journal of Education & the Arts, v17 n33 Dec 2016

Social phenomenological analysis is presented as a research method to study gallery talks or guided tours in art museums. The research method is based on the philosophical considerations of Edmund Husserl and sociological/social science concepts put forward by Max Weber and Alfred Schuetz. Its starting point is the everyday life world; the researcher interprets the phenomena that can be observed there as an individual, intersubjective accessible reflection of subjective meaning. This approach is suitable for research projects that seek correlations and structures of certain typical situations in domains that are theoretically few restructured. The article explains the methodological principles, the use and the profit of this research method.

Humanities and Social Sciences

Challenging Normative Assumptions Regarding Disengaged Youth: A Phenomenological Perspective

Lewthwaite, Brian; Wilson, Kimberley; Wallace, Valda; McGinty, Sue; Swain, Luke International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education (QSE), v30 n4 p388-405 2017

This paper explored the experiences of 12 young people, all teenagers, who have chosen to attend alternative schools known as flexible learning options within the Australian context. Using a phenomenological approach, the study seeks to understand their experiences outside the normalized public discourse that they had "disengaged" from mainstream school. A phenomenological approach is employed because of its potential to draw attention to predetermined assumptions about, in this study's case, student disengagement, a concept commonly framed within a pathologist and deficit perspective. The study gives evidence for the utility of a phenomenological approach in providing insight into how macrosystem policy, such as a nationalistic neoliberal agenda, influences "schooling" and subsequently students' experiences with schools.

The implications of this study with attention to the nexus between methodology and policy are discussed, especially in drawing attention to how phenomenology as a qualitative methodology provides a means of agency for the disenfranchised to challenge existing policy and public assumptions.

Parents' Perceptions of Their Children's Experiences in Physical Education and Youth Sport Na, Jaekwon Physical Educator, v72 n1 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine parents' perceptions of their children's

experiences in physical education and youth sport. Qualitative research design was employed in this study. Data collection methods included phenomenological interviews and qualitative questionnaires. Forty-one questionnaires were collected and analyzed through inductive analysis method to identify themes. Ten parents (either father or mother) participated in the interview process. Parents indicated aspects of physical education classes (learning life skills, playing time, and health promotion) and aspects of youth sport (learning life skills and health promotion). Parents believed that their children learned more from youth sport than physical education because of deeper understanding in one sport, children's choice of activities, and parental involvement.

Agriculture

Reflective Journeys of Five Women Agriculturists in Australia: A Qualitative Study

Stephens, Carrie A.; Brawner, Shelby; Dean, Amanda; Stripling, Christopher T.; Sanok, Danielle Journal of Agricultural Education, v59 n1 p271-286 2018

Women comprise the minority in production agriculture leadership, and their leadership roles in agricultural industries are rarely explored. The purpose of this study was to explore the reflective journeys of five Australian women in production agriculture. The central research questions asked were "What lived experiences helped you obtain your leadership position and what leadership characteristics do you identify as essential in your success?" This study used a phenomenological approach, as reflecting upon the subjects past cultural experiences was crucial in understanding their current positions in life and leadership. Five women in agriculture from Australia served as the participants for this study, and they were selected based upon their leadership presence in Australia. Specific themes were generated which included (a) childhood experiences, (b) current family dynamics, (c) hardship, and (d) perception of leadership style. The perception of leadership style is further divided into three sub-themes: (a) self-perception of leadership, (b) leading by example, and (c) outreach efforts for women in the industry. The five women whose personal journeys were explored are primarily concerned with improving the knowledge given to them and presenting new opportunities to other women when they can. Some recommendations for future research are "What are the reflective journey stories of women agriculturists in the United States?", "What are reflective journey stories of men engaged in agriculture industries?" and "What mentoring strategies are being utilized to recruit and retain women in agriculture industry fields?

Directions: Answer the following situations below:

What are the possible Your Answer:

You are chosen in the class to give possible problems in school, family, and population. Your answer: School:

Population:

It is a characteristic of research that refers to searching facts, answers to questions and solutions to problems. A. Systematic C. Objective B. Employs Hypothesis D. Empirical

It is a characteristic of research that refers to the unbiased and logical. A. Objective C. Analytical B. Original Work D. Empirical

It is a characteristic of research that follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid procedure and principle. A. Systematic C. Original Work B. Objective D. Analytical

It is a characteristic of a research that is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. A. Objective C. Controlled B. Systematic D. Empirical

It is a process that answers how to identify or select your respondents. A. Sampling C. Review of Related Literature B. Data Analysis D. Interpreting Data

It is a process that answers what information is already available. A. Review of Related Literature C. Interpreting Data B. Sampling D. Data Analysis

It is a process that answers how the findings are in relation to the hypothesis A. Drawing conclusion C. Interpreting Data B. Data Analysis D. Formulating Hypothesis

It is a process that answers what is the problem and why it should be studied. A. Formulating Hypothesis C. Identifying Problems B. Review of Related Literature D. Analyzing Data

It is a systematic inquiry that describes, explains, predicts, and controls the observed phenomenon. A. Research B. Analysis C. Thesis D. Case Study

Additional Activity

Directions: Have a research notebook for your writing activity.

REFERENCES:

Naval, V., Prieto, N., Carey T. (2017). Practical Research 1for Senior High School, Quezon City. Lorimar Publishing Inc. p. 11,15,

Cristobal, A., Cristobal, MCD. (2017) . Practical Research 1 for Senior High School Triangle, Quezon City&E Publishing Company, Inc. Pp,4,17-18,33-34.

2. is a type

Column Column B Column A

1 a. own investigation 1. Research is empirical

c b. unbiased and logical 2. Research is systematic

f c. order and sequence 3. Research is controlled

g d. direct experience 4. Research employs hypothesis

e e. critical analysis 5. Research is analytical

b f. variables 6. Research is objective

a g. search for facts 7. Research is original work

h. copyright

What I have learned!

materials Research is an organized investigation and study of

s. and sources to create facts and reach new inference

Two (2) importance of research:

To seek a solution from the problem. 1.

To attain knowledge. 2.

What can I do:

A rape case

medical examination/ victim injuries 1.

toxicology report 2.

research 1.

qualitative 2.

quantitative 3.

Answers may vary. What’s More

Enrichment Activity

• Multiple Choice

Course : Practical Research 1 (PR1)

University : west visayas state university, this is a preview.

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