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The Five Generations of Computers

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Presentation on computer generation

This presentation provides an overview of computer generations from the first to fifth generation. It discusses the key developments and technologies that define each generation, including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and artificial intelligence. The main advantages and disadvantages of each generation are also summarized. Finally, the presentation describes different types of computers like microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Read less

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• 1. PRESENTATION ON COMPUTER GENERATION
• 2. Contents:  Introduction  Brief History of Computer.  Generation of Computer  Advantages and disadvantages of Computers  Computer Types
• 3. Introduction: Computer word is derived from “Computing”. As the start of the modern science that we call "Computer Science" can be traced back to a long ago age where man still dwelled in caves or in the forest, and lived in groups for protection and survival from the harsher elements on the Earth. Computing becoming more and more complicated then the first computing device came in to being that is Abacus invented by Chinese about 500 years ago.
• 4. A computer is an electronic device that can process data and produce output as per a set of instructions called as program and display output through various output devices such as printer and monitor etc. • In business and industry the primary function of a computer is processing of data. A factory converts raw materials in to finish products. In this case the raw materials are the inputs and finished products are the outputs.
• 5. Brief History of Computer Pascal’s Adding Machine. Leibniz's Reckoning Machine. Colmar’s multiplying Machine. Babbage’s Difference Engine. Babbage’s Analytical Engine. The first Computer. contd…
• 6. Dr. Howard Aiken of Harvard university in association with IBM in 1944,constructed an electro mechanical machine capable of processing a series of instructions in the form of a program. It was named as Mark-I. This is considered to be the first operational computer .It was around 15.24m long and 2.44m high compromising of more than 750,000 parts. It can complete one arithmetic operation on 23 digit numbers in around 3 seconds.
• 7. Generation of Computer Since the evolution of 1st computer in 1944,the size of computer has decreased whereas the speed, capacity and reliability have increased with the passage of time. Some notable landmarks in technology responsible for this development are given below.  Invention of Transistor  Invention of IC’s  Development of Microprocessor
• 8. Depending upon the technology used, computers were classified as follows:- Generations Period Technology First Generation 1946-1955 Vacuums Tube Second Generation 1955-1965 Transistors Third Generation 1965-1975 Integrated Circuits (ICs) Forth Generation 1976-1988 Microprocessor/Large Scale Integration Fifth Generation Since 1988 Artificial Intelligence
• 9. First Generation(1946-1955)  The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.  The Mark-I, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-I and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.  IBM-650 was another first generation computer by IBM corporation.
• 10. Advantages:  the 1G computers were able to process any tasks in milliseconds.  The hardware designs are functioned and programmed by machine languages.  Vacuum tube technology is very much important which opened the gates of digital world communication. Disadvantages:  Size of that machines are very big.  Required large amount of energy for processing.  Heat generated and need air conditioning.  Expensive.  In order to get proper processing, maintenance is required continuously.
• 11. Second Generation(1955-1965) • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation computer. Transistor is a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit. Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, transistors have become the key ingredient of all digital circuits, including computers. • Today's latest microprocessor contains tens of millions of microscopic transistors. • The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry. • Ex-IBM 7074 series, CDC 164, IBM 1400 Series.
• 12. Advantages:  less expensive and smaller in size as compared to first generation computers.  Fast in speed.  Low power consumption and less heat generated.  Vacuum tube technology is very much important which opened the gates of digital world communication.  Language after machine language for programming, in G2 assembly language (COBOL, FORTRON) is introduced for programming. Disadvantages:  Maintenance of Machine is required.  Air conditioning required still as heat causes to process slowly.  These computers are not used as personal system.  Preferably used for commercial purposes.
• 13. Third Generation(1965-1975)  The development of the Integrated Circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.  Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.  Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.  Ex- IBM System/360 & IBM 370, PDP-8, DEC, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC 9000.
• 14. Advantages:  Smaller in size.  Low cost then previous.  Low power consumption and easy to operate.  Less computation time.  High reliability.  Multitasking Environment.  OS for user interactions. Disadvantages:  IC chips are still difficult to maintain.  Need complex technology.
• 15. Fourth Generation(1976-1988)  Use of microprocessor in mid seventies marked the advent of fourth generation computers. Medium to very large scale IC’s technology packed about 1,00,000 transistors in a single chip.  The Intel corporation in 1971 packed the complete CPU in a single chip. This is known as microprocessor.  Another significant development of this generation was graphic devices. This has significantly contributed to the use of computers in design, drawing, commercial arts and entertainment.  What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand.  Ex-Intel processors, AMD processor based machines
• 16. Advantages:  Smaller in size.  Microprocessor based Technology.  Semiconductor Memory.  Low cost of production.  High speed.  High reliability.  Efficient OS. More external storage mediums are introduced like CD- ROM, DVD-ROM.  GUIs developed for interaction
• 17. Fifth Generation(1988 onwards)  Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial Intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.  The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come.  The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.  Ex-ULAIC Technology, Artificial intelligence etc.
• 18. Advantages:  Program independent.  Have thinking and analysis by its own.  Voice reorganization & biometric devices.  Self organization and learning.
• 19. Computer Types: Computer Digital Micro Mini Mainframe Super Analog Hybrid
• 20. Micro Computer  A microcomputer is one whose CPU is a microprocessor.  These are small machines designed for individual users. Average people who have basic knowledge of computers can use this computer.  It can perform tasks such as Word processing, Desktop publishing, Accountings, Word processing, spreadsheets and database,etc.  Also useful for playing games, listening music and watching movies.  Ex-IBM PC, Panel PC, eBox-Embedded PC series.
• 21. Mini Computer  It is a midsized multiprocessing and multiuser computer.  Multiprocessing is the process of running multiple programs simultaneously.  Used in business organizations for the maintenance of accounts and finance data applications.  More powerful and compatible with micro computer.  Also useful for manufacturing processes and scientific research.  Ex-Open mini PC, Fit-PC, MSI Mini PC.
• 22. Mainframe Computer  A mainframe computer is a large and powerful system with a vast amount of storage and memory space. The word length of mainframe computers is generally 64 bit.  They were designed to serve the purpose of centralized computing instead of the distributed computing.  They now serve distributed users and small servers in a computer network.  Also known as enterprise servers.  It can perform millions of transactions every day and it is mostly used in government organizations .  Ex-IBM system Z10 mainframes.
• 23. Super Computer  The Super computer consists of a number of processors that can process variety of jobs in parallel.  Today's super computers can process billions of instructions per second.  It is the fastest and most expensive type of computer.  Some of the major applications of super computer are molecular chemistry, nuclear research, weather reports and advanced physics.  Major disadvantages of super computer is that it generates a large amount of heat during their operations and hence effective cooling required.  Ex-Cray Jaguar, IBM Roadrunner, IBM NORC,PARAM,ANURAG.

Generations of Computer

Jul 29, 2014

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Generations of Computer. Generations of Computer. The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine. The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of the generations of computer.

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• transistors
• speech recognition
• new operating systems
• central processing unit
• constant maintenance
• computing characteristics

Presentation Transcript

Generations of Computer • The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine. • The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of the generations of computer. • Each generation of computer is designed based on a new technological development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller

computers that are more powerful, faster and efficient than their predecessors. • Currently, there are five generations of computer. In the following subsections, we will discuss the generations of computer in terms of.

the technology used by them (hardware and software), • computing characteristics (speed, i.e., number of instructions executed per second), • physical appearance, and • their applications.

First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes • Hardware Technology The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes (Figure) for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. The input to the computer was through punched cards and paper tapes. The output was displayed as printouts. Figure1.1Vacuum tube

Software Technology The instructions were written in machine language. Machine language uses 0s and 1s for coding of the instructions. The first generation computers could solve one problem at a time. • Computing Characteristics The computation time was in milliseconds.

Physical Appearance These computers were enormous in size and required a large room for installation. • Application They were used for scientific applications as they were the fastest computing device of their time. • ExamplesUNIVersal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC), and Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC).

The first generation computers used a large number of vacuum tubes and thus generated a lot of heat. They consumed a great deal of electricity and were expensive to operate. The machines were prone to frequent malfunctioning and required constant maintenance. Since first generation computers used machine language, they were difficult to program.

Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors • Hardware Technology Transistors (Figure) replaced the vacuum tubes of the first generation of computers. Transistors allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, energy efficient and reliable. The second generation computers used magnetic core technology for primary memory. They used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage. The input was still through

punched cards and the output using printouts. They used the concept of a stored program, where instructions were stored in the memory of computer. • Figure 1.2. Transistors

Software Technology The instructions were written using the assembly language. Assembly language uses mnemonics like ADD for addition and SUB for subtraction for coding of the instructions. It is easier to write instructions in assembly language, as compared to writing instructions in machine language. High-level programming languages, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN were also developed during this period.

Computing Characteristics The computation time was in microseconds. • Physical Appearance Transistors are smaller in size compared to vacuum tubes, thus, the size of the computer was also reduced. • Application The cost of commercial production of these computers was very high, though less than the first generation computers. The transistors had to be

assembled manually in second generation computers. • Examples PDP-8, IBM 1401 and CDC 1604. • Second generation computers generated a lot of heat but much less than the first generation computers. They required less maintenance than the first generation computers.

Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits • Hardware Technology The third generation computers used the Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. Figure 1.6 shows IC chips. In an IC chip, multiple transistors are placed on a silicon chip. Silicon is a type of semiconductor. The use of IC chip increased the speed and the efficiency of computer, manifold. The keyboard and monitor were used to interact with the third generation computer, instead of the punched card and printouts.

Hardware Technology The third generation computers used the Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. Figure 1.6 shows IC chips. In an IC chip, multiple transistors are placed on a silicon chip. Silicon is a type of semiconductor. The use of IC chip increased the speed and the efficiency of computer, manifold. The keyboard and monitor were used to interact with the third generation computer, instead of the punched card and printouts.

Figure 1.3. IC chips

Software Technology The keyboard and the monitor were interfaced through the operating system. Operating system allowed different applications to run at the same time. High-level languages were used extensively for programming, instead of machine language and assembly language. • Computing Characteristics The computation time was in nanoseconds.

Physical Appearance The size of these computers was quite small compared to the second generation computers. • Application Computers became accessible to mass audience. Computers were produced commercially, and were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. • Examples IBM 370, PDP 11.

The third generation computers used less power and generated less heat than the second generation computers. • The cost of the computer reduced significantly, as individual components of the computer were not required to be assembled manually. The maintenance cost of the computers was also less compared to their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971 to present): Using Microprocessors • of transistors are integrated on a small silicon chip using LSI technology. VLSI allows hundreds of thousands of components to be integrated in a small chip. This era is marked by the development of microprocessor. Microprocessor is a chip containing millions of transistors and components, and, designed using LSI and VLSI technology. A microprocessor chip is shown in Figure 1.4

This generation of computers gave rise to Personal Computer (PC). Semiconductor memory replaced the earlier magnetic core memory, resulting in fast random access to memory. Secondary storage device like magnetic disks became smaller in physical size and larger in capacity. The linking of computers is another key development of this era. The computers were linked to form networks that led to the emergence of the Internet.

This generation also saw the development of pointing devices like mouse, and handheld devices. • Figure 1.4. Microprocessors

Software Technology Several new operating systems like the MS-DOS and MS-Windows developed during this time. This generation of computers supported Graphical User Interface (GUI). GUI is a user-friendly interface that allows user to interact with the computer via menus and icons. High-level programming languages are used for the writing of programs.

Computing Characteristics The computation time is in picoseconds. • Physical Appearance They are smaller than the computers of the previous generation. Some can even fit into the palm of the hand. • Application They became widely available for commercial purposes. Personal computers became available to the home user.

Examples The Intel 4004 chip was the first microprocessor. The components of the computer like Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory were located on a single chip. In 1981, IBM introduced the first computer for home use. In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh. • The microprocessor has resulted in the fourth generation computers being smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. more reliable.

The fourth generation computers are also portable and • They generate much lesser heat and require less maintenance compared to their predecessors. GUI and pointing devices facilitate easy use and learning on the computer. Networking has resulted in resource sharing and communication among different computers.

Fifth Generation (Present and Next): Using Artificial Intelligence • The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop computers that are capable of learning and self-organization. • The fifth generation computers use Super Large Scale Integrated (SLSI) chips that are able to store millions of components on a single chip. These computers have large memory requirements.

This generation of computers uses parallel processing that allows several instructions to be executed in parallel, instead of serial execution. • Parallel processing results in faster processing speed. The Intel dual-core microprocessor uses parallel processing.

The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). They try to simulate the human way of thinking and reasoning. • Artificial Intelligence includes areas like Expert System (ES), Natural Language Processing (NLP), speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, etc.

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