essay on agriculture in nepali language

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Thursday, February 1, 2018

Importance of Agriculture in Nepal (Essay)

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Agriculture is a vital aspect of Nepal's economy and livelihoods, contributing significantly to the country's GDP and providing livelihoods, food security, and rural development. The majority of the population engages in farming activities, making agriculture a primary source of income for rural households. The sector encompasses a diverse range of crops, livestock, and agro-based industries, contributing to both domestic consumption and export earnings. Nepal's agrarian landscape offers employment opportunities for farmers, laborers, and agribusiness entrepreneurs, absorbing a large workforce, particularly in rural areas where alternative job opportunities are limited. Agriculture is the backbone of Nepal's food security, with the cultivation of various crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, and vegetables ensuring a diverse and nutritious diet for the population. Promoting sustainable farming practices and technological advancements can enhance food production capabilities and mitigate risks associated with food shortages and price volatility. Investments in agricultural infrastructure, such as irrigation systems, roads, and storage facilities, improve farming efficiency and contribute to overall rural development. A thriving agricultural sector is essential for uplifting the standard of living in rural areas, as the majority of Nepal's population resides in these communities. Nepal's unique topography and climate make it vulnerable to environmental challenges, but sustainable agricultural practices are crucial for preserving natural resources, preventing soil erosion, and maintaining biodiversity. Encouraging eco-friendly farming techniques and promoting agroforestry can contribute to environmental conservation and resilience against climate change impacts. In conclusion, agriculture is not just a sector of the economy in Nepal; it is a way of life that sustains millions of people. Recognizing its importance and implementing policies that promote sustainable development is essential for the nation's prosperity, well-being, and preservation of its natural heritage. abogados divorcio arlington va

Agriculture is a vital component of Nepal's economy, providing livelihoods for the majority of the population and contributing a significant percentage of the country's GDP. It is also a primary source of employment, particularly in rural areas where farming activities are prevalent. Agriculture is crucial for food security, as the majority of the population relies on locally produced crops for sustenance. Rural development is directly linked to agriculture, with improved practices, infrastructure, and technology contributing to overall rural upliftment. Agricultural products like tea, rice, spices, and medicinal herbs contribute to Nepal's export earnings, providing an avenue for economic growth. Agriculture is deeply embedded in Nepal's culture and traditions, with many festivals and rituals linked to agricultural practices reflecting the agrarian way of life. Traditional agricultural practices contribute to biodiversity conservation by maintaining a variety of crops and livestock adapted to different regions. Agriculture is a source of income for many households, with improved practices, access to markets, and value addition to agricultural products increasing farmers' income. Sustainable agriculture is essential for the long-term well-being of the country, ensuring the conservation of natural resources, promoting resilience to climate change, and protecting the environment. abogado de accidentes de dui

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Agriculture in Nepal: An Essay with Comprehensive Analysis

Agriculture in Nepal: A Comprehensive Analysis

Agriculture is the backbone of Nepal’s economy, contributing to more than one-third of the country’s GDP and employing over 65% of the workforce. Nepal’s geographical and climatic diversity has provided a unique opportunity for agricultural production, with the potential to sustainably increase crop yields, livestock productivity, and export value. Despite these advantages, the sector faces several challenges, including limited access to modern inputs, poor infrastructure, and the impact of climate change. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of agriculture in Nepal and suggest ways to overcome these challenges.

Table of Contents

Natural Resources in Nepal, Essay on Agriculture in Nepal

Agricultural Production in Nepal

Nepal’s agriculture sector is divided into two main sub-sectors: crop production and livestock production. The crop production sub-sector includes cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and spices, while the livestock sub-sector includes cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, and poultry. The country’s agricultural production is highly dependent on monsoon rainfall, which accounts for more than 80% of total precipitation. This makes Nepal’s agricultural production highly vulnerable to climate change, with the potential for droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events.

Also Read : Essay on Natural Resources in Nepal: An Overview

Despite these challenges, Nepal has made significant progress in agricultural production in recent years. The country’s cereal production has increased by 33% since 2000, while livestock productivity has also increased significantly. However, the sector still faces several challenges, including limited access to modern inputs, poor infrastructure, and low adoption of modern farming practices.

Challenges Facing Agriculture in Nepal

One of the primary challenges facing agriculture in Nepal is limited access to modern inputs. Farmers in Nepal lack access to quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other modern inputs, which hinders their productivity and limits their potential for growth. The government has attempted to address this issue by subsidizing inputs and promoting private sector investment in the sector, but progress has been slow.

Another challenge facing agriculture in Nepal is poor infrastructure. The country’s rural areas lack basic infrastructure such as roads, electricity, and irrigation, which hinders farmers’ access to markets and limits their productivity. The government has attempted to address this issue by investing in infrastructure development, but progress has been slow due to the country’s rugged terrain and limited resources.

The impact of climate change is another challenge facing agriculture in Nepal. The country’s agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and landslides. These events can cause significant damage to crops and livestock, leading to decreased yields and income for farmers. The government has attempted to address this issue by promoting climate-resilient farming practices, but progress has been slow due to limited resources and capacity.

Suggestions for Overcoming Challenges

To overcome the challenges facing agriculture in Nepal, several strategies can be adopted. Firstly, there needs to be an increased investment in agricultural research and development to promote the adoption of modern farming practices. This can include research into new crop varieties, improved irrigation systems, and better soil management practices.

Secondly, there needs to be an increased investment in rural infrastructure development to improve farmers’ access to markets and increase their productivity. This can include the construction of rural roads, electrification, and irrigation systems.

Finally, there needs to be an increased focus on climate-resilient farming practices to mitigate the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector. This can include the promotion of drought-tolerant crops, improved soil management practices, and better water management practices.

Also Read : Mahatma Gandhi: Inspiring a Movement for Change

Agriculture is a vital sector for Nepal’s economy, providing employment to over 65% of the workforce and contributing to more than one-third of the country’s GDP. However, the sector faces several challenges, including limited access to modern inputs, poor infrastructure, and the impact of climate change. To overcome these challenges, there can be done to promote agricultural research and development, invest in rural infrastructure development, and promote climate-resilient farming practices. By addressing these challenges, Nepal’s agriculture sector can continue to grow and contribute to the country’s economic development .

Essay on Natural Resources in Nepal: An Overview

AGRICULTURE IN NEPAL

The work related to cultivating crops in the field and keeping different animals and birds is known as agriculture. Producing different food crops, cash crop and animal husbandry are the forms of agriculture. It is an ancient profession. Nepal is an agricultural country. Hence, it is the principal occupation of Nepalese people .

Nepal has not made satisfactory progress in industry. Most people are uneducated here. Therefore, people do not have other alternative occupation except agriculture. Nearly 80% Nepalese population directly depend of agriculture. It is not only the source of food supply; it is also the source of national revenue. It forms most goods to export to other countries.

However, agriculture is backward in our country. Our land does not give satisfactory yield due to many causes. Our farmers are poor and so they cannot spend much money on farming. They are illiterate and do not know the scientific methods of agriculture. They follow the old traditional method. Again, their land is divided into small holdings. Irrigational facilities, improved seeds and fertilizers are not available to them. Agriculture is not as profitable as industry. It is the main reason that our farmers do not have good economic condition.

Thus, development of agriculture is the urgent need of our country. Government should make effective land rules and plans to improve our agriculture. Unless agriculture is developed, the farmers will have to suffer a lot and we people will suffer from high price rising.

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Essay (Importance of Agriculture in Nepal)

Importance of Agriculture in Nepal

Nepal is a developing country. Most of the people in Nepal live in villages. Nepal is widely known as an agricultural country. About 93% of its people depend on agriculture. Total land worth cultivation is limited in our country. Most people remain busy digging and plowing the limited land to grow more and more crops. However, they can not produce good crops because of the lack of good and technical knowledge. It is true that agriculture in Nepal has great importance. Many families cannot even service without the practice of agriculture. Whatever the importance of agriculture might be, no country can achieve real prosperity simply through a pure agriculture economy. It is time now that agriculture should be minimized and industry or manufacture should be started.

We should know how both agriculture and industry can be developed parallelly. Also, all the land should not be used for industry only.

With agricultural development, we can supply foodstuffs for people and pets. At the same time, we can provide raw materials necessary for industries. Agriculture is successful to solve the problem of unemployment also. Agriculture is the backbone of nation’s economy. The national income of the people depends on agriculture in Nepal. So agriculture in Nepal has

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Agricultural Transformation in Nepal: Trends, Prospects, and Policy Options

2019, Economic Journal of Development Issues

Related Papers

Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences,

Bidur P Chaulagain

Nepal is in transition from conventional subsistence farming and livestock rearing to modern integrated farming system focusing on whole value chain. Due to inadequate scientific and technological knowledge among wider sector of farming communities Nepal has hitherto remained far behind in agricultural production, and has been shifted from a food grain exporter to importer country. About one third food grain and two third of other food commodities are now imported from other countries. These are the issues of most academic and socio-economic and technical researches in Nepal and other countries. This volume of the NepJAS consists of such original research and review articles. Few articles included in this volume are contributed from developed countries like USA, Russia, and China. There are altogether 30 articles published in this volume. This editorial summary presents gist of the major findings of those articles.

Bashu Dev Deshar

This paper is a review of agricultural degradation and its impacts on economy and environment in Nepal. It includes an overview of agriculture in Nepal and the changes that have taken place. This paper has basically been applied descriptive cum analytical research design to complete. Agricultural development has been sluggish, and has failed to keep pace with population growth. In recent years the yields of major food crops in Nepal have been lower than other South Asian countries and Nepal is now dependent on food imports. Land holding size per family and field sizes has both decreased markedly during recent years. If hill regions are considered independently, all cereal crops yields have stagnated in the last 30 years and gains in production that have been made. Crop productivity in the hills has declined due to land degradation. Of the 28% of Nepal land that is degraded, 10% is poorly managed sloping agriculture terraces. As yields and production of cereal crops have fallen, many...

BMC Journal of Scientific Research

Khom Kharel

Agriculture sector is the main components of economic development of developing countries likeNepal. This sector contributes boosting economy in terms of GDP, employment and food security,as more than 60% of Nepalese residents chose agriculture as their primary source of income. Theincrease in output and productivity in this sector is crucial for reducing poverty through long-term,high-growth economic growth. Increased agricultural production and output are important contrib-utors to the country's overall economic development. This study aims to look at how the agriculturesector contributes to the Nepalese economy's growth. Using data collected over a 20-year period,a simple linear regression model has applied to determine the economic impact of farm sector pro-duction on real GDP. The study finds a positive impact of agriculture sector on real GDP and othersectors. Though, agriculture sector has been facing diversified challenges improving its productionin Nepal.

Water Nepal

Ngamindra Dahal

bibek shahi

Nepal is culturally an agriculture based country. One third of GDP comes from agriculture and there are numerous opportunities in agriculture mainly because of varied agro-climate prevailed in the country. Niche specific commodities that have comparative advantage could be produced in fair quantity to meet the demand of huge market of neighboring India and China as purchasing capacity of people in those countries has improved markedly mainly for quality agriculture commodities. Trade deficit, food insecurity, income generation, poverty reduction, and employment generation could be addressed by turning present status of subsistence agriculture into robust, vibrant and commercial agriculture through technology led agro-industrialization. There are agro-commodities which are imported from India and other countries in huge quantity by the scarce hard currency earned through remittance. Evidence shows that almost 70% of the remittance is spent for agriculture commodities which have high potentiality to produce within the country even after local consumption. Such produce could be exported to other countries to mitigate trade imbalance, enhance export promotion and import reduction and promote graduating Nepal from LDC to DC within the stipulated time frame as proposed a couple of years ago by the government of Nepal. Nepal should come up with functional, pragmatic and implementable agriculture plan and policy to harness huge possibility of agriculture commercialization to meet the consumption demand per se within and outside the country. This paper highlights to address prospects and limitations of agriculture commercialization and suggests some way forward to make agriculture more vibrant and robust to address trade deficit, food and nutritional insecurity and livelihood enhancement of Nepalese as a whole thereby Nepal can tailor her pace of development with neighboring countries to meet the aspiration of Nepalese in the 21 st century. Methodology This is a policy paper giving emphasis on prospects and limitations of Nepalese agriculture as a whole. Discussions on different issues have been given by a thorough review of literatures available within and outside the country. Aside from this, practical experience of author who was involved in agriculture R&D of Nepal since four decades are also included in the pertinent issues encompassing agriculture systems in Nepal. Many of these

George Gitau

SAURABH KUMAR

Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies

Deepak Chaudhary

This paper analyzes agricultural development in terms of policy and implementation in Nepal. More than two-thirds populations in Nepal reside in the rural area and most of them depend on agriculture. Subsistence form of agriculture is common in Nepal. Rural Area and agriculture are interrelated; like two parts of the same coin. The contribution of agriculture to national Gross Domestic Product is remarkable; however, it is declining over the decades. In fact, the agricultural sector cannot attract young people; the trend of migration from rural to urban is significantly increasing. The poverty is exceedingly marked in rural Nepal. The Government of Nepal emphasizes agriculture development for poverty alleviation in order to alleviate poverty, rural development, and national economic growth through the policy level. However, available data and qualitative analysis reveal that the outcome from the agricultural sector is not satisfactory due to several factors. In such a situation, more than half of the population has been facing food insufficiency. Because of weak policy and implementation, the agriculture sector has been suffering poor outcome. In that way, the government of Nepal along with concerned authorities should effectively implement agriculture policies in order to reduce poverty and rural development. The agriculture-rural accommodating policies and successful performance are crucial for poverty alleviation and rural development.

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The Importance of Agriculture in Nepal

Agriculture in Nepal is central to the economy of this country. Nearly 80 percent of the population relies on agriculture in some way, but there is not enough production to support the population. There is a chronic issue of child malnutrition and an estimated 50 percent of Nepal’s children are affected by stunting. This rate is even higher in the mountainous regions.

Regional Variance of Agriculture in Nepal

There are three major climatic regions in Nepal, with each providing unique crops. The best crop-yielding area is Terai, which borders India. This area has a subtropical climate that supports the production of rice, wheat, barley, oil seeds, jute, tobacco, indigo and even opium. This area is a large crop-producing area but is compromised heavily by the changing climate, which is causing crop yield to be erratic.

The hill regions are crucial to agriculture in Nepal with the farmers being able to produce different crops during different seasons. These farmers of the hill regions can produce rice and maize in the summer and wheat, barley, mustard and vegetables in the winter. This region is also affected by increasing climate change.

The mountainous regions of Nepal have always been a harsh environment for the production of agriculture in Nepal. This area is limited to the crops of potatoes, barley and buckwheat. The harsh conditions cause the farmers to rely on livestock as a key source of income and agriculture in Nepal. Livestock is the main producer of yogurt, cheese, ghee and eggs. These farmers are known to raise Yaks that provide meat, milk and wool as a source of cash.

Efforts to Boost Production

Nepal’s government has made efforts to improve the production of agriculture in Nepal but has had minimal success. Nepal has many water sources but efforts to provide farmers with irrigation systems have proven inadequate. Nepal’s government introduced chemical fertilizers in the 1950s, which did create a small increase in agricultural production.

The lack of transportation in the mountainous regions has been a major obstacle for exports and the government has provided little improvement in this area as well. In the 1980s, Nepal’s government efforts to increase production began to improve exports with Nepal becoming one of the largest exporters of rice . However, now Nepal has a major food insecurity for its own population.

Food insecurity in Nepal has been exacerbated by changing climate, deforestation and the strike of a 7.8-magnitude earthquake in 2015. Deforestation is eroding topsoil and damaging water sources. The 2015 earthquake caused an estimated 8,699 deaths and a massive rebuilding project. More than 500,000 homes and 1,300 governmental buildings were destroyed, which has had a devastating impact on agriculture in Nepal.

Capacity-Building Foreign Aid

USAID has developed programs to help Nepal’s government rebuild agriculture and help the population to rise above the poverty level. USAID’s Feed the Future Initiative works with Nepal’s government and local development partners to increase agricultural production, create access to markets and improve child nutrition. In just five years, the Feed the Future Initiative has helped more than one million people in Nepal by dropping the poverty level by 36 percent. This project has also decreased the estimated 49 percent rate of child malnutrition to 36 percent in 2016.

USAID has also implemented the Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER). This program trains Nepalese citizens in search and rescue of collapsed structures. Also, medical first-responders are being trained and hospitals equipped for emergencies. This program was developed in response to the disastrous earthquake of 2015.

The rebuilding of Nepal is a necessity to improve agriculture in Nepal and decrease poverty. Nepal’s government has acted to increase production, but Nepal is still in need of outside assistance. A National Adaptation Programme of Action has begun to help educate farmers on switching crops from wheat and rice to vegetables that can be grown in less time.

Higher yields can produce more income, but Nepal still lacks the ability to support the local population with current production. Agriculture in Nepal is in great need of assistance to reduce poverty and child malnutrition.

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Essay on Importance of Agriculture in Nepal

Essay on agriculture in nepal.

Nepal is an agricultural country where about 66% of total population of Nepal depends on farming. Agriculture is the main source of income of the people residing here. The land of Terai region is fertile land and most of the productions happens from this region.

Table of Contents

Importance of agriculture

The farmers of Nepal are very passionate on agriculture. Almost all the houses of Terai region of Nepal are dependent on agriculture . Farming is also done on hilly and Himalayan regions of Nepal.

Agriculture is the backbone of Nepal . It contributes significantly in the economy of the country . It is the main source of income for farmers . As most people are dependent on farming , it is the main source of livelihood. They produce different crops and vegetables and sell them to the market. They grow crops like rice, maize, wheat , barley and millets. They grow vegetables like potatoes, cauliflower , brinjal , tomatoes and many others . Sugarcane and jute are also grown in Terai region of Nepal.

Problems faced by farmers of Nepal

Farmers of Nepal face many problems in day to day life. Some of the major problems faced by the farmers are:

Lack of fertilizers: The biggest problem that the farmers are facing is chemical fertilizers. They don’t get fertilizers for their fields. Due to this productivity is less. Government provides very limited amount of fertilizers to its citizens. Due to this the cost of fertilizers is also high.
Lack of irrigation facility: Farmers also face irrigation problems. The streams of water which were made previously to make the reach of water source to the fields of farmers are disappearing nowadays . The streams are filled with mud and roads are constructed. The facility of electricity is not reached in most of the parts of the country for irrigation.

The farming in Nepal is a still done in traditional way . Farmers are uneducated . They don’t have knowledge about the seeds and fertilizers they use in the field . They use fertilizers as they like . There is no one to teach and guide them.

Conclusion of essay on agriculture

However, improvements are seen nowadays. Farmers have started using modern technologies for farming. Government should make the farmers educated. The farmers should be taught on how to do farming and use fertilizers. They should be given programmes related to agriculture time to time.

FAQs on Agriculture in Nepal

Q. why is nepal called agricultural country.

Ans: Most of the people in Nepal are involved in farming. The land of Nepal is fertile and suitable for producing crops. So, Nepal is called agricultural country.

Q. What is the percentage of agricultural land in Nepal?

Ans: The percentage of agricultural land in Nepal is about 28.75% according to World Bank.

Importance of Agriculture In Nepal

Our country Nepal has more villages than towns. Most of the people live in villages and they are farmers who depend on agriculture. Agriculture is the backbone of the country and supplies people with daily needs. Unless Nepal can develop the agricultural sector, the development of the country is impossible.

The agricultural sector provides us with many things. Firstly we can get our food from agriculture, we can get fresh fruits and vegetables. But in our country Nepal, agricultural development has not been given a high priority. Most of the farmers apply traditional methods of farming because most of them are not well trained and uneducated.

Nepali farmers don’t get enough focus from the government. They are deprived of a good irrigation facility. Most of the land from terai goes left barren due to a lack of irrigation facilities. The government doesn’t provide fertilizers, pesticides, seeds and other assets needed for farmers to boost up their agricultural habits.

If we could grow all the foods that we need, we wouldn’t be seeking imports from India and China. During the peak season, we have to import even rice and potato from India. It is a matter of shame that we cannot grow such basic food enough in our country Nepal. If the government helps the farmer and focuses on agriculture, no youths should go abroad. We can even export agricultural products to other countries and enjoy the foreign currency.

More than 70% of the people from Nepal are employed in the agricultural sector. If we can develop it properly, the problem of unemployment can be easily solved in Nepal. There are some industries that are based on agricultural products. We can provide products to such industries in Nepal too.

It is the main source of living of the majority of people in Nepal.
We can export agricultural products and earn foreign currency.
It provides employment opportunities to the youths and hence holds energetic youths from going abroad.
Agriculture provides raw materials for many industries.
Agriculture involves physical work and makes us healthy.
It doesn’t keeep land barren and helps to decrease soi pollution.
Agriculture helps in maintaing balance in the eco-system.

There are many problems faced by the farmers in Nepal leading to undeveloped agriculture tradition in Nepal.

Problems of Agriculture in Nepal

The government doesn’t give enough focus to the agricultural sector.
Major agricultural services like tractor, threshers, seeds, pesticides, etc are expensive.
The traditional method of agricultural practice due to uneducated and unskilled farmers that leads to low growth.
Nepal lacks a proper market for agricultural products.
Lack of proper management.
Lack of proper irrigation facilities, seeds, fertilizers, agricultural equipment, insecticides, etc.
Lack of proper transportation and storage facilities.
Presence of middlemen that directly affect farmers while selling products.

Structural Transformation and Growth: Whither Agriculture in Nepal?

First Online: 26 November 2019

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Swarnim Waglé 5

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This chapter analyses the pattern of structural transformation in the Nepalese economy and its implications for the agriculture sector and provides policy directions for the future. The chapter highlights the critical role of research, extension and infrastructure to ensure sustainable agricultural growth in Nepal. It also throws light on the emerging opportunities and challenges as the country moves towards a federal political system.

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We acknowledge that some of the above findings might be distorted by the fast evolving official classification of which local government units are villages and which are deemed to be municipal. At present, there are 217 municipalities in Nepal of which only 58 existed until 2014. Our data are for 2010. The other 72 were established in May 2014, 61 in December 2014 and 26 in September 2015, respectively.

Remittance inflows into Nepal today stand at over 30% of GDP. This trend accelerated after 2001, when armed conflict gripped rural areas and intensified in urban areas, instigating migration of young people to the cities and abroad.

Abbreviations

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

Dynamic computable general equilibrium

Gross domestic products

Total factor productivity

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Paudel, R., Waglé, S. (2019). Structural Transformation and Growth: Whither Agriculture in Nepal?. In: Thapa, G., Kumar, A., Joshi, P. (eds) Agricultural Transformation in Nepal. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9648-0_2

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Impediments in the Agriculture Sector of Nepal

Bottom-up growth, 6 minute read, by kaatya mishra | february 23, 2023.

The agriculture sector in Nepal plays a vital role in the country’s economy, providing employment opportunities and contributing significantly to the country’s GDP. In 1975, the agriculture industry in Nepal accounted for 65% of the country’s GDP . However, the world’s focus shifted from agriculture to manufacturing, and Nepal’s economy too underwent structural changes, resulting in a decrease in the agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP. By 2000, the agriculture industry accounted for roughly 40% of GDP, while the manufacturing sector grew from 4% in 1975 to 9% by 2000. In 2022, the agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP stood at 23.95% , whereas the manufacturing sector contributed 14.3% to GDP. In the year 2000, approximately 75% of the total population in Nepal relied on the agricultural sector for their livelihood then, by 2022 it decreased to 66% . The shift in focus from agriculture to services, such as real estate, was driven by remittance-fueled investment in the construction industry. This trend is not unique to Nepal, many developing South Asian economies are witnessing a decrease in the agriculture sector’s share of GDP and a corresponding increase in the services sector. Countries such as India, Nepal, Indonesia, and Malaysia are experiencing faster annual growth rates in the services sector compared to the industry.

Figure 1: Agriculture Contribution to GDP

Source: World Bank data, Agriculture Sector Contribution to GDP (1975-2022)

Bottlenecks in the Agriculture Sector

Nepal’s agriculture sector has undergone significant changes over the past decade with the introduction of supportive government policies, a shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming, and the adoption of new technologies. However, despite these positive developments, the sector continues to face various limitations and issues. This article will discuss some of the bottlenecks that hinder the growth and potential of Nepal’s agriculture sector.

1. Land Fragmentation: The nature of agricultural practices makes them vulnerable to changes in land reforms. Land fragmentation owing to changing land reforms has negative impacts on agricultural productivity – reducing the economic opportunities available to farmers. The reduced arable plot sizes are a result of inheritance laws that make the landholdings small and limiting to profitable agricultural practices. Population growth is directly related to inheritance. People wish to acquire a parcel of land not only for agricultural activities but for investment, enhancing personal prestige & status, and also for the future of their family. Dividing the land into parcels has caused the issue of land fragmentation and small land holdings. Small landholdings typically only produce enough food for the farmer and their family to survive, and the farmer would then need to invest in the necessary infrastructure to sell any surplus. Unfortunately, the returns on such investments are often insufficient causing losses to small landholders. Along with that, land fragmentation is one of the major causes of soil erosion and degrades the quality of the soil.

2. Inadequate Infrastructure development : Agriculture is a complex practice and its development rests on infrastructure development by supporting allied sectors. Nepal’s current state of infrastructure is not suitable to favor the massive commercialization of agriculture. Out of the 2.60 million hectares (ha) of land under cultivation, 1.80 million ha is irrigated, of which 1.40 million ha lies on the Terai or plains, and the remaining 0.40 million ha of land remains unirrigated, usually dependent on the seasonal rains. Additionally, Nepal has made progress in developing storage facilities for agricultural goods – there is only 35 cold storage running in Nepal with a capacity of 3000 metric tons per cold storage , which isn’t enough. The physical infrastructures that support market transactions, such as haat bazaars and collection centers, are scarce or nonexistent in rural areas, and their connections to metropolitan market hubs are shaky. There are only 210 Krishak Baazar at the moment in Nepal, and because of this farmers still prefer the informal markets to sell their products. There’s only one accredited laboratory in Kathmandu, the National Food and Feed Reference Laboratory which was established in 1961 AD as the Department of Food . Nepal does not have the sound basic infrastructure for favoring the commercialization of agriculture massively, though it has been developing at a slow pace.

3. Traditional Farming: Agriculture still relies mostly on subsistence farming—less than 10% of farm holdings sell their produce in markets . About 66% of the population is dependent on agriculture, among them, the two-thirds agriculture-dependent population is pursuing subsistence farming. The majority of farmers in Nepal continue to use traditional farming techniques, such as using livestock to clear land, livestock waste as manure, old seeds, and local labor. Due to a lack of modern farming methods, about 25% of the land remains uncultivated. While quality seeds alone can increase agricultural production by 15%–20%, most farmers in Nepal use locally available seeds retained from previous cropping seasons because of poor penetration of formal seed markets in rural areas, inadequate seed multiplication, and the lower cost of locally available seeds, resulting in less than 10% of farmers currently purchasing seeds for major cereal crops.

4. Limited access to Education and training : Agricultural education in Nepal is going through rapid expansion, but the focus has been on numbers and not quality. Currently, 20 colleges offer BSc in Agriculture, BSc in Horticulture, and BSc in Tea Science programs with an annual intake of just over 1,100 students. The country produces many agriculture graduates annually, but few become technical consultants or set up agriculture enterprises. The Ministry of Agriculture and Development (MOAD) has 378 extension offices nationwide and each office serves more than 11,000 farmers; one technician is responsible for an average of 1,500 farmers, whereas in developed countries this ratio is 1 technician per 400 farmers . Academic curricula in Nepal need to be constantly updated to address the current needs and challenges of agriculture, as technical knowledge is changing rapidly. However, many curricula developed decades ago remain largely the same and are more theory-based and lacking in diverse alternatives , making them inappropriate for agricultural communities in diverse geographical and agroecological regions.

Way forward

The agriculture sector in Nepal has tremendous potential for growth and development. However, it faces multiple challenges, such as land plotting, inadequate infrastructure, limited market access, and lack of modern technology. To address these issues, the government, private sector, and international donors must collaborate to increase investment in the agriculture sector. Prioritizing financial and technical support to help farmers adopt modern farming practices is very crucial.

One of the key areas of focus should be on improving and expanding irrigation systems, particularly in regions with seasonal rainfall. Doing so will increase crop yields and reduce dependence on rain-fed agriculture. Additionally, research and development should be prioritized to identify suitable crops, develop better varieties, and enhance agricultural techniques. The adoption of modern technologies such as precision agriculture, mechanization, and information and communication technologies (ICT) can improve productivity, reduce labor, and improve quality.

The government can also create policies and regulations that promote exports and trade, which will further boost the agriculture sector. Finally, it is essential to encourage young people to take up farming by providing training, education, and financial incentives. Overall, transforming the agriculture sector of Nepal requires a multi-pronged approach that involves investment, research, modernization, market access, and youth participation.

Kaatya Mishra is a BBA graduate with a major in Finance from the Kathmandu College of Management. Her interests lie in economic development, poverty alleviation and public policy. She is currently working as a fellow at NEF.

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