water molecule japanese experiment

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Skeptoid Podcast #433
September 23, 2014
Podcast transcript |

It's quite poetic, yet to find any meaning in it, it seems one must view Emoto's writing purely from the perspective of metaphysics and allegory. But Emoto means it quite literally, and a massive number of products and books have sprung to life in the ecosystem created by Emoto's magical water beliefs. claiming to form water into special molecular arrangements that promote super health cite Emoto. His emotion-governed ice crystals were a major theme in the 2004 New Age pseudo-documentary film Uncounted companies sell bottles of water that they say has been blessed, or spoken to positively, or exposed to positive energy, or otherwise prepared in some manner according to Emoto's research. One website selling such blessed water (since defunct) even claimed:

Emoto also famously claimed that jars of rice will rot if negative words are written on the containers yet will stay fresh if positive words are used instead, an experiment that has become viral on the Internet. And, of course, his beliefs have been embraced and publicized by Hollywood celebrities like Gwyneth Paltrow.

But to establish the validity of a scientific claim, we don't look at what pop culture phenomena it has created. Instead, we look at the data; so to learn more about Emoto's hado, we have to set aside all of that. To do science, we start with an observation, and then we form a hypothesis that can be tested; and if the testing bears up under scrutiny, then we reach the point of having an official scientific theory explaining how emotions control the freezing process of water. We have some issues here. First of all, very few scientists have found Emoto's observations to be repeatable; so if you ask most chemists, you'll probably find that almost nobody has bothered to look for something that seems so nonsensical at face value. But at least one researcher, Dr. Dean Radin, has taken Emoto's claims seriously enough to try to replicate the observation. Radin is best known for his project, in which he proposes that human emotions affect the output of electronic random number generators, so he was predictably receptive to Emoto's very similar claims.

Emoto reveals little about his exact procedures to obtain these photographs, and he's often criticized for this, and for a lack of any controls. Why do some of his photographs look like crisp snowflakes, and why do others look like blobs of water? In the case of virtually all of his published photos, nothing is publicly known about the temperature or other conditions in which the picture was taken, so the great disparity seen among the images is not surprising. In 2005, Radin teamed up with Emoto to publish a protocol which he hoped would establish Emoto's observations as replicable. Their paper was published in 2006 in the energy healing journal called The researchers took a number of bottles of store-bought water to Radin's Northern California facility, set some bottles aside as controls, and had a group of Emoto's associates in Japan concentrate on a photograph of a few of the target bottles. Radin then sent the bottles to Japan, and described Emoto's process:

100 visitors to Radin's website then rated the beauty of each of the 40 photographs that Kizu had chosen on a scale of 0 to 6. Radin found that the crystals resulting from water on which the Japanese had focused their thoughts were statistically significantly more beautiful. Both Kizu and Radin's volunteers were blinded as to which photos came from which water.

So, at first glance, it sounds like there may actually be something here. Humans had focused positive thoughts on some bottles of water, but not on others; and on average, all the water froze in patterns that produced positive responses correlated to the amount of positive thoughts it had received.

That's the press release version of the research. The hard data version of it, is, unfortunately, less enthusiastic. Dean Radin has something of a reputation for collecting data first, then looking at it and deciding what sort of patterns to look for, according to whatever conclusion he hopes to reach. That's precisely the largest flaw in this particular experiment as well. Kizu was under no restrictions except his own personal whims to decide which pictures he should send back to Radin, and was also allowed to freely choose where in each tray to look for apexes with crystals that he deemed photogenic enough to include, both good and bad. I can't know this, not having been there; but my sense is that in each and every one of the 50 trays (assuming they were all frozen and photographed under similar conditions), I could have found at least one snowflake-looking crystal and at least one boring looking region of ice. Every step of this experiment required each participant to act in a purely subjective manner according to their personal preferences. Significantly, there is no mention made in the paper of whether the 100 website visitors had any foreknowledge of Emoto's belief that complex, crisp snowflake shapes are the ones he considers beautiful while rounded, less complex shapes are the ones he considers ugly; but it strains credibility to suggest that Radin's own visitors were completely impartial and unaware of Emoto's preferred outcome.

Nevertheless, while defending against this criticism on his blog, in reference to the James Randi Educational Foundation's Million Dollar Challenge for proof of a paranormal ability:

Although, considering that neither Radin nor Emoto have ever applied to the Million Dollar Challenge, nor ever discussed with the Foundation what a valid test protocol might look like, nor ever taken or passed any sort of controlled test, it's a bit puzzling why Radin might even joke about considering himself due for the prize. He was probably referring to this challenge issued in 2003 by James Randi personally in his newsletter

But Emoto never did respond to Randi's challenge, and if the work truly had been done in a fashion that would satisfy peer review, it wouldn't have had to be published in but could have made waves through the scientific community if it had impressed enough to be published in or

Note that Randi referred to Emoto as "Dr." Emoto. I always wonder why people like Emoto purchase worthless doctorate degrees from diploma mills; Emoto's came from the Open International University in India and required no coursework or curricula. Surely Emoto must know that it's a meaningless degree; no more or less meaningless than one you might type up yourself on your computer. So why spend the money? I understand why he wants to call himself "doctor" — to impress the majority of people out there who don't know to check for the validity of a credential — I just don't understand why he spent money to get one from India rather than simply invent his own equally worthless degree for free. In fact, if you want your own doctorate degree that's every bit as meaningless as one from the Open International University but doesn't cost anything at all, point your browser to my unaccredited online university, , and print out your own diploma in the discipline of your choice in seconds. Congratulations; your own water woo research is now just as academically certified as Masaru Emoto's; the only difference being that he mailed a check to India, and you didn't have to.

By all the accounts I've read, Masaru Emoto is a very nice man who wants only the best for people and for the world. Every indication is that his water vibration ideas are well intentioned; and though he makes money with his books and with selling educational courses about hado, he's not consciously ripping anyone off. But this is a dangerous combination. Con men can be thrown in jail and their pseudoscience then questioned by their victims, but the Emotos of the world have a free pass to erode the public intellect with bad information, and most of their students will never be offered a reason to question the misinformation. Emoto's water woo, though silly, can have a bigger impact than we fear. A lot more people saw than listen to Approach with extreme caution.

Cite this article: Dunning, B. "The Water Woo of Masaru Emoto." Skeptoid Podcast. Skeptoid Media, 23 Sep 2014. Web. 27 Sep 2024. <https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4433>

References & Further Reading Editors. "Review: The Shape of Love: Discovering Who We Are, Where We Came From, and Where We're Going." Publishers Weekly. 12 Feb. 2007, Volume 254, Number 7: 79. Editors. "Masaru Emoto™." RationalWiki. RationalMedia Foundation, 30 Sep. 2010. Web. 23 Sep. 2015. <http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Masaru_Emoto> Emoto, Masaru. "Hado." Official Masaru Emoto Website. Masaru Emoto, 1 Jan. 2010. Web. 1 Sep. 2014. <http://www.masaru-emoto.net/english/hado.html> Hall, H. "Masaru Emoto's Wonderful World of Water." Skeptical Inquirer. 1 Jan. 2007, Number 31: 49-51. Radin, D., Hayssen, G, Emoto, M., Kizu, T. "Double-Blind Tests on the Effects of Distant Intention on Water Crystal Formation." Explore. 1 Sep. 2006, Volume 2, Number 5: 408-411. Radin, Dean. "Wikipedia – ‘Reader Beware’ When it Comes to Psi Research." Institute of Noetic Studies. IONS, 10 Sep. 2010. Web. 16 Aug. 2014. <http://www.noetic.org/blog/wikipedia-reader-beware-when-it-comes-psi-research/>

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The Hidden Messages in Water Paperback – Illustrated, September 20, 2005

• Print length 159 pages
• Language English
• Publisher Atria Books
• Publication date September 20, 2005
• Dimensions 5 x 0.5 x 7.5 inches
• ISBN-10 9780743289801
• ISBN-13 978-0743289801
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Editorial Reviews

About the author, excerpt. © reprinted by permission. all rights reserved., the hidden messages in water.

Continues... Excerpted from The Hidden Messages in Water by Masaru Emoto Copyright © 2005 by Masaru Emoto. Excerpted by permission. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher. Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

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• ASIN ‏ : ‎ 0743289803
• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Atria Books; Illustrated edition (September 20, 2005)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 159 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 9780743289801
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0743289801
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 9.6 ounces
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5 x 0.5 x 7.5 inches
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About the author

Masaru emoto.

Masaru Emoto is an internationally renowned Japanese researcher who has gained worldwide acclaim. Emoto is a graduate of the Yokohama Municipal University's department of humanities and sciences with a focus on International Relations, and he receive certification as a Doctor of Alternative Medicine from the Open International University. Emoto's research has visually captured the structure of water at the moment of freezing, and through high-speed photography he has shown the direct consequences of destructive thoughts and the thoughts of love and appreciation of the formation of water crystals. The revelation that our thoughts can influence water has profound implications for our health and the well-being of the planet. Masaru Emoto has written many books, including the New York Times bestselling The Hidden Messages in Water, and his books have been published in twenty-four languages.

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Customers find the book thought-provoking and enlightening. They appreciate the excellent pictures and readability. Readers describe the scientific evidence as surprising, astounding, and powerful. Opinions are mixed on the science, with some finding it great and interesting, while others say it's iffy.

AI-generated from the text of customer reviews

Customers find the book wonderful, enlightening, and intriguing. They appreciate the amazing research, photographs, and information for those wanting to improve themselves. Readers describe the book as inspirational and groundbreaking.

"...that he comes over as a wise man, a man with a very high level of intuitive knowledge , and also somebody who knows to write...." Read more

"...I think this book will provide many interesting epiphanies for you. Check it out!" Read more

" Really awesome information about the miracle of water." Read more

"...This is the most powerfully convincing reason (maybe not research)to move us to evaluate & beautify our lives that will benefit everyone else around..." Read more

Customers find the photos in the book excellent, amazing, and educational. They say the pictures tell the amazing true story. Readers also appreciate the details.

"...The photographs are quite eloquent by themselves. If you looked at them merely for artistic purposes, you would enjoy this book...." Read more

"I loved this book and the photos of the water crystals were incredible . It all makes sense its water of which we are 70%." Read more

"...The photos are remarkable . His conclusion is that love and gratitude can transform you and the world...." Read more

"Amazing research, photographs , easy to understand. You will definitely treat water with more reverence after reading this book...." Read more

Customers find the writing interesting and simple. They appreciate the beautifully rendered description of the approach, findings, conclusions, and the book explains full detail and meaning behind the different frequencies we transmit through. Readers say the passion from the author is expressed beautifully and makes them ponder the power of words.

"...His style is easy yet deep. He knows to express truth in a very clear and pristine way . To begin with, he writes:—..." Read more

"...the word "love" was written in Japanese looked so beautiful and well defined , that it almost made me begin to learn Japanese (soon, I will)...." Read more

"...You can sense the passion, respect, and understanding from the author about his new found discovery." Read more

"...The pictures are amazing and I like the way it is written , easy to understand...." Read more

Customers find the results surprising and astounding. They also say the book provides scientific evidence of what we unconsciously know. Readers mention the findings are absolutely amazing.

"...The results are incredible , sentiments like "I Love You" leave gorgeous symmetrical rainbow hued ice crystals on top of the water samples..." Read more

"...His findings were absolutely amazing ...." Read more

"...The results are surprising and sometimes astounding . I did enjoy this book and was indeed in aw with some of its photos...." Read more

"...Our words are not just noise, they actual produce results , even when we may not see it right away." Read more

Customers are satisfied with the sturdiness of the book. They mention it arrived brand new.

"Great service, very fast, perfect condition " Read more

"Product came in excellent condition and was on time!! Seller was extremely professional!! Happy I purchased!!" Read more

"...It's nice to be reminded of our connectedness. It arrived in good condition ." Read more

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Customers say the book makes a great gift.

"...You must see it to believe it. This book makes a great gift ! It is a good first introduction to his work...." Read more

"... Good gift idea , great for the coffee table, or anyone who is interested in vibrational frequencies, water crystals, the effects of thoughts/outside..." Read more

"...That is a wonderful gift to give a child ." Read more

"Arrived timely and was well received as a gift ." Read more

Customers have mixed opinions about the science in the book. Some mention it has great thoughts about water and interesting content about how water adapts to its environment. However, others say the science is iffy, with no scientific studies or proof. They also say the author doesn't use even basic research methods and offers surprisingly poor reasoning.

"Very important book to have in library. Very interesting content about water behavior ." Read more

"This book is based on a very intriguing concept, however it doesn't prove anything and it is seriously delirious...." Read more

" Water is so amazing and this book proves it !" Read more

"...as it went on, I became more and more put off by Emoto's lack of scientific perspective , even as he was claiming to be performing "research."..." Read more

Customers have mixed opinions about the crystal quality. Some mention the crystals are amazing and mesmerizing to see, while others say it doesn't make crystals or makes incomplete crystals.

"...when the water was called words such as, fool, the crystals became ugly and deformed ...." Read more

"...It is mesmerizing to see the water crystals behavior . Birds, plants and water teach us how to bring peace on earth. This is Emotos message!" Read more

"...to "negative" experiences, does not make crystals or it makes incomplete crystals ". This concept reflects what homeopathic medicine is based upon...." Read more

"...Hard to believe, but the crystals are amazing ." Read more

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Masaru Emoto’s Water Experiment

[Click Here To Watch The Masaru Emoto Water Experiment YouTube Video]

Masaru Emoto, a Japanese author, claimed that human emotions could influence the molecular structure of water. In his experiments, Emoto exposed water to different emotional stimuli, such as positive or negative thoughts, words, or music. Afterward, he froze the water and examined the resulting ice crystals under a microscope.

Emoto asserted that water exposed to positive emotions formed symmetrical and aesthetically pleasing ice crystals, while water exposed to negative emotions produced asymmetrical and less appealing structures. He published these findings in his book The Hidden Messages in Water .

Here are some key points from Emoto’s findings (Emoto, 2004):

• Positive and Negative Influences: Emoto argued that positive emotions, thoughts, and words could create symmetric and aesthetically pleasing ice crystals, while negative emotions, thoughts, and words resulted in asymmetric and less attractive formations.
• Impact of Words: Emoto claimed that writing positive or negative words on containers of water influenced the resulting ice crystals. Positive words supposedly led to beautiful crystal formations, while negative words resulted in distorted patterns.
• Music and Water: Emoto asserted that playing positive or negative music to water also affected its crystalline structure. Harmonious music, according to him, led to well-defined and pleasing ice crystals, while dissonant music produced irregular and unattractive shapes.
• Environmental Factors: Emoto suggested that the source and quality of water could impact the observed crystalline patterns. He argued that pristine, natural water sources produced more symmetrical and beautiful ice crystals compared to water from polluted or unnatural sources.

It is also important to note that Emoto’s work has been criticized within the scientific community for lacking proper controls, peer review, and adherence to rigorous scientific methodology. The experimental design and analysis were subjective, and the results were not reproducible by other scientists. As a result, Emoto’s claims about the direct influence of human consciousness on water’s molecular structure are not considered scientifically valid, but we can interpret his findings as a reminder of the potential impact of positive thoughts, words, and emotions on our own well-being and the environment.

For these concepts applied, check out our immersive self-study  in our Mind Body Reset program or our Foundations program for continuous exploration and support!

Emoto, Masaru, 1943-2014. (2004). The hidden messages in water. Hillsboro, Or. : [Emeryville, CA] :Beyond Words Pub. ; Distributed to the trade by Publishers Group West

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Jordan Lejuwaan • February 3, 2020 • 4 min read

Emoto’s Water Experiment: The Power of Thoughts

Science & Technology WW

Through the 1990’s, Dr. Masaru Emoto performed a series of experiments observing the physical effect of words, prayers, music and environment on the crystalline structure of water. Emoto hired photographers to take pictures of water after being exposed to the different variables and subsequently frozen so that they would form crystalline structures. The results were nothing short of remarkable..

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Dr Masaru Emoto on Human Consciousness and Water

Dr Masaru Emoto, the Japanese scientist and water researcher, revealed the true nature of water and how thoughts and vibrations affect the molecular structure of water . In his years of doing research with water, through high speed photography of thousands of water crystals, Dr Emoto has shown the most beautiful crystals are those formed after the water is exposed to the words ‘love and gratitude.’

The fact that the human body is made of 70% water, our thoughts can have profound implications on our health and the well-being of the planet.

He discovered that water from clear springs and water that has been exposed to loving words shows brilliant, complex, and colorful snowflake patterns, while water from polluted sources or water exposed to negative thoughts forms incomplete, asymmetrical patterns with dull colors.

Fractal Enlightenment had the opportunity to interview Dr Emoto. He sheds light on the responsive nature of water to human emotions which can be utilized to heal mankind and earth, the Holy water of River Ganges and high vibrations of hemp to combat nuclear radiations in Fukushima.

You can also read about Emoto’s experiments with water.

This article, covers the following topics :

What sparked your interest to discover the mystery of water?

A snowflake is basically water, so I thought if I freeze the water and use a microscope to see the insides of a water molecule, I could capture something in there, that’s how I came up with the water crystal technology.

You mentioned that you used water with information to cure people’s diseases, and it gained a lot of good results? How can water be used to cure diseases and what kind of diseases?

I used Hado (vibrational) measuring device called MRA which can measure negative emotional vibration that a human has and when it is detected, opposite vibration can be added to the water and by drinking that water, the negative feeling will go away.

How do positive thoughts affect us, the environment we live in, and the planet as a whole?

Positive words, photos and prayers can make water create beautiful hexagonal water crystals, but negative ones will create ugly looking water crystals. Any living creature is made out of water, and even minerals and the planet itself are the same. The positive thoughts can make any related things beautiful and harmonized.

In this fast-paced world when people are stuck in a routine, how do you think people can maintain a positive outlook?

Let your actions be based on the thoughts of love and gratitude. Love is a giving energy and gratitude is a receiving energy. If you always have these two words in your mind and your actions are based on these concepts, you can naturally give people positive energy.

What are the basic differences in the crystalline structure of water?

In order to improve the conductivity of information, there needs to be geometric designs with golden proportion that can be seen in pyramids. In case of water, its water structure shows superimposed pyramids three-dimensionally and the more perfect it is, the more beautiful hexagonal water crystals it becomes.

In India, the holy river of Ganga (one of the polluted rivers in the country) has high levels of toxic pollutants, but in spite of that thousands of devotees bathe in the Ganga each day with the belief that it prevents diseases. Do you think the positive thoughts of devotees affects the Holy Ganges to an extent that it prevents large-scale epidemics? Research has also stated that Ganges has special self-purifying properties. Do you think the molecular structure of River Ganges might be distorted, but yet have some healing vibration?

I think god created water with love as an active energy and gratitude as a passive energy. Water in River Ganges is sacred, and it is god’s water for the Hindus, so the water contains lots of love and gratitude for them. Therefore, with these positive thoughts, water in River Ganges which is physically polluted, can become holy water.

Critics claim that your work is ‘pseudoscience’ and doubt the process behind it, what is your response to such statements?

Current science exists in a 3 dimensional world, but the world of water is multidimensional, and I believe water crystals are in the world of 4th and 5th dimension. So they can say my research is pseudoscience in lower dimension, but I hope it to be called parascience.

I came across a video of you on the planting of hemp at Fukushima because of its high vibration levels, what is the effect of Hemp’s vibrations?

Radiations exist in the world of vibration and hemp is also a plant in the world of vibration which has high frequency. Hemp represents a positive plant and with using its high frequency, hemp can activate the polluted soils of Fukushima positively.

Are you currently doing any new research work that you would like to share with us?

Now my focus is issues in Fukushima. I already have technology and water to protect from nuclear radiations. It is more like activity but I make this water and send it to people and children in Fukushima.

What technology do you plan to use in Fukushima?

It is the technology that was invented by Russian Scientists, and it is the water technology to combat with nuclear radiations.

What are your views on 2012 and what effect will it have on the human race or our planet as a whole

I believe when the true education for water prevails anywhere in the world, the condition for the planet will be liveable. Otherwise, a lot of natural disasters like Tsunami and flood will happen, resulting in a lot of sacrifices of human lives.

About Masaru Emoto

Dr masaru emoto is an renowned researcher who has gained worldwide acclaim by showing how water is deeply connected to our individual and collective consciousness. born in japan, he is a graduate of the yokahama municipal university’s department of humanities and sciences with a focus on international relations., in 1992, he received certification from the open international university as a doctor of alternative medicine. dr emoto is the author of several bestselling books, including the hidden messages in water, the true power of water, and the secret life of water. he heads the worldwide hado instructor school where he teaches the ancient principle of hado, or life-force vibration., sign up & get access to a, 30 day life-changing challenge.

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Positive Words Research

Feel the grace of positive words and create your vibration of well-being, the water’s response to positive words: dr. masaru emoto’s scientific experiment.

Explore the groundbreaking scientific experiment conducted by Dr. Masaru Emoto, revealing the astonishing response of water to positive words. Uncover the fascinating connection between language and water’s molecular structure in this enlightening study. Dr. Masaru Emoto was born in Yokohama, Japan in July 1943 and a graduate of the Yokohama Municipal University’s department of humanities and sciences with a focus on International Relations. In 1986 he established the IHM Corporation in Tokyo. In October 1992 he received certification from the Open International University as a Doctor of Alternative Medicine. Subsequently, he introduced to the concept of micro cluster water in the US and Magnetic Resonance Analysis technology. The quest thus began to discover the mystery of water .

Dr. Masaru Emoto undertook extensive research of water around the planet not so much as a scientific researcher, but more from the perspective of an original thinker. At length, he realized that it was in the frozen crystal form that water showed us its true nature through. He has gained worldwide acclaim through his groundbreaking research and discovery that water is deeply connected to our individual and collective consciousness .

He is the author of the best-selling books Messages from Water, The Hidden Messages in Water, and The True Power of Water. He is a long-time advocate for peace in relation to water. He is currently the head of the I.H.M.General Research Institute and President Emeritus of the International Water for Life Foundation, a Not for Profit Organization.

Dr. Masaru Emoto has been visually documenting these molecular changes in water by means of his photographic techniques. He freezes droplets of water and then examines them under a dark field microscope that has photographic capabilities.

Some examples from his works include:

• Water from clear mountain springs and streams had beautifully formed crystalline structures, while the crystals of polluted or stagnant water were deformed and distorted.
• Distilled water exposed to classical music took delicate, symmetrical crystalline shapes.
• When the words “thank you” were taped to a bottle of distilled water, the frozen crystals had a similar shape to the crystals formed by water that had been exposed to Bach’s “Goldberg Variations”- music composed out of gratitude to the man it was named for.
• When water samples were bombarded with heavy metal music or labeled with negative words, or when negative thoughts and emotions were focused intentionally upon them, such as “Adolf Hitler”, the water did not form crystals at all and displayed chaotic, fragmented structures.
• When water was treated with aromatic floral oils, the water crystals tended to mimic the shape of the original flower.

Sometimes, when we cannot see the immediate results of our affirmations and or prayers , we think we have failed. But, as we learn through Masaru Emoto’s photographs, that thought of failure itself becomes represented in the physical objects that surround us. Now that we have seen this, perhaps we can begin to realize that even when immediate results are invisible to the unaided human eye, they are still there. When we love our own bodies, they respond. When we send our love to the Earth, she responds.

For our own bodies at birth are more than 60 percent water, and the percentage of water in our bodies remains high throughout life (depending upon weight and body type). The earth’s surface is more than 60 percent water as well. And now we have seen before our eyes that water is far from inanimate, but is actually alive and responsive to our every thought and emotion. Perhaps, having seen this, we can begin to really understand the awesome power that we possess, through choosing our thoughts and intentions, to heal ourselves and the earth. If only we believe.

Whether you participate in global meditations, or simply do this inner work in the quiet of your own loving mind and heart — we can heal the body of our earth and recreate a clear, pristine world to hand down to our children for seven generations.

Dr. Masaru Emoto’s scientific experiment on the response of water to positive words is a remarkable exploration of the interconnectedness of language and the natural world. In this groundbreaking study, Dr. Emoto delved into the profound effects that words and intentions can have on the molecular structure of water.

The experiment involved exposing water to different words, music, and intentions, and then freezing the water to examine its crystalline structure. What Dr. Emoto discovered was nothing short of astonishing. Water subjected to positive words and loving intentions formed beautifully intricate and harmonious ice crystals, while water exposed to negative words and emotions produced distorted and fragmented structures.

This experiment suggests that water is not merely a passive element but is responsive to the energy and intentions directed towards it. It implies that our words and thoughts can have a tangible impact on the world around us, even on something as fundamental as water.

Dr. Emoto’s work has sparked discussions and debates in the scientific community, opening up new avenues of research into the subtle connections between consciousness and the natural world. It challenges us to consider the power of our words and the intentions we carry in our hearts, not only in how we communicate with each other but also in how we interact with the environment.

As we delve into the fascinating realms of Dr. Emoto’s experiment, we gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate web of connections that bind us to the world. It serves as a reminder of the potential for positive change and healing that lies within our words and intentions, encouraging us to use them wisely and with love.

To find the video that we recommend follow this link:  Water, Consciousness & Intent: Dr. Masaru Emoto

More information can be found at Office Masaru Emoto  and on Wikipedia .

In conclusion, Dr. Masaru Emoto’s scientific experiment on the response of water to positive words unveils a captivating interplay between language and the natural world. This groundbreaking study illustrates the profound impact that words and intentions can have on the molecular structure of water.

The experiment’s results, with water forming intricate and harmonious ice crystals in response to positive words and intentions, and distorted structures when exposed to negativity, challenge our perception of the world around us. They suggest that water, a fundamental element of life, is responsive to the energy and emotions directed toward it.

Dr. Emoto’s work prompts us to consider the far-reaching implications of our words and thoughts, not only in our interactions with each other but also in our relationship with the environment. It highlights the potential for positive change and healing that lies within our capacity to use language and intentions wisely and with love.

As we reflect on this experiment, it encourages us to cultivate a greater awareness of the energy we project into the world and the impact it can have on the interconnected web of life. It underscores the power of positivity and the potential for transformation through conscious and loving communication.

2 thoughts on “ The Water’s Response to Positive Words: Dr. Masaru Emoto’s Scientific Experiment ”

Water everywhere is influenced by words and thoughts

the water in our body is influenced by thoughts and words

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Masaru Emoto’s Experiments on Water

If you’re not familiar with the work of Masaru Emoto , you should read up on his experiments with water.  They provide an interesting look at how thoughts and words influence water.

Masaru is a Japanese man who started freezing water in 1994 and taking photographs of the resultant crystals.  He would take pictures of water normally, and then again after a prayer was said over it.  He tested water by playing different kids of music to it.  Classical music produced well-shaped crystals but heavy metal songs produced misshapen, irregular crystals.  He taped positive and negative words on the jars of water.  Words like “love” and “gratitude” produced beautiful, perfect crystals, but negative words produced no crystals or misshapen ones.  He also put pictures on the jars.  He used pictures of mountains and nature then pictures of negative things.

It’s important to note that 70% of our bodies consists of water, so his experiments are interesting.  It demonstrates that thoughts/words/images have an effect on the state of the water molecules.  It also shows that words/thoughts have an effect on physical matter, an idea also espoused by author Gregg Braden.  Emoto’s work makes me stop and think twice about what I say or think, because thoughts and intentions produce an energy that affects matter, either for good or bad.

We all know that words have an enormous influence on the way we think and feel and that things generally go more smoothly when positive words are used. However, up until now, we have never been able to physically see the effect of words.

Words are very likely to have an enormous impact on the water that composes as much as seventy percent of our body, and this impact will in no small way affect our bodies.

Here are some of Mr. Emoto’s photographs:

To see more of Mr. Emoto’s photographs, look at his many books or on   his website .  What do you think of these experiments?

Here are some of his books:

• The Hidden Messages of Water
• Water Crystal Healing: Music and Images to Restore Your Well-Being
• The Healing Power of Water
• Messages from Water and the Universe

You Might Also Like:

The experiments of Masaru Emoto with emotional imprinting of water

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Masaru Emoto

(1943-2014)

Masaru Emoto is a Japanese author and entrepreneur best known for his claims that human consciousness has an effect on the molecular structure of water. Emoto's hypothesis has evolved over the years of his research. Initially, Emoto believes that water takes on the resonance of the energy which is directed at it. Polluted water can be restored through prayer and positive visualization.

He shows in his children's peace book that if water has positive energy directed at it, water forms beautiful and intricate crystals, and oppositely if water has negative energy directed at it, the crystals come out broken and discolored, their uniformness altered and tarnished. Since 1999 Emoto has published several volumes of a work titled Messages from Water, which contains photographs of water crystals and their accompanying experiments.

Born in Yokohama, Japan, Emoto graduated from Yokohama Municipal University with courses in International Relations.

"In 1986, he established the I.H.M. Corporation in Tokyo and is currently the head of the I.H.M. General Research Institute, Inc., the President of I.H.M., Inc., and the chief representative of I.H.M.'s HADO Fellowship".

In 1992 he received certification as a Doctor of Alternative Medicine from the Indian Board of Alternative Medicines in India.[4] After learning about micro-cluster water and Magnetic Resonance Analysis technology in the United States, he began studying water in more detail.

Emoto is President Emeritus of the International Water For Life Foundation, a non-profit organization based in Oklahoma City. He has three children with his wife, Kazuko.

Dr. Emoto has dedicated his life to world peace. Emoto's water crystal experiments consist of exposing water in glasses to different words, pictures, or music and then freezing and examining the aesthetics of the resulting crystals with microscopic photography. Emoto claims that different water sources produce different crystalline structures when frozen. For example, Emoto claims that a water sample from a mountain stream would purportedly show a geometric design that is beautifully shaped when frozen. On the other hand, Emoto claims that polluted water sources will be distorted and will be randomly formed. 

Emoto has sold 2 million copies of his books.

Messages from Water, Vol. 1 (June 1999), Hado Publishing,

Messages from Water, Vol. 2 (November 2001), Sunmark Pub.

The Hidden Messages in Water (April 2004 Eng., 2001 Jap.),

The Message from Water III: Love Thyself (January 2006), published by Hay House

Water Crystal Healing: Music & Images to Restore Your Well Being (17 October 2006), published by Atria Books

The Shape of Love: Discovering Who We Are, Where We Came From, and Where We are Going, Doubleday, 2007.

Harriet Hall. "Masaru Emoto's Wonderful World of Water". Skeptical Inquirer (Nov/Dec 2007).

"The minds boggle". The Guardian. 16 May 2005.

Gary Greenberg. "There's no evidence water can understand human speech". Letters to the editor, The Maui News.

"Authors: Masaru Emoto" (HTML). Beyond Words. Retrieved 2010-03-24.

"International Water For Life Foundation". Retrieved 1 December 2011.

"How to Take a Water Crystal Photograph" (HTML). Masaru-Emoto.net. Retrieved 2011-10-10.

Mae-Wan Ho. "Crystal Clear - Messages from Water". Science in Society.

"Water:The Quantum Elixir". New Scientist (2546). April 8, 2006.

Talking to Water, Commentary, by James Randi, May 23, 2003.

Review and analysis of Dr. Masaru Emoto's published work on the effects of external stimuli on the structural formation of ice crystals

http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_22_4_radin.pdf

Further reading

Sheridan, Patricia (September 26, 2005). "Masaru Emoto". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

Lafee, Scott (March 22, 2006). "Money can buy love - an additive to bottled water". The San Diego Union-Tribune.

Felt, Susan (April 27, 2005). "Good vibes: Author says water holds love, gratitude". The Arizona Republic.

Norrell, Brenda (March 16, 2004). "News from the Southwest". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.

Berlin, David (February 10, 2007). "Let them count the ways to court your sweetie". The San Diego Union-Tribune.

Pasternack, Nancy (February 12, 2005). "Water-enlightening doctor comes to S.C.". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.

Zander, Carly (October 13, 2005). "Global Water Guru Considers Research Center in Big Bear, Says the Native Voices Foundation". Send2Press.

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This publication is Open Access under the license indicated. Learn More

Monitoring Electrochemical Dynamics through Single-Molecule Imaging of hBN Surface Emitters in Organic Solvents Click to copy article link Article link copied!

• Eveline Mayner Eveline Mayner Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland More by Eveline Mayner
• Nathan Ronceray Nathan Ronceray Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland More by Nathan Ronceray

• Tzu-Heng Chen Tzu-Heng Chen Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland More by Tzu-Heng Chen
• Kenji Watanabe Kenji Watanabe Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan More by Kenji Watanabe

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© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society . This publication is licensed under

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Electrochemical techniques conventionally lack spatial resolution and average local information over an entire electrode. While advancements in spatial resolution have been made through scanning probe methods, monitoring dynamics over large areas is still challenging, and it would be beneficial to be able to decouple the probe from the electrode itself. In this work, we leverage single molecule microscopy to spatiotemporally monitor analyte surface concentrations over a wide area using unmodified hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in organic solvents. Through a sensing scheme based on redox-active species interactions with fluorescent emitters at the surface of hBN, we observe a region of a linear decrease in the number of emitters against increasingly positive potentials applied to a nearby electrode. We find consistent trends in electrode reaction kinetics vs overpotentials between potentiostat-reported currents and optically read emitter dynamics, showing Tafel slopes greater than 290 mV·decade –1 . Finally, we draw on the capabilities of spectral single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) to monitor the fluorescent species’ identity, enabling multiplexed readout. Overall, we show dynamic measurements of analyte concentration gradients on a micrometer-length scale with nanometer-scale depth and precision. Considering the many scalable options for engineering fluorescent emitters with two-dimensional (2D) materials, our method holds promise for optically detecting a range of interacting species with exceptional localization precision.

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• Fluorescence
• Redox reactions

Article keywords are supplied by the authors and highlight key terms and topics of the paper.

• electrochemistry
• single-molecule localization microscopy
• 2D materials
• spectral characterization

Results and Discussion

Figure 1. Acquisition scheme for opto-electrochemical measurements using hBN in organic solvents. (a) Simplified schematic of the opto-electrochemical setup in the out-of-plane three-electrode configuration. Inverted widefield microscope with a high NA objective is used to observe ensembles of hBN solvent emitters with the electrochemical chamber mounted above. (b) Frames of an hBN flake are acquired while changing the electrochemical potential of the surrounding ITO electrode. Only uniform areas (marked in teal) are used for the detection and localization of emitters, meaning edges and creases of hBN flakes are excluded. The scale bar is 5 μm. Emitted light is split into two channels: spatial (2D Gaussian emitters) and spectral (spread emission after passing through prism). Spatial channel shows the modulation of active emitters by the electrochemical bias in methanol. Several prototypical frames acquired with 30 ms frame rate are shown while switching between −0.25 V and +1.25 V vs Ag/AgCl, demonstrating the clear decrease in the number of active emitters when a positive voltage is applied. (c) In the spatial channel, emitter counts are time-correlated with the applied waveform and are used to show reversibility and quantify electrochemical effect. Response to 30 s pulses can be seen. Raw data is shown with 0.5 transparency and data smoothed with rolling average of 20 frames is shown in dark teal. The corresponding current trace is shown in orange.

Figure 2. Out-of-plane opto-electrochemical measurement with varying applied potential. (a) Simplified schematic of the three-electrode out-of-plane measurement configuration with the inset side view showing the field orientation relative to the flake. hBN flakes are transferred to the ITO-coated coverslip, which is in contact with the solvent above. Glassy carbon electrode serves as a counter electrode and a thin leakless Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode. (b) Top panel shows the potential vs Ag/AgCl (Ψ app ) applied to the ITO working electrode with a triangular waveform for over 20 min in acetonitrile. Bottom panel shows the resulting normalized emitter counts (teal) and current (orange). (c) Change in number of emitters was quantified for various Ψ app using different flakes in methanol and acetonitrile (full data in Supporting Information, Figure S2 ). Change was always characterized relative to that specific experiment’s mean binned emitter counts at Ψ app = 0 V. Linear decrease in the number of emitters per frame is seen at increasingly positive voltages from a Ψ app of −0.4 V and then the delta plateaus. Standard errors for each potential are shown as bars for individual points and as shading for the linear fit.

Examining Reaction Kinetics and Spectra

Figure 3. Out-of-plane localization response characteristics. (a) Long square pulses (150s) were applied cyclically in acetonitrile while the localizations were recorded. Current response to Ψ app = 1.5 V pulses is shown in orange, while the response of the normalized number of emitters, is shown below in teal. (b) Tafel plot obtained from steady state currents recorded during the pulsing experiments shown in part a. Tafel slope derived from a linear fit of these seven points is indicated by the black dashed line and standard deviation of fit in light blue. Orange dashed line indicates linear fit with shadowed standard deviation for the emitter-derived slope. (c) Example decay of emitters in response to a positive pulse averaged from the 5 pulses shown in a. Dark blue line shows the mean number with a light blue cloud of the standard deviation. (d) The kernel density estimation (KDE) overlaid on the histogram of spectral peaks of single emitters at various voltages in acetonitrile, obtained using our sSMLM. Characteristic main peak around 640 nm consistently leads. (e) From the histogram, two main peaks (570 and 640 nm) relative prominences are plotted. Main group at 640 is constant stray spectral groups are reduced at increasing voltages. (f) Average sSMLM-obtained spectra of all emitters at Ψapp = 1.75 V in acetonitrile. From fitting the averaged PL spectra at Ψ app = 1.75 V, we find the zero-phonon line to be 643 nm and the phonon sideband to be 687 nm.

In-Plane Measurements Demonstrate a Spatially Responsive Electrochemical Sensor

Figure 4. In-plane experiments show spatial modulation. (a) Simplified schematic of in-plane two-electrode configuration with the inset side view showing the field orientation relative to the flake. Patterned titanium electrodes are connected to the potentiostat via copper tape contacts that are isolated from the solvent. Top electrode served as the working electrode and bottom as counter/reference. (b) Potential was varied at the working electrode and the normalized number of localizations for the entire flake region is reported in teal over time (50 ms frame rate) for this example trace in acetonitrile. (c) Optical microscope image shows an example sample wherein a flake was transferred between two titanium electrodes. Localizations are analyzed by region, wherein the pink area (“electrode 1”) is near the working electrode and the red area (“electrode 2”) is near the counter/reference electrode. Normalized localizations are then reported with an offset of 1. (d) 50 frames were stacked together from one electrode polarization to show how the density of emitters visibly changes over the distance of the flake in response to the concentration of the analyte. Video of the switching occurring is available as Supporting Information, Video S2 . (e) In acetonitrile, the concentration gradient after the voltage is applied in the first cycle can be seen building over time. Time is reported from the time of the application of the voltage and is shown with inferno color mapping. There is a delay from the onset and then the concentration changes over the course of ∼1 s. The position is reported as distance from the top of the frame in micrometers and the time is from the onset of the experiment (the first cycle). (f) The center of mass (COM) of the emitter localizations can be passed between the two electrodes by switching the polarization (as in part b) for acetonitrile (ACN), ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and octanol (OCT). Here, a position point is shown every 5 s (g) the region corresponding to a switch in polarizations, is averaged for the three pulses and the slope is determined for this linear switching region, corresponding to speed of switching. (h) Reciprocal of the COM slope (COM m –1 ) was plotted against the viscosity in centipoise (cP) for these four solvents.

Proposed Mechanism and the Role of Water and H +

Conclusions, materials and methods, out-of-plane sample preparation, electrochemical methods, in-plane + stray-field sample preparation., ito surface passivation., spectral single molecule localization microscopy, supporting information.

In-plane and out-of-plane experiment videos, 3D rendering of electrochemical cell, working electrode characterization, discussion on reaction kinetics, in-plane electrode fabrication, in-plane spectra, additional experiments with water and HCl, and discussion on mechanisms ( PDF )

• nn4c07189_si_001.pdf (4.43 MB)
• nn4c07189_si_002.avi (48.81 MB)
• nn4c07189_si_003.avi (9.26 MB)
• nn4c07189_si_004.pdf (202.87 kb)

Terms & Conditions

Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html .

Author Information

• Eveline Mayner - Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
• Nathan Ronceray - Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
• Tzu-Heng Chen - Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBEN BM, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
• Kenji Watanabe - Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
• Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgments

E.M. and A.R. would like to thank Professor Kevin Sivula (LIMNO and EPFL) and Professor Jacques-E. Moser (EPFL) for invaluable insights on mechanisms and advice on experimental design in the fields of electrochemistry and photochemistry, respectively. E.M., N.R., M.L., T.-H.C., and A.R. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (grant 101020445─2D-LIQUID). K.W. and T.T. acknowledge support from JSPS KAKENHI (grant nos. 20H00354, 21H05233, and 23H02052) and the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan.

This article references 51 other publications.

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• 3 Rendler, T. ; Neburkova, J. ; Zemek, O. ; Kotek, J. ; Zappe, A. ; Chu, Z. ; Cigler, P. ; Wrachtrup, J. Optical Imaging of Localized Chemical Events Using Programmable Diamond Quantum Nanosensors . Nat. Commun. 2017 , 8 ( 1 ), 14701 ,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14701 Google Scholar 3 Optical imaging of localized chemical events using programmable diamond quantum nanosensors Rendler, Torsten; Neburkova, Jitka; Zemek, Ondrej; Kotek, Jan; Zappe, Andrea; Chu, Zhiqin; Cigler, Petr; Wrachtrup, Joerg Nature Communications ( 2017 ), 8 ( ), 14701 CODEN: NCAOBW ; ISSN: 2041-1723 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) Development of multifunctional nanoscale sensors working under physiol. conditions enables monitoring of intracellular processes that are important for various biol. and medical applications. By attaching paramagnetic gadolinium complexes to nanodiamonds (NDs) with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers through surface engineering, we developed a hybrid nanoscale sensor that can be adjusted to directly monitor physiol. species through a proposed sensing scheme based on NV spin relaxometry. We adopt a single-step method to measure spin relaxation rates enabling time-dependent measurements on changes in pH or redox potential at a submicrometer-length scale in a microfluidic channel that mimics cellular environments. Our exptl. data are reproduced by numerical simulations of the NV spin interaction with gadolinium complexes covering the NDs. Considering the versatile engineering options provided by polymer chem., the underlying mechanism can be expanded to detect a variety of physiol. relevant species and variables. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXkslOhu7Y%253D&md5=b1f21305858f91b036d4fa761704f61b
• 4 Gottscholl, A. ; Diez, M. ; Soltamov, V. ; Kasper, C. ; Krauße, D. ; Sperlich, A. ; Kianinia, M. ; Bradac, C. ; Aharonovich, I. ; Dyakonov, V. Spin Defects in hBN as Promising Temperature, Pressure and Magnetic Field Quantum Sensors . Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 ( 1 ), 4480 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24725-1 Google Scholar 4 Spin defects in hBN as promising temperature, pressure and magnetic field quantum sensors Gottscholl, Andreas; Diez, Matthias; Soltamov, Victor; Kasper, Christian; Krausse, Dominik; Sperlich, Andreas; Kianinia, Mehran; Bradac, Carlo; Aharonovich, Igor; Dyakonov, Vladimir Nature Communications ( 2021 ), 12 ( 1 ), 4480 CODEN: NCAOBW ; ISSN: 2041-1723 . ( Nature Research ) Spin defects in solid-state materials are strong candidate systems for quantum information technol. and sensing applications. Here we explore in details the recently discovered neg. charged boron vacancies (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and demonstrate their use as at. scale sensors for temp., magnetic fields and externally applied pressure. These applications are possible due to the high-spin triplet ground state and bright spin-dependent photoluminescence of the VB-. Specifically, we find that the frequency shift in optically detected magnetic resonance measurements is not only sensitive to static magnetic fields, but also to temp. and pressure changes which we relate to crystal lattice parameters. We show that spin-rich hBN films are potentially applicable as intrinsic sensors in heterostructures made of functionalized 2D materials. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsleru7nI&md5=c54ae53b6299cd4857c7b4bd2b6fdb55
• 5 Balasubramanian, G. ; Chan, I. Y. ; Kolesov, R. ; Al-Hmoud, M. ; Tisler, J. ; Shin, C. ; Kim, C. ; Wojcik, A. ; Hemmer, P. R. ; Krueger, A. ; Hanke, T. ; Leitenstorfer, A. ; Bratschitsch, R. ; Jelezko, F. ; Wrachtrup, J. Nanoscale Imaging Magnetometry with Diamond Spins under Ambient Conditions . Nature 2008 , 455 ( 7213 ), 648 – 651 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nature07278 Google Scholar 5 Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions Balasubramanian, Gopalakrishnan; Chan, I. Y.; Kolesov, Roman; Al-Hmoud, Mohannad; Tisler, Julia; Shin, Chang; Kim, Changdong; Wojcik, Aleksander; Hemmer, Philip R.; Krueger, Anke; Hanke, Tobias; Leitenstorfer, Alfred; Bratschitsch, Rudolf; Jelezko, Fedor; Wrachtrup, Joerg Nature (London, United Kingdom) ( 2008 ), 455 ( 7213 ), 648-651 CODEN: NATUAS ; ISSN: 0028-0836 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) Magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are key technologies in the life sciences. For microbiol. studies, esp. of the inner workings of single cells, optical microscopy is normally used because it easily achieves resoln. close to the optical wavelength. But in conventional microscopy, diffraction limits the resoln. to about half the wavelength. Recently, it was shown that this limit can be partly overcome by nonlinear imaging techniques, but there is still a barrier to reaching the mol. scale. In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resoln. is not detd. by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells, and magnetic resonance force microscopy has succeeded in detecting single electrons and small nuclear spin ensembles. However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temps., which limit most potential biol. applications. Alternatively, single-electron spin states can be detected optically, even at room temp. in some systems. Here we show how magneto-optical spin detection can be used to det. the location of a spin assocd. with a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond with nanometer resoln. under ambient conditions. By placing these nitrogen-vacancy spins in functionalized diamond nanocrystals, biol. specific magnetofluorescent spin markers can be produced. Significantly, we show that this nanometer-scale resoln. can be achieved without any probes located closer than typical cell dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a single diamond spin as a scanning probe magnetometer to map nanoscale magnetic field variations. The potential impact of single-spin imaging at room temp. is far-reaching. It could lead to the capability to probe biol. relevant spins in living cells. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtF2hsbnE&md5=30c05011998dc6abee0562df99d63885
• 6 Dolde, F. ; Fedder, H. ; Doherty, M. W. ; Nöbauer, T. ; Rempp, F. ; Balasubramanian, G. ; Wolf, T. ; Reinhard, F. ; Hollenberg, L. C. L. ; Jelezko, F. ; Wrachtrup, J. Electric-Field Sensing Using Single Diamond Spins . Nat. Phys. 2011 , 7 ( 6 ), 459 – 463 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nphys1969 Google Scholar 6 Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins Dolde, F.; Fedder, H.; Doherty, M. W.; Noebauer, T.; Rempp, F.; Balasubramanian, G.; Wolf, T.; Reinhard, F.; Hollenberg, L. C. L.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. Nature Physics ( 2011 ), 7 ( 6 ), 459-463 CODEN: NPAHAX ; ISSN: 1745-2473 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) The ability to sensitively detect individual charges under ambient conditions would benefit a wide range of applications across disciplines. However, most current techniques are limited to low-temp. methods such as single-electron transistors, single-electron electrostatic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy. Here we introduce a quantum-metrol. technique demonstrating precision three-dimensional elec.-field measurement using a single nitrogen-vacancy defect center spin in diamond. An a.c. elec.-field sensitivity reaching 202±6 V cm-1 Hz-1/2 has been achieved. This corresponds to the elec. field produced by a single elementary charge located at a distance of ∼150 nm from our spin sensor with averaging for one second. The anal. of the electronic structure of the defect center reveals how an applied magnetic field influences the elec.-field-sensing properties. We also demonstrate that diamond-defect-center spins can be switched between elec.- and magnetic-field sensing modes and identify suitable parameter ranges for both detector schemes. By combining magnetic- and elec.-field sensitivity, nanoscale detection and ambient operation, our study should open up new frontiers in imaging and sensing applications ranging from materials science to bioimaging. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXmvVarsbg%253D&md5=1ddca7b39346b2152e0e557fde679676
• 7 Rondin, L. ; Tetienne, J.-P. ; Hingant, T. ; Roch, J.-F. ; Maletinsky, P. ; Jacques, V. Magnetometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Defects in Diamond . Rep. Prog. Phys. 2014 , 77 ( 5 ), 056503 ,  DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/5/056503 Google Scholar 7 Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond Rondin, L.; Tetienne, J.-P.; Hingant, T.; Roch, J.-F.; Maletinsky, P.; Jacques, V. Reports on Progress in Physics ( 2014 ), 77 ( 5 ), 056503/1-056503/26 CODEN: RPPHAG ; ISSN: 0034-4885 . ( IOP Publishing Ltd. ) A review. The isolated electronic spin system of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond offers unique possibilities to be employed as a nanoscale sensor for detection and imaging of weak magnetic fields. Magnetic imaging with nanometric resoln. and field detection capabilities in the nanotesla range are enabled by the at.-size and exceptionally long spin-coherence times of this naturally occurring defect. The exciting perspectives that ensue from these characteristics have triggered vivid exptl. activities in the emerging field of 'NV magnetometry'. It is the purpose of this article to review the recent progress in high-sensitivity nanoscale NV magnetometry, generate an overview of the most pertinent results of the last years and highlight perspectives for future developments. We will present the phys. principles that allow for magnetic field detection with NV centers and discuss first applications of NV magnetometers that have been demonstrated in the context of nano magnetism, mesoscopic physics and the life sciences. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1aju77F&md5=fa1671605d3be102c2769d4303f9de77
• 8 Wu, Y. ; Weil, T. Recent Developments of Nanodiamond Quantum Sensors for Biological Applications . Adv. Sci. 2022 , 9 ( 19 ), 2200059 ,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200059 Google Scholar 8 Recent Developments of Nanodiamond Quantum Sensors for Biological Applications Wu, Yingke; Weil, Tanja Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) ( 2022 ), 9 ( 19 ), 2200059 CODEN: ASDCCF ; ISSN: 2198-3844 . ( Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ) A review. Measuring certain quantities at the nanoscale is often limited to strict conditions such as low temp. or vacuum. However, the recently developed nanodiamond (ND) quantum sensing technol. shows great promise for ultrasensitive diagnosis and probing subcellular parameters at ambient conditions. Atom defects (i.e., N, Si) within the ND lattice provide stable emissions and sometimes spin-dependent photoluminescence. These unique properties endow ND quantum sensors with the capacity to detect local temp., magnetic fields, elec. fields, or strain. In this review, some of the recent, most exciting developments in the prepn. and application of ND sensors to solve current challenges in biol. and medicine including ultrasensitive detection of virions and local sensing of pH, radical species, magnetic fields, temp., and rotational movements, are discussed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhtVGksL7I&md5=1d2b464f26b36fc1c3799a1be1a95c45
• 9 Weng, Q. ; Wang, X. ; Wang, X. ; Bando, Y. ; Golberg, D. Functionalized Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanomaterials: Emerging Properties and Applications . Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016 , 45 ( 14 ), 3989 – 4012 ,  DOI: 10.1039/C5CS00869G Google Scholar 9 Functionalized hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials: emerging properties and applications Weng, Qunhong; Wang, Xuebin; Wang, Xi; Bando, Yoshio; Golberg, Dmitri Chemical Society Reviews ( 2016 ), 45 ( 14 ), 3989-4012 CODEN: CSRVBR ; ISSN: 0306-0012 . ( Royal Society of Chemistry ) Functionalization is an important way to breed new properties and applications for a material. This review presents an overview of the progresses in functionalized hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanomaterials. It begins with an introduction of h-BN structural features, phys. and chem. properties, followed by an emphasis on the developments of BN functionalization strategies and its emerging properties/applications, and ends with the research perspectives. Different functionalization methods, including phys. and chem. routes, are comprehensively described toward fabrication of various BN derivs., hetero- and porous structures, etc. Novel properties of functionalized BN materials, such as high water soly., excellent biocompatibility, tunable surface affinities, good processibility, adjustable band gaps, etc., have guaranteed wide applications in biomedical, electronic, composite, environmental and "green" energy-related fields. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XnvVGru7g%253D&md5=cd29975050f7f709088d15b4887d5e70
• 10 Roy, S. ; Zhang, X. ; Puthirath, A. B. ; Meiyazhagan, A. ; Bhattacharyya, S. ; Rahman, M. M. ; Babu, G. ; Susarla, S. ; Saju, S. K. ; Tran, M. K. ; Sassi, L. M. ; Saadi, M. ; Lai, J. ; Sahin, O. ; Sajadi, S. M. ; Dharmarajan, B. ; Salpekar, D. ; Chakingal, N. ; Baburaj, A. ; Shuai, X. ; Adumbumkulath, A. ; Miller, K. A. ; Gayle, J. M. ; Ajnsztajn, A. ; Prasankumar, T. ; Harikrishnan, V. V. J. ; Ojha, V. ; Kannan, H. ; Khater, A. Z. ; Zhu, Z. ; Iyengar, S. A. ; Autreto, P. A. d. S. ; Oliveira, E. F. ; Gao, G. ; Birdwell, A. G. ; Neupane, M. R. ; Ivanov, T. G. ; Taha-Tijerina, J. ; Yadav, R. M. ; Arepalli, S. ; Vajtai, R. ; Ajayan, P. M. ; Ajayan, P. M. Structure, Properties and Applications of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Adv. Mater. 2021 , 33 ( 44 ), 2101589 ,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101589 Google Scholar 10 Structure, Properties and Applications of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Roy, Soumyabrata; Zhang, Xiang; Puthirath, Anand B.; Meiyazhagan, Ashokkumar; Bhattacharyya, Sohini; Rahman, Muhammad M.; Babu, Ganguli; Susarla, Sandhya; Saju, Sreehari K.; Tran, Mai Kim; Sassi, Lucas M.; Saadi, M. A. S. R.; Lai, Jiawei; Sahin, Onur; Sajadi, Seyed Mohammad; Dharmarajan, Bhuvaneswari; Salpekar, Devashish; Chakingal, Nithya; Baburaj, Abhijit; Shuai, Xinting; Adumbumkulath, Aparna; Miller, Kristen A.; Gayle, Jessica M.; Ajnsztajn, Alec; Prasankumar, Thibeorchews; Harikrishnan, Vijay Vedhan Jayanthi; Ojha, Ved; Kannan, Harikishan; Khater, Ali Zein; Zhu, Zhenwei; Iyengar, Sathvik Ajay; Autreto, Pedro Alves da Silva; Oliveira, Eliezer Fernando; Gao, Guanhui; Birdwell, A. Glen; Neupane, Mahesh R.; Ivanov, Tony G.; Taha-Tijerina, Jaime; Yadav, Ram Manohar; Arepalli, Sivaram; Vajtai, Robert; Ajayan, Pulickel M. Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) ( 2021 ), 33 ( 44 ), 2101589 CODEN: ADVMEW ; ISSN: 0935-9648 . ( Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ) A review. Hexagonal BN (h-BN) has emerged as a strong candidate for 2-dimensional (2D) material owing to its exciting optoelec. properties combined with mech. robustness, thermal stability, and chem. inertness. Super-thin h-BN layers have gained significant attention from the scientific community for many applications, including nanoelectronics, photonics, biomedical, anti-corrosion, and catalysis, among others. A systematic elaboration of the structural, elec., mech., optical, and thermal properties of h-BN followed by a comprehensive account of state-of-the-art synthesis strategies for 2D h-BN, including chem. exfoliation, chem., and phys. vapor deposition, and other methods that were developed in recent years is provided. It further elaborates a wide variety of processing routes developed for doping, substitution, functionalization, and combination with other materials to form heterostructures. Based on the extraordinary properties and thermal-mech.-chem. stability of 2D h-BN, various potential applications of these structures are described. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitFamsL3I&md5=5b8700c618d1863245f70e6125db36cb
• 11 Wang, Y. ; Cao, Z. ; Yang, Q. ; Guo, W. ; Su, B. Optical Methods for Studying Local Electrochemical Reactions with Spatial Resolution: A Critical Review . Anal. Chim. Acta 2019 , 1074 , 1 – 15 ,  DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.053 Google Scholar 11 Optical methods for studying local electrochemical reactions with spatial resolution: A critical review Wang, Yafeng; Cao, Zhiyuan; Yang, Qian; Guo, Weiliang; Su, Bin Analytica Chimica Acta ( 2019 ), 1074 ( ), 1-15 CODEN: ACACAM ; ISSN: 0003-2670 . ( Elsevier B.V. ) A review. Electrochem. has been developed toward high spatial resoln. and throughput during the past decades to match the growing demands for studying heterogeneous electrodes and nanomaterials that are widely used in electrocatalysis, electroanal. and energy conversion. Combining optical methods with electrochem. enables us to obtain local electrochem. information via a noninvasive way. Optical methods also possess high throughput, which are beneficial to investigate large amts. of nanoelectrodes or nanocatalysts simultaneously, and to develop electrochem. multiplex sensors. This article critically reviews the optical methods that have been developed with spatial resoln. for imaging electrochem. reactions and processes in the nanometer-scale. Recent development on these methods, such as plasmonics-based electrochem. current microscopy (PECM), dark field microscopy (DFM), Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy (FLM) and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), and research progress in the relevant fields, particularly nanocatalysis and single particle/mol. electrochem., will be briefly overviewed. Finally, current limitations and trends of these optical methods and potential strategies to further improve the spatial resoln. of electrochem. are discussed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXltFCmur4%253D&md5=bcc899b0c51aaf05461081f80c2ecf34
• 12 Mathwig, K. ; Aartsma, T. J. ; Canters, G. W. ; Lemay, S. G. Nanoscale Methods for Single-Molecule Electrochemistry . Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2014 , 7 ( 1 ), 383 – 404 ,  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092557 Google Scholar 12 Nanoscale methods for single-molecule electrochemistry Mathwig, Klaus; Aartsma, Thijs J.; Canters, Gerard W.; Lemay, Serge G. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry ( 2014 ), 7 ( ), 383-404 CODEN: ARACFU ; ISSN: 1936-1327 . ( Annual Reviews ) The development of expts. capable of probing individual mols. led to major breakthroughs in fields ranging from mol. electronics to biophysics, allowing direct tests of knowledge derived from macroscopic measurements and enabling new assays that probe population heterogeneities and internal mol. dynamics. Although still somewhat in their infancy, such methods are also being developed for probing mol. systems in soln. using electrochem. transduction mechanisms. Here the authors outline the present status of this emerging field, concg. in particular on optical methods, metal-mol.-metal junctions, and electrochem. nanofluidic devices. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1agsA%253D%253D&md5=dea5dba61f75eec5b25a0f0cbf2b8470
• 13 de Oteyza, D. G. ; Gorman, P. ; Chen, Y.-C. ; Wickenburg, S. ; Riss, A. ; Mowbray, D. J. ; Etkin, G. ; Pedramrazi, Z. ; Tsai, H.-Z. ; Rubio, A. ; Crommie, M. F. ; Fischer, F. R. Direct Imaging of Covalent Bond Structure in Single-Molecule Chemical Reactions . Science 2013 , 340 ( 6139 ), 1434 – 1437 ,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1238187 Google Scholar 13 Direct Imaging of Covalent Bond Structure in Single-Molecule Chemical Reactions de Oteyza, Dimas G.; Gorman, Patrick; Chen, Yen-Chia; Wickenburg, Sebastian; Riss, Alexander; Mowbray, Duncan J.; Etkin, Grisha; Pedramrazi, Zahra; Tsai, Hsin-Zon; Rubio, Angel; Crommie, Michael F.; Fischer, Felix R. Science (Washington, DC, United States) ( 2013 ), 340 ( 6139 ), 1434-1437 CODEN: SCIEAS ; ISSN: 0036-8075 . ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) Observing the intricate chem. transformation of an individual mol. as it undergoes a complex reaction is a long-standing challenge in mol. imaging. Advances in scanning probe microscopy now provide the tools to visualize not only the frontier orbitals of chem. reaction partners and products, but their internal covalent bond configurations as well. The authors used noncontact at. force microscopy to study reaction-induced changes in the detailed internal bond structure of individual oligo-(phenylene-1,2-ethynylenes) on a (100) oriented silver surface as they underwent cyclization processes. Images reveal the complex surface reaction mechanisms underlying thermally induced cyclization cascades of enediynes. Calcns. using ab initio d. functional theory provide addnl. support for the proposed reaction pathways. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpsFKlt7s%253D&md5=6bdd52360a8ac97442ebdcc14cf5f9af
• 14 van Schrojenstein Lantman, E. ; Deckert-Gaudig, T. ; Mank, A. J. G. ; Deckert, V. ; Weckhuysen, B. M. Catalytic processes monitored at the nanoscale with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy . Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012 , 7 ( 9 ), 583 – 586 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.131 Google Scholar 14 Catalytic processes monitored at the nanoscale with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy van Schrojenstein Lantman, Evelien M.; Deckert-Gaudig, Tanja; Mank, Arjan J. G.; Deckert, Volker; Weckhuysen, Bert M. Nature Nanotechnology ( 2012 ), 7 ( 9 ), 583-586 CODEN: NNAABX ; ISSN: 1748-3387 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) Heterogeneous catalysts play a pivotal role in the chem. industry, but acquiring mol. insights into functioning catalysts remains a significant challenge. Recent advances in micro-spectroscopic approaches have allowed spatiotemporal information to be obtained on the dynamics of single active sites and the diffusion of single mols. However, these methods lack nanometer-scale spatial resoln. and/or require the use of fluorescent labels. Here, we show that time-resolved tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can monitor photocatalytic reactions at the nanoscale. We use a silver-coated at. force microscope tip to both enhance the Raman signal and to act as the catalyst. The tip is placed in contact with a self-assembled monolayer of p-nitrothiophenol mols. adsorbed on gold nanoplates. A photocatalytic redn. process is induced at the apex of the tip with green laser light, while red laser light is used to monitor the transformation process during the reaction. This dual-wavelength approach can also be used to observe other mol. effects such as monolayer diffusion. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xht1ahtrfN&md5=c129a78a61f1b0c392a37a6f3ee90841
• 15 Zhong, J.-H. ; Jin, X. ; Meng, L. ; Wang, X. ; Su, H.-S. ; Yang, Z.-L. ; Williams, C. T. ; Ren, B. Probing the Electronic and Catalytic Properties of a Bimetallic Surface with 3 Nm Resolution . Nat. Nanotechnol. 2017 , 12 ( 2 ), 132 – 136 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.241 Google Scholar 15 Probing the electronic and catalytic properties of a bimetallic surface with 3 nm resolution Zhong, Jin-Hui; Jin, Xi; Meng, Lingyan; Wang, Xiang; Su, Hai-Sheng; Yang, Zhi-Lin; Williams, Christopher T.; Ren, Bin Nature Nanotechnology ( 2017 ), 12 ( 2 ), 132-136 CODEN: NNAABX ; ISSN: 1748-3387 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) An at.- and mol.-level understanding of heterogeneous catalysis is required to characterize the nature of active sites and improve the rational design of catalysts. Achieving this level of characterization requires techniques that can correlate catalytic performances to sp. surface structures, so as to avoid averaging effects. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combines scanning probe microscopy with plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering and provides simultaneous topog. and chem. information at the nano/at. scale from ambient to ultrahigh-vacuum and electrochem. environments. Therefore, it has been used to monitor catalytic reactions and is proposed to correlate the local structure and function of heterogeneous catalysts. Bimetallic catalysts, such as Pd-Au, show superior performance in various catalytic reactions, but it has remained challenging to correlate structure and reactivity because of their structural complexity. Here, we show that TERS can chem. and spatially probe the site-specific chem. (electronic and catalytic) and phys. (plasmonic) properties of an atomically well-defined Pd(sub-monolayer)/Au(111) bimetallic model catalyst at 3 nm resoln. in real space using Ph isocyanide as a probe mol. (Fig. 1a). We observe a weakened N≃C bond and enhanced reactivity of Ph isocyanide adsorbed at the Pd step edge compared with that at the Pd terrace. D. functional theory corroborates these observations by revealing a higher d-band electronic profile for the low-coordinated Pd step edge atoms. The 3 nm spatial resoln. we demonstrate here is the result of an enhanced elec. field and distinct electronic properties at the step edges. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFahtLbK&md5=2ea09e5ad0a8f5704c523d3a49ebfdba
• 16 Obien, M. E. J. ; Deligkaris, K. ; Bullmann, T. ; Bakkum, D. J. ; Frey, U. Revealing Neuronal Function through Microelectrode Array Recordings . Front. Neurosci. 2015 , 8 , 423 ,  DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00423 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 17 Huang, X.-J. ; O’Mahony, A. M. ; Compton, R. G. Microelectrode Arrays for Electrochemistry: Approaches to Fabrication . Small 2009 , 5 ( 7 ), 776 – 788 ,  DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801593 Google Scholar 17 Microelectrode arrays for electrochemistry: approaches to fabrication Huang, Xing-Jiu; O'Mahony, Aoife M.; Compton, Richard G. Small ( 2009 ), 5 ( 7 ), 776-788 CODEN: SMALBC ; ISSN: 1613-6810 . ( Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ) A review. Microelectrode arrays have unique electrochem. properties such as small capacitive-charging currents, reduced iR drop, and steady-state diffusion currents. These properties enable the use of microelectrode arrays and have captured much interest in the field of electrochem. Techniques for the fabrication of such arrays, including photolithog., screen-printing, and electrodeposition, and modifications to the microelectrode array and microelectrode array materials are reviewed. The relative features and merits of different techniques are also discussed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXks1Citbk%253D&md5=ff16f08e93df91758e2c6c52b023ef2e
• 18 Fan, S. ; Webb, J. E. A. ; Yang, Y. ; Nieves, D. J. ; Gonçales, V. R. ; Tran, J. ; Hilzenrat, G. ; Kahram, M. ; Tilley, R. D. ; Gaus, K. ; Gooding, J. J. Observing the Reversible Single Molecule Electrochemistry of Alexa Fluor 647 Dyes by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy . Angew. Chem. 2019 , 18 ( 41 ), 14637 – 14640 ,  DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907298 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 19 Yang, Y. ; Ma, Y. ; Berengut, J. F. ; Lee, L. K. ; Tilley, R. D. ; Gaus, K. ; Gooding, J. J. Electrochemically Controlled Blinking of Fluorophores for Quantitative STORM Imaging. Nat . Photonics 2024 , 1 – 8 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01431-0 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 20 Tran, T. T. ; Elbadawi, C. ; Totonjian, D. ; Lobo, C. J. ; Grosso, G. ; Moon, H. ; Englund, D. R. ; Ford, M. J. ; Aharonovich, I. ; Toth, M. Robust Multicolor Single Photon Emission from Point Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . ACS Nano 2016 , 10 ( 8 ), 7331 – 7338 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03602 Google Scholar 20 Robust Multicolor Single Photon Emission from Point Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Tran, Toan Trong; Elbadawi, Christopher; Totonjian, Daniel; Lobo, Charlene J.; Grosso, Gabriele; Moon, Hyowon; Englund, Dirk R.; Ford, Michael J.; Aharonovich, Igor; Toth, Milos ACS Nano ( 2016 ), 10 ( 8 ), 7331-7338 CODEN: ANCAC3 ; ISSN: 1936-0851 . ( American Chemical Society ) Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is an emerging two-dimensional material for quantum photonics owing to its large bandgap and hyperbolic properties. Here we report two approaches for engineering quantum emitters in hBN multilayers using either electron beam irradn. or annealing and characterize their photophys. properties. The defects exhibit a broad range of multicolor room-temp. single photon emissions across the visible and the near-IR spectral ranges, narrow line widths of sub-10 nm at room temp., and a short excited-state lifetime, and high brightness. We show that the emitters can be categorized into two general groups, but most likely possess similar crystallog. structure. Remarkably, the emitters are extremely robust and withstand aggressive annealing treatments in oxidizing and reducing environments. Our results constitute a step toward deterministic engineering of single emitters in 2D materials and hold great promise for the use of defects in boron nitride as sources for quantum information processing and nanophotonics. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtFGmtbfO&md5=f9ce9ec31ae14d3b2d04ced6365b633f
• 21 Abdi, M. ; Chou, J.-P. ; Gali, A. ; Plenio, M. B. Color Centers in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Monolayers: A Group Theory and Ab Initio Analysis . ACS Photonics 2018 , 5 ( 5 ), 1967 – 1976 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01442 Google Scholar 21 Color Centers in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Monolayers: A Group Theory and Ab Initio Analysis Abdi, Mehdi; Chou, Jyh-Pin; Gali, Adam; Plenio, Martin B. ACS Photonics ( 2018 ), 5 ( 5 ), 1967-1976 CODEN: APCHD5 ; ISSN: 2330-4022 . ( American Chemical Society ) We theor. study phys. properties of the most promising color center candidates for the recently obsd. single-photon emissions in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayers. Through our group theory anal. combined with d. functional theory (DFT) calcns. we provide several pieces of evidence that the electronic properties of the color centers match the characters of the exptl. obsd. emitters. We calc. the symmetry-adapted multielectron wave functions of the defects using group theory methods and analyze the spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions in detail. We also identify the radiative and nonradiative transition channels for each color center. An advanced ab initio DFT method is then used to compute energy levels of the color centers and their zero-phonon-line (ZPL) emissions. The computed ZPLs, the profile of excitation and emission dipole polarizations, and the competing relaxation processes are discussed and matched with the obsd. emission lines. By providing evidence for the relation between single-photon emitters and local defects in h-BN, this work provides the first steps toward harnessing quantum dynamics of these color centers. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXnslKlsrk%253D&md5=03d000efe1af7a9dfd0e3a972ea8c5cf
• 22 Liu, W. ; Guo, N.-J. ; Yu, S. ; Meng, Y. ; Li, Z.-P. ; Yang, Y.-Z. ; Wang, Z.-A. ; Zeng, X.-D. ; Xie, L.-K. ; Li, Q. ; Wang, J.-F. ; Xu, J.-S. ; Wang, Y.-T. ; Tang, J.-S. ; Li, C.-F. ; Guo, G.-C. Spin-Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Mater. Quantum Technol. 2022 , 2 ( 3 ), 032002 ,  DOI: 10.1088/2633-4356/ac7e9f Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 23 Aharonovich, I. ; Tetienne, J.-P. ; Toth, M. Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Nano Lett. 2022 , 22 ( 23 ), 9227 – 9235 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03743 Google Scholar 23 Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Aharonovich, Igor; Tetienne, Jean-Philippe; Toth, Milos Nano Letters ( 2022 ), 22 ( 23 ), 9227-9235 CODEN: NALEFD ; ISSN: 1530-6984 . ( American Chemical Society ) A review. Hexagonal BN (hBN) has emerged as a fascinating platform to explore quantum emitters and their applications. Beyond being a wide-band gap material, it is also a van der Waals crystal, enabling direct exfoliation of atomically thin layers-a combination which offers unique advantages over bulk, 3D crystals. The unique properties of hBN quantum emitters are discussed, and progress toward their future implementation in practical devices is highlighted. The focus is on engineering and integration of the emitters with scalable photonic resonators. Recently discovered spin defects in hBN is highlighted, and their potential utility for quantum sensing is discussed. Hexagonal BN has become a front runner in explorations of solid-state quantum science with promising future prospects. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XivFansrrE&md5=e954b508ee99887478f700200a32c046
• 24 White, S. J. U. ; Yang, T. ; Dontschuk, N. ; Li, C. ; Xu, Z.-Q. ; Kianinia, M. ; Stacey, A. ; Toth, M. ; Aharonovich, I. Electrical Control of Quantum Emitters in a Van Der Waals Heterostructure . Light Sci. Appl. 2022 , 11 ( 1 ), 186 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00877-7 Google Scholar 24 Electrical control of quantum emitters in a Van der Waals heterostructure White, Simon J. U.; Yang, Tieshan; Dontschuk, Nikolai; Li, Chi; Xu, Zai-Quan; Kianinia, Mehran; Stacey, Alastair; Toth, Milos; Aharonovich, Igor Light: Science & Applications ( 2022 ), 11 ( 1 ), 186 CODEN: LSAIAZ ; ISSN: 2047-7538 . ( Nature Portfolio ) Abstr.: Controlling and manipulating individual quantum systems in solids underpins the growing interest in the development of scalable quantum technologies. Recently, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has garnered significant attention in quantum photonic applications due to its ability to host optically stable quantum emitters. However, the large bandgap of hBN and the lack of efficient doping inhibits elec. triggering and limits opportunities to study the elec. control of emitters. Here, we show an approach to elec. modulate quantum emitters in an hBN-graphene van der Waals heterostructure. We show that quantum emitters in hBN can be reversibly activated and modulated by applying a bias across the device. Notably, a significant no. of quantum emitters are intrinsically dark and become optically active at non-zero voltages. To explain the results, we provide a heuristic electrostatic model of this unique behavior. Finally, employing these devices we demonstrate a nearly-coherent source with linewidths of ∼160 MHz. Our results enhance the potential of hBN for tunable solid-state quantum emitters for the growing field of quantum information science. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhsFGqtb7P&md5=b9e3d040e9e21ddff5f2a08e169f6b86
• 25 Yu, M. ; Yim, D. ; Seo, H. ; Lee, J. Electrical Charge Control of H-BN Single Photon Sources . 2D Mater. 2022 , 9 ( 3 ), 035020 ,  DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ac75f4 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 26 Dhu-al Shaik, A. B. ; Palla, P. ; Jenkins, D. Electrical Tuning of Quantum Light Emitters in hBN for Free Space and Telecom Optical Bands . Sci. Rep. 2024 , 14 ( 1 ), 811 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51504-x Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 27 Gottscholl, A. ; Diez, M. ; Soltamov, V. ; Kasper, C. ; Sperlich, A. ; Kianinia, M. ; Bradac, C. ; Aharonovich, I. ; Dyakonov, V. Room Temperature Coherent Control of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Sci. Adv. 2021 , 7 ( 14 ), eabf3630  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3630 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 28 Comtet, J. ; Grosjean, B. ; Glushkov, E. ; Avsar, A. ; Watanabe, K. ; Taniguchi, T. ; Vuilleumier, R. ; Bocquet, M.-L. ; Radenovic, A. Direct Observation of Water-Mediated Single-Proton Transport between hBN Surface Defects . Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020 , 15 ( 7 ), 598 – 604 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0695-4 Google Scholar 28 Direct observation of water-mediated single-proton transport between hBN surface defects Comtet, Jean; Grosjean, Benoit; Glushkov, Evgenii; Avsar, Ahmet; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Vuilleumier, Rodolphe; Bocquet, Marie-Laure; Radenovic, Aleksandra Nature Nanotechnology ( 2020 ), 15 ( 7 ), 598-604 CODEN: NNAABX ; ISSN: 1748-3387 . ( Nature Research ) Aq. proton transport at interfaces is ubiquitous and crucial for a no. of fields, ranging from cellular transport and signalling, to catalysis and membrane science. However, due to their light mass, small size and high chem. reactivity, uncovering the surface transport of single protons at room temp. and in an aq. environment has so far remained out-of-reach of conventional at.-scale surface science techniques, such as scanning tunnelling microscopy. Here, we use single-mol. localization microscopy to resolve optically the transport of individual excess protons at the interface of hexagonal boron nitride crystals and aq. solns. at room temp. Single excess proton trajectories are revealed by the successive protonation and activation of optically active defects at the surface of the crystal. Our observations demonstrate, at the single-mol. scale, that the solid/water interface provides a preferential pathway for lateral proton transport, with broad implications for mol. charge transport at liq. interfaces. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVSgsrbJ&md5=68201b4632e5acd81a17ac96b44ffe62
• 29 Robertson, I. O. ; Scholten, S. C. ; Singh, P. ; Healey, A. J. ; Meneses, F. ; Reineck, P. ; Abe, H. ; Ohshima, T. ; Kianinia, M. ; Aharonovich, I. ; Tetienne, J.-P. Detection of Paramagnetic Spins with an Ultrathin van Der Waals Quantum Sensor . ACS Nano 2023 , 17 ( 14 ), 13408 – 13417 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01678 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 30 Sülzle, J. ; Yang, W. ; Shimoda, Y. ; Ronceray, N. ; Mayner, E. ; Manley, S. ; Radenovic, A. Label-Free Imaging of DNA Interactions with 2D Materials . ACS Photonics 2024 , 11 ( 2 ), 737 – 744 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01604 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 31 Shin, D. H. ; Kim, S. H. ; Coshic, K. ; Watanabe, K. ; Taniguchi, T. ; Verbiest, G. ; Caneva, S. ; Aksimentiev, A. ; Steeneken, P. G. ; Joo, C. Diffusion of DNA on Atomically Flat 2D Material Surfaces , 2023 . bioRxiv 2023.11.01.565159. bioRxiv  DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565159 . Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 32 Ronceray, N. ; You, Y. ; Glushkov, E. ; Lihter, M. ; Rehl, B. ; Chen, T.-H. ; Nam, G.-H. ; Borza, F. ; Watanabe, K. ; Taniguchi, T. ; Roke, S. ; Keerthi, A. ; Comtet, J. ; Radha, B. ; Radenovic, A. Liquid-Activated Quantum Emission from Pristine Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Nanofluidic Sensing . Nat. Mater. 2023 , 22 ( 10 ), 1236 – 1242 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01658-2 Google Scholar 32 Liquid-activated quantum emission from pristine hexagonal boron nitride for nanofluidic sensing Ronceray, Nathan; You, Yi; Glushkov, Evgenii; Lihter, Martina; Rehl, Benjamin; Chen, Tzu-Heng; Nam, Gwang-Hyeon; Borza, Fanny; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Roke, Sylvie; Keerthi, Ashok; Comtet, Jean; Radha, Boya; Radenovic, Aleksandra Nature Materials ( 2023 ), 22 ( 10 ), 1236-1242 CODEN: NMAACR ; ISSN: 1476-1122 . ( Nature Portfolio ) Liqs. confined down to the at. scale can show radically new properties. However, only indirect and ensemble measurements operate in such extreme confinement, calling for novel optical approaches that enable direct imaging at the mol. level. Here we harness fluorescence originating from single-photon emitters at the surface of hexagonal boron nitride for mol. imaging and sensing in nanometrically confined liqs. The emission originates from the chemisorption of org. solvent mols. onto native surface defects, revealing single-mol. dynamics at the interface through the spatially correlated activation of neighboring defects. Emitter spectra further offer a direct readout of the local dielec. properties, unveiling increasing dielec. order under nanometer-scale confinement. Liq.-activated native hexagonal boron nitride defects bridge the gap between solid-state nanophotonics and nanofluidics, opening new avenues for nanoscale sensing and optofluidics. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhvVaisb3N&md5=ee3835c6f0049f83995a8e23d62b7b4b
• 33 Comtet, J. ; Glushkov, E. ; Navikas, V. ; Feng, J. ; Babenko, V. ; Hofmann, S. ; Watanabe, K. ; Taniguchi, T. ; Radenovic, A. Wide-Field Spectral Super-Resolution Mapping of Optically Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Nano Lett. 2019 , 19 ( 4 ), 2516 – 2523 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00178 Google Scholar 33 Wide-Field Spectral Super-Resolution Mapping of Optically Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Comtet, Jean; Glushkov, Evgenii; Navikas, Vytautas; Feng, Jiandong; Babenko, Vitaliy; Hofmann, Stephan; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Radenovic, Aleksandra Nano Letters ( 2019 ), 19 ( 4 ), 2516-2523 CODEN: NALEFD ; ISSN: 1530-6984 . ( American Chemical Society ) Point defects can have significant impact on the mech., electronic, and optical properties of materials. The development of robust, multidimensional, high-throughput, and large-scale characterization techniques of defects is thus crucial for the establishment of integrated nanophotonic technols. and material growth optimization. The potential of wide-field spectral single-mol. localization microscopy (SMLM) for the detn. of ensemble spectral properties as well as the characterization of spatial, spectral, and temporal dynamics of single defects in CVD-grown and irradiated exfoliated hexagonal BN materials was demonstrated. The heterogeneous spectral response of the samples was characterized and ≥2 types of defects were identified in CVD-grown materials, while irradiated exfoliated flakes show predominantly only 1 type of defects. The blinking kinetics and spectral emission for each type of defect were analyzed and discuss their implications with respect to the obsd. spectral heterogeneity of the samples. The study shows the potential of wide-field spectral SMLM techniques in material science and paves the way toward the quant. multidimensional mapping of defect properties. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXkslajsb4%253D&md5=07bc513ec1744384341ca595eabf0d1e
• 34 Armstrong, N. R. ; Lin, A. W. C. ; Fujihira, M.. ; Kuwana, T. Electrochemical and surface characteristics of tin oxide and indium oxide electrodes . Anal. Chem. 1976 , 48 ( 4 ), 741 – 750 ,  DOI: 10.1021/ac60368a035 Google Scholar 34 Electrochemical and surface characteristics of tin oxide and indium oxide electrodes Armstrong, Neal R.; Lin, Albert W. C.; Fujihira, Masamichi; Kuwana, Theodore Analytical Chemistry ( 1976 ), 48 ( 4 ), 741-50 CODEN: ANCHAM ; ISSN: 0003-2700 . The electrochem. characteristics of heavily doped SnO2 and In2O3 thin film electrodes were correlated with results of surface anal. by x-ray photoelectron (ESCA) and Auger spectroscopy. From measurement of current, capacitance, and surface cond. as a function of the applied electrode potential, regions of potential where surface reactions were possibly occurring could be delineated. ESCA/Auger anal. of these electrodes, which were poised in various potential regions, confirmed the changes in the stoichiometry of the metal oxides at the surface. Similar analyses were performed on SnO2 surfaces which had been moified by derivatization of the surface. Such modifications resulted in the lowering of the effective carrier d. of the surface. Depth and extent of coverage of these modified electrodes could be inferred from the Auger anal. coupled with Ar-ion sputtering of the surface. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaE28XhsFOiur4%253D&md5=d307005b24ef937b1ded9a6454bb21b4
• 35 Benck, J. D. ; Pinaud, B. A. ; Gorlin, Y. ; Jaramillo, T. F. Substrate Selection for Fundamental Studies of Electrocatalysts and Photoelectrodes: Inert Potential Windows in Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Electrolyte . PLoS One 2014 , 9 ( 10 ), e107942  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107942 Google Scholar 35 Substrate selection for fundamental studies of electrocatalysts and photoelectrodes: inert potential windows in acidic, neutral, and basic electrolyte Benck, Jesse D.; Pinaud, Blaise A.; Gorlin, Yelena; Jaramillo, Thomas F. PLoS One ( 2014 ), 9 ( 10 ), e107942/1-e107942/13, 13 pp. CODEN: POLNCL ; ISSN: 1932-6203 . ( Public Library of Science ) The selection of an appropriate substrate is an important initial step for many studies of electrochem. active materials. In order to help researchers with the substrate selection process, we employ a consistent exptl. methodol. to evaluate the electrochem. reactivity and stability of seven potential substrate materials for electrocatalyst and photoelectrode evaluation. Using cyclic voltammetry with a progressively increased scan range, we characterize three transparent conducting oxides (indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide) and four opaque conductors (gold, stainless steel 304, glassy carbon, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) in three different electrolytes (sulfuric acid, sodium acetate, and sodium hydroxide). We det. the inert potential window for each substrate/electrolyte combination and make recommendations about which materials may be most suitable for application under different exptl. conditions. Furthermore, the testing methodol. provides a framework for other researchers to evaluate and report the baseline activity of other substrates of interest to the broader community. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvV2isrnJ&md5=197d72ba7fac9fc979e2318f6616f8e4
• 36 Kraft, A. ; Hennig, H. ; Herbst, A. ; Heckner, K.-H. Changes in Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Layers after Strong Anodic Polarization . J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994 , 365 ( 1–2 ), 191 – 196 ,  DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)03056-U Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 37 Shinagawa, T. ; Garcia-Esparza, A. T. ; Takanabe, K. Insight on Tafel Slopes from a Microkinetic Analysis of Aqueous Electrocatalysis for Energy Conversion . Sci. Rep. 2015 , 5 ( 1 ), 13801 ,  DOI: 10.1038/srep13801 Google Scholar 37 Insight on Tafel slopes from a microkinetic analysis of aqueous electrocatalysis for energy conversion Shinagawa Tatsuya; Garcia-Esparza Angel T; Takanabe Kazuhiro Scientific reports ( 2015 ), 5 ( ), 13801 ISSN: . Microkinetic analyses of aqueous electrochemistry involving gaseous H2 or O2, i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), are revisited. The Tafel slopes used to evaluate the rate determining steps generally assume extreme coverage of the adsorbed species (θ≈0 or ≈1), although, in practice, the slopes are coverage-dependent. We conducted detailed kinetic analyses describing the coverage-dependent Tafel slopes for the aforementioned reactions. Our careful analyses provide a general benchmark for experimentally observed Tafel slopes that can be assigned to specific rate determining steps. The Tafel analysis is a powerful tool for discussing the rate determining steps involved in electrocatalysis, but our study also demonstrated that overly simplified assumptions led to an inaccurate description of the surface electrocatalysis. Additionally, in many studies, Tafel analyses have been performed in conjunction with the Butler-Volmer equation, where its applicability regarding only electron transfer kinetics is often overlooked. Based on the derived kinetic description of the HER/HOR as an example, the limitation of Butler-Volmer expression in electrocatalysis is also discussed in this report. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC283gsFeluw%253D%253D&md5=ac27784a48ec67e4bea1ac3d6c62a416
• 38 Anantharaj, S. ; Noda, S. How Properly Are We Interpreting the Tafel Lines in Energy Conversion Electrocatalysis? . Mater. Today Energy 2022 , 29 , 101123 ,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101123 Google Scholar 38 How properly are we interpreting the Tafel lines in energy conversion electrocatalysis Anantharaj, Sengeni; Noda, Suguru Materials Today Energy ( 2022 ), 29 ( ), 101123 CODEN: MTEACH ; ISSN: 2468-6069 . ( Elsevier Ltd. ) A review. Tafel anal. is one of the most important ways of screening all energy conversion electrocatalysis as it helps to get information on activity (via exchange c.d.) and mechanism (via Tafel slope). Inappropriate methods of constructing Tafel plots combined with improper interpretation of Tafel parameters (esp. Tafel slopes) are clouding the literature more recently than ever because of the unawareness in handling electrochem. characterization data in the research community. Hence, this perspective is dedicated to give a deep discussion on how to properly interpret Tafel lines in water splitting electrocatalysis that can also be adopted for analyzing the Tafel characteristics of other energy conversion reactions. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XisVKgurnO&md5=b879d851a5533378385da2de6236cf2d
• 39 Dunwell, M. ; Luc, W. ; Yan, Y. ; Jiao, F. ; Xu, B. Understanding Surface-Mediated Electrochemical Reactions: CO2 Reduction and Beyond . ACS Catal. 2018 , 8 ( 9 ), 8121 – 8129 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02181 Google Scholar 39 Understanding Surface-Mediated Electrochemical Reactions: CO2 Reduction and Beyond Dunwell, Marco; Luc, Wesley; Yan, Yushan; Jiao, Feng; Xu, Bingjun ACS Catalysis ( 2018 ), 8 ( 9 ), 8121-8129 CODEN: ACCACS ; ISSN: 2155-5435 . ( American Chemical Society ) Understanding reaction pathways and mechanisms for electrocatalytic transformation of small mols. (e.g., H2O, CO2, and N2) to value-added chems. is crit. to enabling the rational design of high-performing catalytic systems. Tafel anal. is widely used to gain mechanistic insights, and in some cases, has been used to det. the reaction mechanism. In this Perspective, we discuss the mechanistic insights that can be gained from Tafel anal. and its limitations using the simplest two-electron CO2 redn. reaction to CO on Au and Ag surfaces as an example. By comparing and analyzing existing as well as addnl. kinetic data, we show that the Tafel slopes obtained on Au and Ag surfaces in the kinetically controlled region (low overpotential) are consistently ∼59 mV dec-1, regardless of whether catalysts are polycryst. or nanostructured in nature, suggesting that the initial electron transfer (CO2 + e- → CO2-) is unlikely to be the rate-limiting step. In addn., we demonstrate how initial mechanistic assumptions can dictate exptl. design, the result of which could in turn bias mechanistic interpretations. Therefore, as informative as Tafel anal. is, independent exptl. and computational techniques are necessary to support a proposed mechanism of multielectron electrocatalytic reactions, such as CO2 redn. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtlKms7bL&md5=c1cefb1f7fbda34606671e3d05154866
• 40 Zhang, Y. ; Hu, L. ; Zhou, H. ; Wang, H. ; Zhang, Y. NIR Photothermal-Enhanced Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Polyaniline/SnS2 Nanocomposites . ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2022 , 5 ( 1 ), 391 – 400 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03211 Google Scholar 40 NIR Photothermal-Enhanced Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Polyaniline/SnS2 Nanocomposites Zhang, Ya; Hu, Lang; Zhou, Huihui; Wang, Honggui; Zhang, Yongcai ACS Applied Nano Materials ( 2022 ), 5 ( 1 ), 391-400 CODEN: AANMF6 ; ISSN: 2574-0970 . ( American Chemical Society ) A series of polyaniline (PANI)-decorated SnS2 nanoplates (PANI/SnS2) were produced via a hydrothermal method followed by a liq.-solid mixing. The PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites were composed of amorphous PANI and hexagonal-phase SnS2 nanoplates. IR thermal images revealed that PANI had an excellent near-IR (NIR)-induced photothermal effect. Overall, the PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites showed better NIR-enhanced electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity than bare SnS2 nanoplates. The optimized 4% PANI/SnS2 (which contained 4 wt % PANI) displayed the largest electrochem. double-layer capacitance (Cdl) value (0.85 mF cm-2) and the lowest Tafel slope of 66 mV dec-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 under NIR irradn. It was investigated and confirmed that the photothermal effect and the synergistic effects between SnS2 and PANI heterostructure played important roles in promoting electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution processes. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XnsVWgsg%253D%253D&md5=308b1dc057de533c804b3486815fa3fb
• 41 Zhao, H. ; Shen, J. ; Zhang, J. ; Wang, H. ; Wilkinson, D. P. ; Gu, C. E. Liquid Methanol Concentration Sensors for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells . J. Power Sources 2006 , 159 ( 1 ), 626 – 636 ,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.09.067 Google Scholar 41 Liquid methanol concentration sensors for direct methanol fuel cells Zhao, Hengbing; Shen, Jun; Zhang, Jiujun; Wang, Haijiang; Wilkinson, David P.; Gu, Caikang Elton Journal of Power Sources ( 2006 ), 159 ( 1 ), 626-636 CODEN: JPSODZ ; ISSN: 0378-7753 . ( Elsevier B.V. ) A review of methanol concn. sensors for direct methanol fuel cells, which are generally classified into two groups: electrochem. and phys. The construction and operating principles of each sensor, as well as its advantages and disadvantages, are described. The sensorless methods for controlling the methanol concn. are introduced briefly. Finally, the perspective on the future of methanol concn. sensors is discussed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XptVSjtLg%253D&md5=091c8c4da5a1abb158f5da04e9f75730
• 42 Joghee, P. ; Malik, J. N. ; Pylypenko, S. ; O’Hayre, R. A Review on Direct Methanol Fuel Cells – In the Perspective of Energy and Sustainability . MRS Energy Sustain. 2015 , 2 , E3  DOI: 10.1557/mre.2015.4 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 43 Williams, D. B. G. ; Lawton, M. Drying of Organic Solvents: Quantitative Evaluation of the Efficiency of Several Desiccants . J. Org. Chem. 2010 , 75 ( 24 ), 8351 – 8354 ,  DOI: 10.1021/jo101589h Google Scholar 43 Drying of Organic Solvents: Quantitative Evaluation of the Efficiency of Several Desiccants Williams, D. Bradley G.; Lawton, Michelle Journal of Organic Chemistry ( 2010 ), 75 ( 24 ), 8351-8354 CODEN: JOCEAH ; ISSN: 0022-3263 . ( American Chemical Society ) Various commonly used org. solvents were dried with several different drying agents. A glovebox-bound coulometric Karl Fischer app. with a two-compartment measuring cell was used to det. the efficiency of the drying process. Recommendations are made relating to optimum drying agents/conditions that can be used to rapidly and reliably generate solvents with low residual water content by means of commonly available materials found in most synthesis labs. The practical method provides for safer handling and drying of solvents than methods calling for the use of reactive metals, metal hydrides, or solvent distn. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXht1yktL3N&md5=ffbfd07d064c5ad4a3de03be348c3def
• 44 Hidalgo-Acosta, J. C. ; Scanlon, M. D. ; Méndez, M. A. ; Peljo, P. ; Opallo, M. ; Girault, H. H. Enhanced Reactivity of Water Clusters towards Oxidation in Water/Acetonitrile Mixtures . ChemElectroChem. 2016 , 3 ( 12 ), 2003 – 2007 ,  DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600190 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 45 Maillard, J. ; Klehs, K. ; Rumble, C. ; Vauthey, E. ; Heilemann, M. ; Fürstenberg, A. Universal Quenching of Common Fluorescent Probes by Water and Alcohols . Chem. Sci. 2021 , 12 ( 4 ), 1352 – 1362 ,  DOI: 10.1039/D0SC05431C Google Scholar 45 Universal quenching of common fluorescent probes by water and alcohols Maillard, Jimmy; Klehs, Kathrin; Rumble, Christopher; Vauthey, Eric; Heilemann, Mike; Furstenberg, Alexandre Chemical Science ( 2021 ), 12 ( 4 ), 1352-1362 CODEN: CSHCCN ; ISSN: 2041-6520 . ( Royal Society of Chemistry ) Although biol. imaging is mostly performed in aq. media, it is hardly ever considered that water acts as a classic fluorescence quencher for org. fluorophores. By investigating the fluorescence properties of 42 common org. fluorophores recommended for biol. labeling, we demonstrate that H2O reduces their fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime by up to threefold and uncover the underlying fluorescence quenching mechanism. We show that the quenching efficiency is significantly larger for red-emitting probes and follows an energy gap law. The fluorescence quenching finds its origin in high-energy vibrations of the solvent (OH groups), as methanol and other linear alcs. are also found to quench the emission, whereas it is restored in deuterated solvents. Our observations are consistent with a mechanism by which the electronic excitation of the fluorophore is resonantly transferred to overtones and combination transitions of high-frequency vibrational stretching modes of the solvent through space and not through hydrogen bonds. Insight into this solvent-assisted quenching mechanism opens the door to the rational design of brighter fluorescent probes by offering a justification for protecting org. fluorophores from the solvent via encapsulation. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitl2ntLzL&md5=992b331283c284ead49acefec05d596c
• 46 Stryer, L. Excited-State Proton-Transfer Reactions. A Deuterium Isotope Effect on Fluorescence . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966 , 88 ( 24 ), 5708 – 5712 ,  DOI: 10.1021/ja00976a004 Google Scholar 46 Excited-state proton-transfer reactions. A deuterium isotope effect on fluorescence Stryer, Lubert Journal of the American Chemical Society ( 1966 ), 88 ( 24 ), 5708-12 CODEN: JACSAT ; ISSN: 0002-7863 . A large D isotope effect on fluorescence emission spectra and quantum yields was observed in a no. of chromophores that contain proton donor groups. In the absence of a proton donor or acceptor group, there is no appreciable isotope effect. When both the protonated (R*H) and unprotonated (R*-) excited species are fluorescent, the shape of the emission spectrum is different in H2O and D2O. This finding is interpreted in terms of an isotope effect on the rate of proton transfer during the excited-state lifetime in the reaction R*H + H2O .dblharw. R*- + H3O+: k1 forward, k2 reverse reaction rate. For 2-naphthol, k1 is 5.29 × 107 in H2O and 1.31 × 107 in D2O; k2 is 5.5 × 1010 in H2O and 3.5 × 1010 in D2O. These rate consts. account for the larger proportion of R*- emission seen in H2O compared to D2O upon excitation of RH. For compds. in which R*- is nonfluorescent, the quantum yield is observed to be higher in D2O than in H2O, if a proton donor group is present on the chromophore. It is postulated that this isotope effect on quantum yield is due to a slower rate of proton transfer in D2O to form a nonfluorescent species during the excited state lifetime. For example, in 5-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonate, the quantum yield is 3.04-fold higher in D2O. In contrast, the quantum yield of 1-naphthalenesulfonate is the same in H2O and D2O. A comparison of the fluorescence properties of a chromophore in H2O and D2O should prove useful in detg. whether the excited state is involved in proton-transfer reactions. 21 references. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaF2sXisVWgug%253D%253D&md5=6ac2e4d323a575d607ae2df43716d8f4
• 47 Agmon, N. Elementary Steps in Excited-State Proton Transfer . J. Phys. Chem. A 2005 , 109 ( 1 ), 13 – 35 ,  DOI: 10.1021/jp047465m Google Scholar 47 Elementary Steps in Excited-State Proton Transfer Agmon, Noam Journal of Physical Chemistry A ( 2005 ), 109 ( 1 ), 13-35 CODEN: JPCAFH ; ISSN: 1089-5639 . ( American Chemical Society ) A review. The absorption of a photon by a hydroxy-arom. photoacid triggers a cascade of events contributing to the overall phenomenon of intermol. excited-state proton transfer. The fundamental steps involved were studied over the last 20 years using a combination of theor. and exptl. techniques. They are surveyed in this sequel in sequential order, from fast to slow. The excitation triggers an intramol. charge transfer to the ring system, which is more prominent for the anionic base than the acid. The charge redistribution, in turn, triggers changes in hydrogen-bond strengths that set the stage for the proton-transfer step itself. This step is strongly influenced by the solvent, resulting in unusual dependence of the dissocn. rate coeff. on water content, temp., and isotopic substitution. The photolyzed proton can diffuse in the aq. soln. in a mechanism that involves collective changes in hydrogen-bonding. On longer times, it may recombine adiabatically with the excited base or quench it. The theory for these diffusion-influenced geminate reactions has been developed, showing nice agreement with expt. Finally, the effect of inert salts, bases, and acids on these reactions is analyzed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXhtVyltrnE&md5=959fb4e90d08703dee369ebb0c6ac250
• 48 Sheng, Z.-H. ; Gao, H.-L. ; Bao, W.-J. ; Wang, F.-B. ; Xia, X.-H. Synthesis of Boron Doped Graphene for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells . J. Mater. Chem. 2012 , 22 ( 2 ), 390 – 395 ,  DOI: 10.1039/C1JM14694G Google Scholar 48 Synthesis of boron doped graphene for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells Sheng, Zhen-Huan; Gao, Hong-Li; Bao, Wen-Jing; Wang, Feng-Bin; Xia, Xing-Hua Journal of Materials Chemistry ( 2012 ), 22 ( 2 ), 390-395 CODEN: JMACEP ; ISSN: 0959-9428 . ( Royal Society of Chemistry ) Boron atoms, with strong electron-withdrawing capability, are doped into graphene frameworks forming boron doped graphene (BG) via a catalyst-free thermal annealing approach in the presence of boron oxide. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) characterizations reveal that the as-prepd. BG has a flake-like structure with an av. thickness of ca. 2 nm. XPS anal. demonstrates that boron atoms can be successfully doped into graphene structures with the at. percentage of 3.2%. Due to its particular structure and unique electronic properties, the resultant BG exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) in alk. electrolytes, similar to the performance of Pt catalysts. In addn., the non-metallic BG catalyst shows long-term stability and good CO tolerance superior to that of Pt-based catalysts. These results demonstrate that the BG, as a promising candidate in advanced electrode materials, may substitute Pt-based nanomaterials as a cathode catalyst for ORR in fuel cells as well as other electrochem. applications similar to the reported nitrogen doped graphene. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhsF2jsLfP&md5=fabc496c00404370819bdf2c07821647
• 49 Ovesný, M. ; Křížek, P. ; Borkovec, J. ; Švindrych, Z. ; Hagen, G. M. ThunderSTORM: A Comprehensive ImageJ Plug-in for PALM and STORM Data Analysis and Super-Resolution Imaging . Bioinformatics 2014 , 30 ( 16 ), 2389 – 2390 ,  DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu202 Google Scholar 49 ThunderSTORM: a comprehensive ImageJ plug-in for PALM and STORM data analysis and super-resolution imaging Ovesny, Martin; Krizek, Pavel; Borkovec, Josef; Svindrych, Zdenek; Hagen, Guy M. Bioinformatics ( 2014 ), 30 ( 16 ), 2389-2390 CODEN: BOINFP ; ISSN: 1367-4803 . ( Oxford University Press ) Summary: ThunderSTORM is an open-source, interactive and modular plug-in for ImageJ designed for automated processing, anal. and visualization of data acquired by single-mol. localization microscopy methods such as photo-activated localization microscopy and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. ThunderSTORM offers an extensive collection of processing and post-processing methods so that users can easily adapt the process of anal. to their data. ThunderSTORM also offers a set of tools for creation of simulated data and quant. performance evaluation of localization algorithms using Monte Carlo simulations. Availability and implementation: ThunderSTORM and the online documentation are both freely accessible at https://code.google.com/p/thunder-storm/ Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtlSrtbbM&md5=25be2382b0fe3085a3126b1a709f5fbe
• 50 Butler, C. ; Saraceno, G. E. ; Kechkar, A. ; Bénac, N. ; Studer, V. ; Dupuis, J. P. ; Groc, L. ; Galland, R. ; Sibarita, J.-B. Multi-Dimensional Spectral Single Molecule Localization Microscopy . Front. Bioinforma. 2022 , 2 , 813494 ,  DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.813494 Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 51 Newville, M. ; Stensitzki, T. ; Allen, D. B. ; Ingargiola, A. LMFIT: Non-Linear Least-Square Minimization and Curve-Fitting for Python , 2014 .  DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11813 (accessed 2023–04–15). Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference.

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• 1 Arduini, F. ; Cinti, S. ; Scognamiglio, V. ; Moscone, D. Nanomaterial-Based Sensors . Handb. Nanomater. Anal. Chem. 2020 , 329 – 359 ,  DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816699-4.00013-X There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 2 Kucsko, G. ; Maurer, P. C. ; Yao, N. Y. ; Kubo, M. ; Noh, H. J. ; Lo, P. K. ; Park, H. ; Lukin, M. D. Nanometre-Scale Thermometry in a Living Cell . Nature 2013 , 500 ( 7460 ), 54 – 58 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nature12373 2 Nanometre-scale thermometry in a living cell Kucsko, G.; Maurer, P. C.; Yao, N. Y.; Kubo, M.; Noh, H. J.; Lo, P. K.; Park, H.; Lukin, M. D. Nature (London, United Kingdom) ( 2013 ), 500 ( 7460 ), 54-58 CODEN: NATUAS ; ISSN: 0028-0836 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) Sensitive probing of temp. variations on nanometer scales is an outstanding challenge in many areas of modern science and technol. In particular, a thermometer capable of subdegree temp. resoln. over a large range of temps. as well as integration within a living system could provide a powerful new tool in many areas of biol., phys. and chem. research. Possibilities range from the temp.-induced control of gene expression and tumor metab. to the cell-selective treatment of disease and the study of heat dissipation in integrated circuits. By combining local light-induced heat sources with sensitive nanoscale thermometry, it may also be possible to engineer biol. processes at the subcellular level. Here the authors demonstrate a new approach to nanoscale thermometry that uses coherent manipulation of the electronic spin assocd. with nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond. The authors' technique makes it possible to detect temp. variations as small as 1.8 mK (a sensitivity of 9 mK Hz-1/2) in an ultrapure bulk diamond sample. Using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond nanocrystals (nanodiamonds), the authors directly measure the local thermal environment on length scales as short as 200 nm. Finally, by introducing both nanodiamonds and gold nanoparticles into a single human embryonic fibroblast, the authors demonstrate temp.-gradient control and mapping at the subcellular level, enabling unique potential applications in life sciences. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXht1SjtbfJ&md5=bb54bbec1542e1ee2ac19fa63a8c5845
• 3 Rendler, T. ; Neburkova, J. ; Zemek, O. ; Kotek, J. ; Zappe, A. ; Chu, Z. ; Cigler, P. ; Wrachtrup, J. Optical Imaging of Localized Chemical Events Using Programmable Diamond Quantum Nanosensors . Nat. Commun. 2017 , 8 ( 1 ), 14701 ,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14701 3 Optical imaging of localized chemical events using programmable diamond quantum nanosensors Rendler, Torsten; Neburkova, Jitka; Zemek, Ondrej; Kotek, Jan; Zappe, Andrea; Chu, Zhiqin; Cigler, Petr; Wrachtrup, Joerg Nature Communications ( 2017 ), 8 ( ), 14701 CODEN: NCAOBW ; ISSN: 2041-1723 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) Development of multifunctional nanoscale sensors working under physiol. conditions enables monitoring of intracellular processes that are important for various biol. and medical applications. By attaching paramagnetic gadolinium complexes to nanodiamonds (NDs) with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers through surface engineering, we developed a hybrid nanoscale sensor that can be adjusted to directly monitor physiol. species through a proposed sensing scheme based on NV spin relaxometry. We adopt a single-step method to measure spin relaxation rates enabling time-dependent measurements on changes in pH or redox potential at a submicrometer-length scale in a microfluidic channel that mimics cellular environments. Our exptl. data are reproduced by numerical simulations of the NV spin interaction with gadolinium complexes covering the NDs. Considering the versatile engineering options provided by polymer chem., the underlying mechanism can be expanded to detect a variety of physiol. relevant species and variables. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXkslOhu7Y%253D&md5=b1f21305858f91b036d4fa761704f61b
• 4 Gottscholl, A. ; Diez, M. ; Soltamov, V. ; Kasper, C. ; Krauße, D. ; Sperlich, A. ; Kianinia, M. ; Bradac, C. ; Aharonovich, I. ; Dyakonov, V. Spin Defects in hBN as Promising Temperature, Pressure and Magnetic Field Quantum Sensors . Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 ( 1 ), 4480 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24725-1 4 Spin defects in hBN as promising temperature, pressure and magnetic field quantum sensors Gottscholl, Andreas; Diez, Matthias; Soltamov, Victor; Kasper, Christian; Krausse, Dominik; Sperlich, Andreas; Kianinia, Mehran; Bradac, Carlo; Aharonovich, Igor; Dyakonov, Vladimir Nature Communications ( 2021 ), 12 ( 1 ), 4480 CODEN: NCAOBW ; ISSN: 2041-1723 . ( Nature Research ) Spin defects in solid-state materials are strong candidate systems for quantum information technol. and sensing applications. Here we explore in details the recently discovered neg. charged boron vacancies (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and demonstrate their use as at. scale sensors for temp., magnetic fields and externally applied pressure. These applications are possible due to the high-spin triplet ground state and bright spin-dependent photoluminescence of the VB-. Specifically, we find that the frequency shift in optically detected magnetic resonance measurements is not only sensitive to static magnetic fields, but also to temp. and pressure changes which we relate to crystal lattice parameters. We show that spin-rich hBN films are potentially applicable as intrinsic sensors in heterostructures made of functionalized 2D materials. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsleru7nI&md5=c54ae53b6299cd4857c7b4bd2b6fdb55
• 5 Balasubramanian, G. ; Chan, I. Y. ; Kolesov, R. ; Al-Hmoud, M. ; Tisler, J. ; Shin, C. ; Kim, C. ; Wojcik, A. ; Hemmer, P. R. ; Krueger, A. ; Hanke, T. ; Leitenstorfer, A. ; Bratschitsch, R. ; Jelezko, F. ; Wrachtrup, J. Nanoscale Imaging Magnetometry with Diamond Spins under Ambient Conditions . Nature 2008 , 455 ( 7213 ), 648 – 651 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nature07278 5 Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions Balasubramanian, Gopalakrishnan; Chan, I. Y.; Kolesov, Roman; Al-Hmoud, Mohannad; Tisler, Julia; Shin, Chang; Kim, Changdong; Wojcik, Aleksander; Hemmer, Philip R.; Krueger, Anke; Hanke, Tobias; Leitenstorfer, Alfred; Bratschitsch, Rudolf; Jelezko, Fedor; Wrachtrup, Joerg Nature (London, United Kingdom) ( 2008 ), 455 ( 7213 ), 648-651 CODEN: NATUAS ; ISSN: 0028-0836 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) Magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are key technologies in the life sciences. For microbiol. studies, esp. of the inner workings of single cells, optical microscopy is normally used because it easily achieves resoln. close to the optical wavelength. But in conventional microscopy, diffraction limits the resoln. to about half the wavelength. Recently, it was shown that this limit can be partly overcome by nonlinear imaging techniques, but there is still a barrier to reaching the mol. scale. In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resoln. is not detd. by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells, and magnetic resonance force microscopy has succeeded in detecting single electrons and small nuclear spin ensembles. However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temps., which limit most potential biol. applications. Alternatively, single-electron spin states can be detected optically, even at room temp. in some systems. Here we show how magneto-optical spin detection can be used to det. the location of a spin assocd. with a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond with nanometer resoln. under ambient conditions. By placing these nitrogen-vacancy spins in functionalized diamond nanocrystals, biol. specific magnetofluorescent spin markers can be produced. Significantly, we show that this nanometer-scale resoln. can be achieved without any probes located closer than typical cell dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a single diamond spin as a scanning probe magnetometer to map nanoscale magnetic field variations. The potential impact of single-spin imaging at room temp. is far-reaching. It could lead to the capability to probe biol. relevant spins in living cells. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtF2hsbnE&md5=30c05011998dc6abee0562df99d63885
• 6 Dolde, F. ; Fedder, H. ; Doherty, M. W. ; Nöbauer, T. ; Rempp, F. ; Balasubramanian, G. ; Wolf, T. ; Reinhard, F. ; Hollenberg, L. C. L. ; Jelezko, F. ; Wrachtrup, J. Electric-Field Sensing Using Single Diamond Spins . Nat. Phys. 2011 , 7 ( 6 ), 459 – 463 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nphys1969 6 Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins Dolde, F.; Fedder, H.; Doherty, M. W.; Noebauer, T.; Rempp, F.; Balasubramanian, G.; Wolf, T.; Reinhard, F.; Hollenberg, L. C. L.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. Nature Physics ( 2011 ), 7 ( 6 ), 459-463 CODEN: NPAHAX ; ISSN: 1745-2473 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) The ability to sensitively detect individual charges under ambient conditions would benefit a wide range of applications across disciplines. However, most current techniques are limited to low-temp. methods such as single-electron transistors, single-electron electrostatic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy. Here we introduce a quantum-metrol. technique demonstrating precision three-dimensional elec.-field measurement using a single nitrogen-vacancy defect center spin in diamond. An a.c. elec.-field sensitivity reaching 202±6 V cm-1 Hz-1/2 has been achieved. This corresponds to the elec. field produced by a single elementary charge located at a distance of ∼150 nm from our spin sensor with averaging for one second. The anal. of the electronic structure of the defect center reveals how an applied magnetic field influences the elec.-field-sensing properties. We also demonstrate that diamond-defect-center spins can be switched between elec.- and magnetic-field sensing modes and identify suitable parameter ranges for both detector schemes. By combining magnetic- and elec.-field sensitivity, nanoscale detection and ambient operation, our study should open up new frontiers in imaging and sensing applications ranging from materials science to bioimaging. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXmvVarsbg%253D&md5=1ddca7b39346b2152e0e557fde679676
• 7 Rondin, L. ; Tetienne, J.-P. ; Hingant, T. ; Roch, J.-F. ; Maletinsky, P. ; Jacques, V. Magnetometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Defects in Diamond . Rep. Prog. Phys. 2014 , 77 ( 5 ), 056503 ,  DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/5/056503 7 Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond Rondin, L.; Tetienne, J.-P.; Hingant, T.; Roch, J.-F.; Maletinsky, P.; Jacques, V. Reports on Progress in Physics ( 2014 ), 77 ( 5 ), 056503/1-056503/26 CODEN: RPPHAG ; ISSN: 0034-4885 . ( IOP Publishing Ltd. ) A review. The isolated electronic spin system of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond offers unique possibilities to be employed as a nanoscale sensor for detection and imaging of weak magnetic fields. Magnetic imaging with nanometric resoln. and field detection capabilities in the nanotesla range are enabled by the at.-size and exceptionally long spin-coherence times of this naturally occurring defect. The exciting perspectives that ensue from these characteristics have triggered vivid exptl. activities in the emerging field of 'NV magnetometry'. It is the purpose of this article to review the recent progress in high-sensitivity nanoscale NV magnetometry, generate an overview of the most pertinent results of the last years and highlight perspectives for future developments. We will present the phys. principles that allow for magnetic field detection with NV centers and discuss first applications of NV magnetometers that have been demonstrated in the context of nano magnetism, mesoscopic physics and the life sciences. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1aju77F&md5=fa1671605d3be102c2769d4303f9de77
• 8 Wu, Y. ; Weil, T. Recent Developments of Nanodiamond Quantum Sensors for Biological Applications . Adv. Sci. 2022 , 9 ( 19 ), 2200059 ,  DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200059 8 Recent Developments of Nanodiamond Quantum Sensors for Biological Applications Wu, Yingke; Weil, Tanja Advanced Science (Weinheim, Germany) ( 2022 ), 9 ( 19 ), 2200059 CODEN: ASDCCF ; ISSN: 2198-3844 . ( Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ) A review. Measuring certain quantities at the nanoscale is often limited to strict conditions such as low temp. or vacuum. However, the recently developed nanodiamond (ND) quantum sensing technol. shows great promise for ultrasensitive diagnosis and probing subcellular parameters at ambient conditions. Atom defects (i.e., N, Si) within the ND lattice provide stable emissions and sometimes spin-dependent photoluminescence. These unique properties endow ND quantum sensors with the capacity to detect local temp., magnetic fields, elec. fields, or strain. In this review, some of the recent, most exciting developments in the prepn. and application of ND sensors to solve current challenges in biol. and medicine including ultrasensitive detection of virions and local sensing of pH, radical species, magnetic fields, temp., and rotational movements, are discussed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhtVGksL7I&md5=1d2b464f26b36fc1c3799a1be1a95c45
• 9 Weng, Q. ; Wang, X. ; Wang, X. ; Bando, Y. ; Golberg, D. Functionalized Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanomaterials: Emerging Properties and Applications . Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016 , 45 ( 14 ), 3989 – 4012 ,  DOI: 10.1039/C5CS00869G 9 Functionalized hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials: emerging properties and applications Weng, Qunhong; Wang, Xuebin; Wang, Xi; Bando, Yoshio; Golberg, Dmitri Chemical Society Reviews ( 2016 ), 45 ( 14 ), 3989-4012 CODEN: CSRVBR ; ISSN: 0306-0012 . ( Royal Society of Chemistry ) Functionalization is an important way to breed new properties and applications for a material. This review presents an overview of the progresses in functionalized hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanomaterials. It begins with an introduction of h-BN structural features, phys. and chem. properties, followed by an emphasis on the developments of BN functionalization strategies and its emerging properties/applications, and ends with the research perspectives. Different functionalization methods, including phys. and chem. routes, are comprehensively described toward fabrication of various BN derivs., hetero- and porous structures, etc. Novel properties of functionalized BN materials, such as high water soly., excellent biocompatibility, tunable surface affinities, good processibility, adjustable band gaps, etc., have guaranteed wide applications in biomedical, electronic, composite, environmental and "green" energy-related fields. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XnvVGru7g%253D&md5=cd29975050f7f709088d15b4887d5e70
• 10 Roy, S. ; Zhang, X. ; Puthirath, A. B. ; Meiyazhagan, A. ; Bhattacharyya, S. ; Rahman, M. M. ; Babu, G. ; Susarla, S. ; Saju, S. K. ; Tran, M. K. ; Sassi, L. M. ; Saadi, M. ; Lai, J. ; Sahin, O. ; Sajadi, S. M. ; Dharmarajan, B. ; Salpekar, D. ; Chakingal, N. ; Baburaj, A. ; Shuai, X. ; Adumbumkulath, A. ; Miller, K. A. ; Gayle, J. M. ; Ajnsztajn, A. ; Prasankumar, T. ; Harikrishnan, V. V. J. ; Ojha, V. ; Kannan, H. ; Khater, A. Z. ; Zhu, Z. ; Iyengar, S. A. ; Autreto, P. A. d. S. ; Oliveira, E. F. ; Gao, G. ; Birdwell, A. G. ; Neupane, M. R. ; Ivanov, T. G. ; Taha-Tijerina, J. ; Yadav, R. M. ; Arepalli, S. ; Vajtai, R. ; Ajayan, P. M. ; Ajayan, P. M. Structure, Properties and Applications of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Adv. Mater. 2021 , 33 ( 44 ), 2101589 ,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101589 10 Structure, Properties and Applications of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Roy, Soumyabrata; Zhang, Xiang; Puthirath, Anand B.; Meiyazhagan, Ashokkumar; Bhattacharyya, Sohini; Rahman, Muhammad M.; Babu, Ganguli; Susarla, Sandhya; Saju, Sreehari K.; Tran, Mai Kim; Sassi, Lucas M.; Saadi, M. A. S. R.; Lai, Jiawei; Sahin, Onur; Sajadi, Seyed Mohammad; Dharmarajan, Bhuvaneswari; Salpekar, Devashish; Chakingal, Nithya; Baburaj, Abhijit; Shuai, Xinting; Adumbumkulath, Aparna; Miller, Kristen A.; Gayle, Jessica M.; Ajnsztajn, Alec; Prasankumar, Thibeorchews; Harikrishnan, Vijay Vedhan Jayanthi; Ojha, Ved; Kannan, Harikishan; Khater, Ali Zein; Zhu, Zhenwei; Iyengar, Sathvik Ajay; Autreto, Pedro Alves da Silva; Oliveira, Eliezer Fernando; Gao, Guanhui; Birdwell, A. Glen; Neupane, Mahesh R.; Ivanov, Tony G.; Taha-Tijerina, Jaime; Yadav, Ram Manohar; Arepalli, Sivaram; Vajtai, Robert; Ajayan, Pulickel M. Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) ( 2021 ), 33 ( 44 ), 2101589 CODEN: ADVMEW ; ISSN: 0935-9648 . ( Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ) A review. Hexagonal BN (h-BN) has emerged as a strong candidate for 2-dimensional (2D) material owing to its exciting optoelec. properties combined with mech. robustness, thermal stability, and chem. inertness. Super-thin h-BN layers have gained significant attention from the scientific community for many applications, including nanoelectronics, photonics, biomedical, anti-corrosion, and catalysis, among others. A systematic elaboration of the structural, elec., mech., optical, and thermal properties of h-BN followed by a comprehensive account of state-of-the-art synthesis strategies for 2D h-BN, including chem. exfoliation, chem., and phys. vapor deposition, and other methods that were developed in recent years is provided. It further elaborates a wide variety of processing routes developed for doping, substitution, functionalization, and combination with other materials to form heterostructures. Based on the extraordinary properties and thermal-mech.-chem. stability of 2D h-BN, various potential applications of these structures are described. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitFamsL3I&md5=5b8700c618d1863245f70e6125db36cb
• 11 Wang, Y. ; Cao, Z. ; Yang, Q. ; Guo, W. ; Su, B. Optical Methods for Studying Local Electrochemical Reactions with Spatial Resolution: A Critical Review . Anal. Chim. Acta 2019 , 1074 , 1 – 15 ,  DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.053 11 Optical methods for studying local electrochemical reactions with spatial resolution: A critical review Wang, Yafeng; Cao, Zhiyuan; Yang, Qian; Guo, Weiliang; Su, Bin Analytica Chimica Acta ( 2019 ), 1074 ( ), 1-15 CODEN: ACACAM ; ISSN: 0003-2670 . ( Elsevier B.V. ) A review. Electrochem. has been developed toward high spatial resoln. and throughput during the past decades to match the growing demands for studying heterogeneous electrodes and nanomaterials that are widely used in electrocatalysis, electroanal. and energy conversion. Combining optical methods with electrochem. enables us to obtain local electrochem. information via a noninvasive way. Optical methods also possess high throughput, which are beneficial to investigate large amts. of nanoelectrodes or nanocatalysts simultaneously, and to develop electrochem. multiplex sensors. This article critically reviews the optical methods that have been developed with spatial resoln. for imaging electrochem. reactions and processes in the nanometer-scale. Recent development on these methods, such as plasmonics-based electrochem. current microscopy (PECM), dark field microscopy (DFM), Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy (FLM) and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), and research progress in the relevant fields, particularly nanocatalysis and single particle/mol. electrochem., will be briefly overviewed. Finally, current limitations and trends of these optical methods and potential strategies to further improve the spatial resoln. of electrochem. are discussed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXltFCmur4%253D&md5=bcc899b0c51aaf05461081f80c2ecf34
• 12 Mathwig, K. ; Aartsma, T. J. ; Canters, G. W. ; Lemay, S. G. Nanoscale Methods for Single-Molecule Electrochemistry . Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2014 , 7 ( 1 ), 383 – 404 ,  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092557 12 Nanoscale methods for single-molecule electrochemistry Mathwig, Klaus; Aartsma, Thijs J.; Canters, Gerard W.; Lemay, Serge G. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry ( 2014 ), 7 ( ), 383-404 CODEN: ARACFU ; ISSN: 1936-1327 . ( Annual Reviews ) The development of expts. capable of probing individual mols. led to major breakthroughs in fields ranging from mol. electronics to biophysics, allowing direct tests of knowledge derived from macroscopic measurements and enabling new assays that probe population heterogeneities and internal mol. dynamics. Although still somewhat in their infancy, such methods are also being developed for probing mol. systems in soln. using electrochem. transduction mechanisms. Here the authors outline the present status of this emerging field, concg. in particular on optical methods, metal-mol.-metal junctions, and electrochem. nanofluidic devices. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1agsA%253D%253D&md5=dea5dba61f75eec5b25a0f0cbf2b8470
• 13 de Oteyza, D. G. ; Gorman, P. ; Chen, Y.-C. ; Wickenburg, S. ; Riss, A. ; Mowbray, D. J. ; Etkin, G. ; Pedramrazi, Z. ; Tsai, H.-Z. ; Rubio, A. ; Crommie, M. F. ; Fischer, F. R. Direct Imaging of Covalent Bond Structure in Single-Molecule Chemical Reactions . Science 2013 , 340 ( 6139 ), 1434 – 1437 ,  DOI: 10.1126/science.1238187 13 Direct Imaging of Covalent Bond Structure in Single-Molecule Chemical Reactions de Oteyza, Dimas G.; Gorman, Patrick; Chen, Yen-Chia; Wickenburg, Sebastian; Riss, Alexander; Mowbray, Duncan J.; Etkin, Grisha; Pedramrazi, Zahra; Tsai, Hsin-Zon; Rubio, Angel; Crommie, Michael F.; Fischer, Felix R. Science (Washington, DC, United States) ( 2013 ), 340 ( 6139 ), 1434-1437 CODEN: SCIEAS ; ISSN: 0036-8075 . ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) Observing the intricate chem. transformation of an individual mol. as it undergoes a complex reaction is a long-standing challenge in mol. imaging. Advances in scanning probe microscopy now provide the tools to visualize not only the frontier orbitals of chem. reaction partners and products, but their internal covalent bond configurations as well. The authors used noncontact at. force microscopy to study reaction-induced changes in the detailed internal bond structure of individual oligo-(phenylene-1,2-ethynylenes) on a (100) oriented silver surface as they underwent cyclization processes. Images reveal the complex surface reaction mechanisms underlying thermally induced cyclization cascades of enediynes. Calcns. using ab initio d. functional theory provide addnl. support for the proposed reaction pathways. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpsFKlt7s%253D&md5=6bdd52360a8ac97442ebdcc14cf5f9af
• 14 van Schrojenstein Lantman, E. ; Deckert-Gaudig, T. ; Mank, A. J. G. ; Deckert, V. ; Weckhuysen, B. M. Catalytic processes monitored at the nanoscale with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy . Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012 , 7 ( 9 ), 583 – 586 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.131 14 Catalytic processes monitored at the nanoscale with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy van Schrojenstein Lantman, Evelien M.; Deckert-Gaudig, Tanja; Mank, Arjan J. G.; Deckert, Volker; Weckhuysen, Bert M. Nature Nanotechnology ( 2012 ), 7 ( 9 ), 583-586 CODEN: NNAABX ; ISSN: 1748-3387 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) Heterogeneous catalysts play a pivotal role in the chem. industry, but acquiring mol. insights into functioning catalysts remains a significant challenge. Recent advances in micro-spectroscopic approaches have allowed spatiotemporal information to be obtained on the dynamics of single active sites and the diffusion of single mols. However, these methods lack nanometer-scale spatial resoln. and/or require the use of fluorescent labels. Here, we show that time-resolved tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can monitor photocatalytic reactions at the nanoscale. We use a silver-coated at. force microscope tip to both enhance the Raman signal and to act as the catalyst. The tip is placed in contact with a self-assembled monolayer of p-nitrothiophenol mols. adsorbed on gold nanoplates. A photocatalytic redn. process is induced at the apex of the tip with green laser light, while red laser light is used to monitor the transformation process during the reaction. This dual-wavelength approach can also be used to observe other mol. effects such as monolayer diffusion. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xht1ahtrfN&md5=c129a78a61f1b0c392a37a6f3ee90841
• 15 Zhong, J.-H. ; Jin, X. ; Meng, L. ; Wang, X. ; Su, H.-S. ; Yang, Z.-L. ; Williams, C. T. ; Ren, B. Probing the Electronic and Catalytic Properties of a Bimetallic Surface with 3 Nm Resolution . Nat. Nanotechnol. 2017 , 12 ( 2 ), 132 – 136 ,  DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.241 15 Probing the electronic and catalytic properties of a bimetallic surface with 3 nm resolution Zhong, Jin-Hui; Jin, Xi; Meng, Lingyan; Wang, Xiang; Su, Hai-Sheng; Yang, Zhi-Lin; Williams, Christopher T.; Ren, Bin Nature Nanotechnology ( 2017 ), 12 ( 2 ), 132-136 CODEN: NNAABX ; ISSN: 1748-3387 . ( Nature Publishing Group ) An at.- and mol.-level understanding of heterogeneous catalysis is required to characterize the nature of active sites and improve the rational design of catalysts. Achieving this level of characterization requires techniques that can correlate catalytic performances to sp. surface structures, so as to avoid averaging effects. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combines scanning probe microscopy with plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering and provides simultaneous topog. and chem. information at the nano/at. scale from ambient to ultrahigh-vacuum and electrochem. environments. Therefore, it has been used to monitor catalytic reactions and is proposed to correlate the local structure and function of heterogeneous catalysts. Bimetallic catalysts, such as Pd-Au, show superior performance in various catalytic reactions, but it has remained challenging to correlate structure and reactivity because of their structural complexity. Here, we show that TERS can chem. and spatially probe the site-specific chem. (electronic and catalytic) and phys. (plasmonic) properties of an atomically well-defined Pd(sub-monolayer)/Au(111) bimetallic model catalyst at 3 nm resoln. in real space using Ph isocyanide as a probe mol. (Fig. 1a). We observe a weakened N≃C bond and enhanced reactivity of Ph isocyanide adsorbed at the Pd step edge compared with that at the Pd terrace. D. functional theory corroborates these observations by revealing a higher d-band electronic profile for the low-coordinated Pd step edge atoms. The 3 nm spatial resoln. we demonstrate here is the result of an enhanced elec. field and distinct electronic properties at the step edges. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFahtLbK&md5=2ea09e5ad0a8f5704c523d3a49ebfdba
• 16 Obien, M. E. J. ; Deligkaris, K. ; Bullmann, T. ; Bakkum, D. J. ; Frey, U. Revealing Neuronal Function through Microelectrode Array Recordings . Front. Neurosci. 2015 , 8 , 423 ,  DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00423 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 17 Huang, X.-J. ; O’Mahony, A. M. ; Compton, R. G. Microelectrode Arrays for Electrochemistry: Approaches to Fabrication . Small 2009 , 5 ( 7 ), 776 – 788 ,  DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801593 17 Microelectrode arrays for electrochemistry: approaches to fabrication Huang, Xing-Jiu; O'Mahony, Aoife M.; Compton, Richard G. Small ( 2009 ), 5 ( 7 ), 776-788 CODEN: SMALBC ; ISSN: 1613-6810 . ( Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ) A review. Microelectrode arrays have unique electrochem. properties such as small capacitive-charging currents, reduced iR drop, and steady-state diffusion currents. These properties enable the use of microelectrode arrays and have captured much interest in the field of electrochem. Techniques for the fabrication of such arrays, including photolithog., screen-printing, and electrodeposition, and modifications to the microelectrode array and microelectrode array materials are reviewed. The relative features and merits of different techniques are also discussed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXks1Citbk%253D&md5=ff16f08e93df91758e2c6c52b023ef2e
• 18 Fan, S. ; Webb, J. E. A. ; Yang, Y. ; Nieves, D. J. ; Gonçales, V. R. ; Tran, J. ; Hilzenrat, G. ; Kahram, M. ; Tilley, R. D. ; Gaus, K. ; Gooding, J. J. Observing the Reversible Single Molecule Electrochemistry of Alexa Fluor 647 Dyes by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy . Angew. Chem. 2019 , 18 ( 41 ), 14637 – 14640 ,  DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907298 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 19 Yang, Y. ; Ma, Y. ; Berengut, J. F. ; Lee, L. K. ; Tilley, R. D. ; Gaus, K. ; Gooding, J. J. Electrochemically Controlled Blinking of Fluorophores for Quantitative STORM Imaging. Nat . Photonics 2024 , 1 – 8 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01431-0 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 20 Tran, T. T. ; Elbadawi, C. ; Totonjian, D. ; Lobo, C. J. ; Grosso, G. ; Moon, H. ; Englund, D. R. ; Ford, M. J. ; Aharonovich, I. ; Toth, M. Robust Multicolor Single Photon Emission from Point Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . ACS Nano 2016 , 10 ( 8 ), 7331 – 7338 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03602 20 Robust Multicolor Single Photon Emission from Point Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Tran, Toan Trong; Elbadawi, Christopher; Totonjian, Daniel; Lobo, Charlene J.; Grosso, Gabriele; Moon, Hyowon; Englund, Dirk R.; Ford, Michael J.; Aharonovich, Igor; Toth, Milos ACS Nano ( 2016 ), 10 ( 8 ), 7331-7338 CODEN: ANCAC3 ; ISSN: 1936-0851 . ( American Chemical Society ) Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is an emerging two-dimensional material for quantum photonics owing to its large bandgap and hyperbolic properties. Here we report two approaches for engineering quantum emitters in hBN multilayers using either electron beam irradn. or annealing and characterize their photophys. properties. The defects exhibit a broad range of multicolor room-temp. single photon emissions across the visible and the near-IR spectral ranges, narrow line widths of sub-10 nm at room temp., and a short excited-state lifetime, and high brightness. We show that the emitters can be categorized into two general groups, but most likely possess similar crystallog. structure. Remarkably, the emitters are extremely robust and withstand aggressive annealing treatments in oxidizing and reducing environments. Our results constitute a step toward deterministic engineering of single emitters in 2D materials and hold great promise for the use of defects in boron nitride as sources for quantum information processing and nanophotonics. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtFGmtbfO&md5=f9ce9ec31ae14d3b2d04ced6365b633f
• 21 Abdi, M. ; Chou, J.-P. ; Gali, A. ; Plenio, M. B. Color Centers in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Monolayers: A Group Theory and Ab Initio Analysis . ACS Photonics 2018 , 5 ( 5 ), 1967 – 1976 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01442 21 Color Centers in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Monolayers: A Group Theory and Ab Initio Analysis Abdi, Mehdi; Chou, Jyh-Pin; Gali, Adam; Plenio, Martin B. ACS Photonics ( 2018 ), 5 ( 5 ), 1967-1976 CODEN: APCHD5 ; ISSN: 2330-4022 . ( American Chemical Society ) We theor. study phys. properties of the most promising color center candidates for the recently obsd. single-photon emissions in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayers. Through our group theory anal. combined with d. functional theory (DFT) calcns. we provide several pieces of evidence that the electronic properties of the color centers match the characters of the exptl. obsd. emitters. We calc. the symmetry-adapted multielectron wave functions of the defects using group theory methods and analyze the spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions in detail. We also identify the radiative and nonradiative transition channels for each color center. An advanced ab initio DFT method is then used to compute energy levels of the color centers and their zero-phonon-line (ZPL) emissions. The computed ZPLs, the profile of excitation and emission dipole polarizations, and the competing relaxation processes are discussed and matched with the obsd. emission lines. By providing evidence for the relation between single-photon emitters and local defects in h-BN, this work provides the first steps toward harnessing quantum dynamics of these color centers. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXnslKlsrk%253D&md5=03d000efe1af7a9dfd0e3a972ea8c5cf
• 22 Liu, W. ; Guo, N.-J. ; Yu, S. ; Meng, Y. ; Li, Z.-P. ; Yang, Y.-Z. ; Wang, Z.-A. ; Zeng, X.-D. ; Xie, L.-K. ; Li, Q. ; Wang, J.-F. ; Xu, J.-S. ; Wang, Y.-T. ; Tang, J.-S. ; Li, C.-F. ; Guo, G.-C. Spin-Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Mater. Quantum Technol. 2022 , 2 ( 3 ), 032002 ,  DOI: 10.1088/2633-4356/ac7e9f There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 23 Aharonovich, I. ; Tetienne, J.-P. ; Toth, M. Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Nano Lett. 2022 , 22 ( 23 ), 9227 – 9235 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03743 23 Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Aharonovich, Igor; Tetienne, Jean-Philippe; Toth, Milos Nano Letters ( 2022 ), 22 ( 23 ), 9227-9235 CODEN: NALEFD ; ISSN: 1530-6984 . ( American Chemical Society ) A review. Hexagonal BN (hBN) has emerged as a fascinating platform to explore quantum emitters and their applications. Beyond being a wide-band gap material, it is also a van der Waals crystal, enabling direct exfoliation of atomically thin layers-a combination which offers unique advantages over bulk, 3D crystals. The unique properties of hBN quantum emitters are discussed, and progress toward their future implementation in practical devices is highlighted. The focus is on engineering and integration of the emitters with scalable photonic resonators. Recently discovered spin defects in hBN is highlighted, and their potential utility for quantum sensing is discussed. Hexagonal BN has become a front runner in explorations of solid-state quantum science with promising future prospects. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XivFansrrE&md5=e954b508ee99887478f700200a32c046
• 24 White, S. J. U. ; Yang, T. ; Dontschuk, N. ; Li, C. ; Xu, Z.-Q. ; Kianinia, M. ; Stacey, A. ; Toth, M. ; Aharonovich, I. Electrical Control of Quantum Emitters in a Van Der Waals Heterostructure . Light Sci. Appl. 2022 , 11 ( 1 ), 186 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00877-7 24 Electrical control of quantum emitters in a Van der Waals heterostructure White, Simon J. U.; Yang, Tieshan; Dontschuk, Nikolai; Li, Chi; Xu, Zai-Quan; Kianinia, Mehran; Stacey, Alastair; Toth, Milos; Aharonovich, Igor Light: Science & Applications ( 2022 ), 11 ( 1 ), 186 CODEN: LSAIAZ ; ISSN: 2047-7538 . ( Nature Portfolio ) Abstr.: Controlling and manipulating individual quantum systems in solids underpins the growing interest in the development of scalable quantum technologies. Recently, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has garnered significant attention in quantum photonic applications due to its ability to host optically stable quantum emitters. However, the large bandgap of hBN and the lack of efficient doping inhibits elec. triggering and limits opportunities to study the elec. control of emitters. Here, we show an approach to elec. modulate quantum emitters in an hBN-graphene van der Waals heterostructure. We show that quantum emitters in hBN can be reversibly activated and modulated by applying a bias across the device. Notably, a significant no. of quantum emitters are intrinsically dark and become optically active at non-zero voltages. To explain the results, we provide a heuristic electrostatic model of this unique behavior. Finally, employing these devices we demonstrate a nearly-coherent source with linewidths of ∼160 MHz. Our results enhance the potential of hBN for tunable solid-state quantum emitters for the growing field of quantum information science. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhsFGqtb7P&md5=b9e3d040e9e21ddff5f2a08e169f6b86
• 25 Yu, M. ; Yim, D. ; Seo, H. ; Lee, J. Electrical Charge Control of H-BN Single Photon Sources . 2D Mater. 2022 , 9 ( 3 ), 035020 ,  DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ac75f4 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 26 Dhu-al Shaik, A. B. ; Palla, P. ; Jenkins, D. Electrical Tuning of Quantum Light Emitters in hBN for Free Space and Telecom Optical Bands . Sci. Rep. 2024 , 14 ( 1 ), 811 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51504-x There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 27 Gottscholl, A. ; Diez, M. ; Soltamov, V. ; Kasper, C. ; Sperlich, A. ; Kianinia, M. ; Bradac, C. ; Aharonovich, I. ; Dyakonov, V. Room Temperature Coherent Control of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Sci. Adv. 2021 , 7 ( 14 ), eabf3630  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3630 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 28 Comtet, J. ; Grosjean, B. ; Glushkov, E. ; Avsar, A. ; Watanabe, K. ; Taniguchi, T. ; Vuilleumier, R. ; Bocquet, M.-L. ; Radenovic, A. Direct Observation of Water-Mediated Single-Proton Transport between hBN Surface Defects . Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020 , 15 ( 7 ), 598 – 604 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0695-4 28 Direct observation of water-mediated single-proton transport between hBN surface defects Comtet, Jean; Grosjean, Benoit; Glushkov, Evgenii; Avsar, Ahmet; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Vuilleumier, Rodolphe; Bocquet, Marie-Laure; Radenovic, Aleksandra Nature Nanotechnology ( 2020 ), 15 ( 7 ), 598-604 CODEN: NNAABX ; ISSN: 1748-3387 . ( Nature Research ) Aq. proton transport at interfaces is ubiquitous and crucial for a no. of fields, ranging from cellular transport and signalling, to catalysis and membrane science. However, due to their light mass, small size and high chem. reactivity, uncovering the surface transport of single protons at room temp. and in an aq. environment has so far remained out-of-reach of conventional at.-scale surface science techniques, such as scanning tunnelling microscopy. Here, we use single-mol. localization microscopy to resolve optically the transport of individual excess protons at the interface of hexagonal boron nitride crystals and aq. solns. at room temp. Single excess proton trajectories are revealed by the successive protonation and activation of optically active defects at the surface of the crystal. Our observations demonstrate, at the single-mol. scale, that the solid/water interface provides a preferential pathway for lateral proton transport, with broad implications for mol. charge transport at liq. interfaces. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVSgsrbJ&md5=68201b4632e5acd81a17ac96b44ffe62
• 29 Robertson, I. O. ; Scholten, S. C. ; Singh, P. ; Healey, A. J. ; Meneses, F. ; Reineck, P. ; Abe, H. ; Ohshima, T. ; Kianinia, M. ; Aharonovich, I. ; Tetienne, J.-P. Detection of Paramagnetic Spins with an Ultrathin van Der Waals Quantum Sensor . ACS Nano 2023 , 17 ( 14 ), 13408 – 13417 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01678 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 30 Sülzle, J. ; Yang, W. ; Shimoda, Y. ; Ronceray, N. ; Mayner, E. ; Manley, S. ; Radenovic, A. Label-Free Imaging of DNA Interactions with 2D Materials . ACS Photonics 2024 , 11 ( 2 ), 737 – 744 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01604 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 31 Shin, D. H. ; Kim, S. H. ; Coshic, K. ; Watanabe, K. ; Taniguchi, T. ; Verbiest, G. ; Caneva, S. ; Aksimentiev, A. ; Steeneken, P. G. ; Joo, C. Diffusion of DNA on Atomically Flat 2D Material Surfaces , 2023 . bioRxiv 2023.11.01.565159. bioRxiv  DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565159 . There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 32 Ronceray, N. ; You, Y. ; Glushkov, E. ; Lihter, M. ; Rehl, B. ; Chen, T.-H. ; Nam, G.-H. ; Borza, F. ; Watanabe, K. ; Taniguchi, T. ; Roke, S. ; Keerthi, A. ; Comtet, J. ; Radha, B. ; Radenovic, A. Liquid-Activated Quantum Emission from Pristine Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Nanofluidic Sensing . Nat. Mater. 2023 , 22 ( 10 ), 1236 – 1242 ,  DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01658-2 32 Liquid-activated quantum emission from pristine hexagonal boron nitride for nanofluidic sensing Ronceray, Nathan; You, Yi; Glushkov, Evgenii; Lihter, Martina; Rehl, Benjamin; Chen, Tzu-Heng; Nam, Gwang-Hyeon; Borza, Fanny; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Roke, Sylvie; Keerthi, Ashok; Comtet, Jean; Radha, Boya; Radenovic, Aleksandra Nature Materials ( 2023 ), 22 ( 10 ), 1236-1242 CODEN: NMAACR ; ISSN: 1476-1122 . ( Nature Portfolio ) Liqs. confined down to the at. scale can show radically new properties. However, only indirect and ensemble measurements operate in such extreme confinement, calling for novel optical approaches that enable direct imaging at the mol. level. Here we harness fluorescence originating from single-photon emitters at the surface of hexagonal boron nitride for mol. imaging and sensing in nanometrically confined liqs. The emission originates from the chemisorption of org. solvent mols. onto native surface defects, revealing single-mol. dynamics at the interface through the spatially correlated activation of neighboring defects. Emitter spectra further offer a direct readout of the local dielec. properties, unveiling increasing dielec. order under nanometer-scale confinement. Liq.-activated native hexagonal boron nitride defects bridge the gap between solid-state nanophotonics and nanofluidics, opening new avenues for nanoscale sensing and optofluidics. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhvVaisb3N&md5=ee3835c6f0049f83995a8e23d62b7b4b
• 33 Comtet, J. ; Glushkov, E. ; Navikas, V. ; Feng, J. ; Babenko, V. ; Hofmann, S. ; Watanabe, K. ; Taniguchi, T. ; Radenovic, A. Wide-Field Spectral Super-Resolution Mapping of Optically Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride . Nano Lett. 2019 , 19 ( 4 ), 2516 – 2523 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00178 33 Wide-Field Spectral Super-Resolution Mapping of Optically Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Comtet, Jean; Glushkov, Evgenii; Navikas, Vytautas; Feng, Jiandong; Babenko, Vitaliy; Hofmann, Stephan; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Radenovic, Aleksandra Nano Letters ( 2019 ), 19 ( 4 ), 2516-2523 CODEN: NALEFD ; ISSN: 1530-6984 . ( American Chemical Society ) Point defects can have significant impact on the mech., electronic, and optical properties of materials. The development of robust, multidimensional, high-throughput, and large-scale characterization techniques of defects is thus crucial for the establishment of integrated nanophotonic technols. and material growth optimization. The potential of wide-field spectral single-mol. localization microscopy (SMLM) for the detn. of ensemble spectral properties as well as the characterization of spatial, spectral, and temporal dynamics of single defects in CVD-grown and irradiated exfoliated hexagonal BN materials was demonstrated. The heterogeneous spectral response of the samples was characterized and ≥2 types of defects were identified in CVD-grown materials, while irradiated exfoliated flakes show predominantly only 1 type of defects. The blinking kinetics and spectral emission for each type of defect were analyzed and discuss their implications with respect to the obsd. spectral heterogeneity of the samples. The study shows the potential of wide-field spectral SMLM techniques in material science and paves the way toward the quant. multidimensional mapping of defect properties. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXkslajsb4%253D&md5=07bc513ec1744384341ca595eabf0d1e
• 34 Armstrong, N. R. ; Lin, A. W. C. ; Fujihira, M.. ; Kuwana, T. Electrochemical and surface characteristics of tin oxide and indium oxide electrodes . Anal. Chem. 1976 , 48 ( 4 ), 741 – 750 ,  DOI: 10.1021/ac60368a035 34 Electrochemical and surface characteristics of tin oxide and indium oxide electrodes Armstrong, Neal R.; Lin, Albert W. C.; Fujihira, Masamichi; Kuwana, Theodore Analytical Chemistry ( 1976 ), 48 ( 4 ), 741-50 CODEN: ANCHAM ; ISSN: 0003-2700 . The electrochem. characteristics of heavily doped SnO2 and In2O3 thin film electrodes were correlated with results of surface anal. by x-ray photoelectron (ESCA) and Auger spectroscopy. From measurement of current, capacitance, and surface cond. as a function of the applied electrode potential, regions of potential where surface reactions were possibly occurring could be delineated. ESCA/Auger anal. of these electrodes, which were poised in various potential regions, confirmed the changes in the stoichiometry of the metal oxides at the surface. Similar analyses were performed on SnO2 surfaces which had been moified by derivatization of the surface. Such modifications resulted in the lowering of the effective carrier d. of the surface. Depth and extent of coverage of these modified electrodes could be inferred from the Auger anal. coupled with Ar-ion sputtering of the surface. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaE28XhsFOiur4%253D&md5=d307005b24ef937b1ded9a6454bb21b4
• 35 Benck, J. D. ; Pinaud, B. A. ; Gorlin, Y. ; Jaramillo, T. F. Substrate Selection for Fundamental Studies of Electrocatalysts and Photoelectrodes: Inert Potential Windows in Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Electrolyte . PLoS One 2014 , 9 ( 10 ), e107942  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107942 35 Substrate selection for fundamental studies of electrocatalysts and photoelectrodes: inert potential windows in acidic, neutral, and basic electrolyte Benck, Jesse D.; Pinaud, Blaise A.; Gorlin, Yelena; Jaramillo, Thomas F. PLoS One ( 2014 ), 9 ( 10 ), e107942/1-e107942/13, 13 pp. CODEN: POLNCL ; ISSN: 1932-6203 . ( Public Library of Science ) The selection of an appropriate substrate is an important initial step for many studies of electrochem. active materials. In order to help researchers with the substrate selection process, we employ a consistent exptl. methodol. to evaluate the electrochem. reactivity and stability of seven potential substrate materials for electrocatalyst and photoelectrode evaluation. Using cyclic voltammetry with a progressively increased scan range, we characterize three transparent conducting oxides (indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide) and four opaque conductors (gold, stainless steel 304, glassy carbon, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) in three different electrolytes (sulfuric acid, sodium acetate, and sodium hydroxide). We det. the inert potential window for each substrate/electrolyte combination and make recommendations about which materials may be most suitable for application under different exptl. conditions. Furthermore, the testing methodol. provides a framework for other researchers to evaluate and report the baseline activity of other substrates of interest to the broader community. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvV2isrnJ&md5=197d72ba7fac9fc979e2318f6616f8e4
• 36 Kraft, A. ; Hennig, H. ; Herbst, A. ; Heckner, K.-H. Changes in Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Layers after Strong Anodic Polarization . J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994 , 365 ( 1–2 ), 191 – 196 ,  DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)03056-U There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 37 Shinagawa, T. ; Garcia-Esparza, A. T. ; Takanabe, K. Insight on Tafel Slopes from a Microkinetic Analysis of Aqueous Electrocatalysis for Energy Conversion . Sci. Rep. 2015 , 5 ( 1 ), 13801 ,  DOI: 10.1038/srep13801 37 Insight on Tafel slopes from a microkinetic analysis of aqueous electrocatalysis for energy conversion Shinagawa Tatsuya; Garcia-Esparza Angel T; Takanabe Kazuhiro Scientific reports ( 2015 ), 5 ( ), 13801 ISSN: . Microkinetic analyses of aqueous electrochemistry involving gaseous H2 or O2, i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), are revisited. The Tafel slopes used to evaluate the rate determining steps generally assume extreme coverage of the adsorbed species (θ≈0 or ≈1), although, in practice, the slopes are coverage-dependent. We conducted detailed kinetic analyses describing the coverage-dependent Tafel slopes for the aforementioned reactions. Our careful analyses provide a general benchmark for experimentally observed Tafel slopes that can be assigned to specific rate determining steps. The Tafel analysis is a powerful tool for discussing the rate determining steps involved in electrocatalysis, but our study also demonstrated that overly simplified assumptions led to an inaccurate description of the surface electrocatalysis. Additionally, in many studies, Tafel analyses have been performed in conjunction with the Butler-Volmer equation, where its applicability regarding only electron transfer kinetics is often overlooked. Based on the derived kinetic description of the HER/HOR as an example, the limitation of Butler-Volmer expression in electrocatalysis is also discussed in this report. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC283gsFeluw%253D%253D&md5=ac27784a48ec67e4bea1ac3d6c62a416
• 38 Anantharaj, S. ; Noda, S. How Properly Are We Interpreting the Tafel Lines in Energy Conversion Electrocatalysis? . Mater. Today Energy 2022 , 29 , 101123 ,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101123 38 How properly are we interpreting the Tafel lines in energy conversion electrocatalysis Anantharaj, Sengeni; Noda, Suguru Materials Today Energy ( 2022 ), 29 ( ), 101123 CODEN: MTEACH ; ISSN: 2468-6069 . ( Elsevier Ltd. ) A review. Tafel anal. is one of the most important ways of screening all energy conversion electrocatalysis as it helps to get information on activity (via exchange c.d.) and mechanism (via Tafel slope). Inappropriate methods of constructing Tafel plots combined with improper interpretation of Tafel parameters (esp. Tafel slopes) are clouding the literature more recently than ever because of the unawareness in handling electrochem. characterization data in the research community. Hence, this perspective is dedicated to give a deep discussion on how to properly interpret Tafel lines in water splitting electrocatalysis that can also be adopted for analyzing the Tafel characteristics of other energy conversion reactions. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XisVKgurnO&md5=b879d851a5533378385da2de6236cf2d
• 39 Dunwell, M. ; Luc, W. ; Yan, Y. ; Jiao, F. ; Xu, B. Understanding Surface-Mediated Electrochemical Reactions: CO2 Reduction and Beyond . ACS Catal. 2018 , 8 ( 9 ), 8121 – 8129 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02181 39 Understanding Surface-Mediated Electrochemical Reactions: CO2 Reduction and Beyond Dunwell, Marco; Luc, Wesley; Yan, Yushan; Jiao, Feng; Xu, Bingjun ACS Catalysis ( 2018 ), 8 ( 9 ), 8121-8129 CODEN: ACCACS ; ISSN: 2155-5435 . ( American Chemical Society ) Understanding reaction pathways and mechanisms for electrocatalytic transformation of small mols. (e.g., H2O, CO2, and N2) to value-added chems. is crit. to enabling the rational design of high-performing catalytic systems. Tafel anal. is widely used to gain mechanistic insights, and in some cases, has been used to det. the reaction mechanism. In this Perspective, we discuss the mechanistic insights that can be gained from Tafel anal. and its limitations using the simplest two-electron CO2 redn. reaction to CO on Au and Ag surfaces as an example. By comparing and analyzing existing as well as addnl. kinetic data, we show that the Tafel slopes obtained on Au and Ag surfaces in the kinetically controlled region (low overpotential) are consistently ∼59 mV dec-1, regardless of whether catalysts are polycryst. or nanostructured in nature, suggesting that the initial electron transfer (CO2 + e- → CO2-) is unlikely to be the rate-limiting step. In addn., we demonstrate how initial mechanistic assumptions can dictate exptl. design, the result of which could in turn bias mechanistic interpretations. Therefore, as informative as Tafel anal. is, independent exptl. and computational techniques are necessary to support a proposed mechanism of multielectron electrocatalytic reactions, such as CO2 redn. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtlKms7bL&md5=c1cefb1f7fbda34606671e3d05154866
• 40 Zhang, Y. ; Hu, L. ; Zhou, H. ; Wang, H. ; Zhang, Y. NIR Photothermal-Enhanced Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Polyaniline/SnS2 Nanocomposites . ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2022 , 5 ( 1 ), 391 – 400 ,  DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03211 40 NIR Photothermal-Enhanced Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Polyaniline/SnS2 Nanocomposites Zhang, Ya; Hu, Lang; Zhou, Huihui; Wang, Honggui; Zhang, Yongcai ACS Applied Nano Materials ( 2022 ), 5 ( 1 ), 391-400 CODEN: AANMF6 ; ISSN: 2574-0970 . ( American Chemical Society ) A series of polyaniline (PANI)-decorated SnS2 nanoplates (PANI/SnS2) were produced via a hydrothermal method followed by a liq.-solid mixing. The PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites were composed of amorphous PANI and hexagonal-phase SnS2 nanoplates. IR thermal images revealed that PANI had an excellent near-IR (NIR)-induced photothermal effect. Overall, the PANI/SnS2 nanocomposites showed better NIR-enhanced electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity than bare SnS2 nanoplates. The optimized 4% PANI/SnS2 (which contained 4 wt % PANI) displayed the largest electrochem. double-layer capacitance (Cdl) value (0.85 mF cm-2) and the lowest Tafel slope of 66 mV dec-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 under NIR irradn. It was investigated and confirmed that the photothermal effect and the synergistic effects between SnS2 and PANI heterostructure played important roles in promoting electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution processes. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XnsVWgsg%253D%253D&md5=308b1dc057de533c804b3486815fa3fb
• 41 Zhao, H. ; Shen, J. ; Zhang, J. ; Wang, H. ; Wilkinson, D. P. ; Gu, C. E. Liquid Methanol Concentration Sensors for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells . J. Power Sources 2006 , 159 ( 1 ), 626 – 636 ,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.09.067 41 Liquid methanol concentration sensors for direct methanol fuel cells Zhao, Hengbing; Shen, Jun; Zhang, Jiujun; Wang, Haijiang; Wilkinson, David P.; Gu, Caikang Elton Journal of Power Sources ( 2006 ), 159 ( 1 ), 626-636 CODEN: JPSODZ ; ISSN: 0378-7753 . ( Elsevier B.V. ) A review of methanol concn. sensors for direct methanol fuel cells, which are generally classified into two groups: electrochem. and phys. The construction and operating principles of each sensor, as well as its advantages and disadvantages, are described. The sensorless methods for controlling the methanol concn. are introduced briefly. Finally, the perspective on the future of methanol concn. sensors is discussed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XptVSjtLg%253D&md5=091c8c4da5a1abb158f5da04e9f75730
• 42 Joghee, P. ; Malik, J. N. ; Pylypenko, S. ; O’Hayre, R. A Review on Direct Methanol Fuel Cells – In the Perspective of Energy and Sustainability . MRS Energy Sustain. 2015 , 2 , E3  DOI: 10.1557/mre.2015.4 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 43 Williams, D. B. G. ; Lawton, M. Drying of Organic Solvents: Quantitative Evaluation of the Efficiency of Several Desiccants . J. Org. Chem. 2010 , 75 ( 24 ), 8351 – 8354 ,  DOI: 10.1021/jo101589h 43 Drying of Organic Solvents: Quantitative Evaluation of the Efficiency of Several Desiccants Williams, D. Bradley G.; Lawton, Michelle Journal of Organic Chemistry ( 2010 ), 75 ( 24 ), 8351-8354 CODEN: JOCEAH ; ISSN: 0022-3263 . ( American Chemical Society ) Various commonly used org. solvents were dried with several different drying agents. A glovebox-bound coulometric Karl Fischer app. with a two-compartment measuring cell was used to det. the efficiency of the drying process. Recommendations are made relating to optimum drying agents/conditions that can be used to rapidly and reliably generate solvents with low residual water content by means of commonly available materials found in most synthesis labs. The practical method provides for safer handling and drying of solvents than methods calling for the use of reactive metals, metal hydrides, or solvent distn. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXht1yktL3N&md5=ffbfd07d064c5ad4a3de03be348c3def
• 44 Hidalgo-Acosta, J. C. ; Scanlon, M. D. ; Méndez, M. A. ; Peljo, P. ; Opallo, M. ; Girault, H. H. Enhanced Reactivity of Water Clusters towards Oxidation in Water/Acetonitrile Mixtures . ChemElectroChem. 2016 , 3 ( 12 ), 2003 – 2007 ,  DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600190 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 45 Maillard, J. ; Klehs, K. ; Rumble, C. ; Vauthey, E. ; Heilemann, M. ; Fürstenberg, A. Universal Quenching of Common Fluorescent Probes by Water and Alcohols . Chem. Sci. 2021 , 12 ( 4 ), 1352 – 1362 ,  DOI: 10.1039/D0SC05431C 45 Universal quenching of common fluorescent probes by water and alcohols Maillard, Jimmy; Klehs, Kathrin; Rumble, Christopher; Vauthey, Eric; Heilemann, Mike; Furstenberg, Alexandre Chemical Science ( 2021 ), 12 ( 4 ), 1352-1362 CODEN: CSHCCN ; ISSN: 2041-6520 . ( Royal Society of Chemistry ) Although biol. imaging is mostly performed in aq. media, it is hardly ever considered that water acts as a classic fluorescence quencher for org. fluorophores. By investigating the fluorescence properties of 42 common org. fluorophores recommended for biol. labeling, we demonstrate that H2O reduces their fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime by up to threefold and uncover the underlying fluorescence quenching mechanism. We show that the quenching efficiency is significantly larger for red-emitting probes and follows an energy gap law. The fluorescence quenching finds its origin in high-energy vibrations of the solvent (OH groups), as methanol and other linear alcs. are also found to quench the emission, whereas it is restored in deuterated solvents. Our observations are consistent with a mechanism by which the electronic excitation of the fluorophore is resonantly transferred to overtones and combination transitions of high-frequency vibrational stretching modes of the solvent through space and not through hydrogen bonds. Insight into this solvent-assisted quenching mechanism opens the door to the rational design of brighter fluorescent probes by offering a justification for protecting org. fluorophores from the solvent via encapsulation. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitl2ntLzL&md5=992b331283c284ead49acefec05d596c
• 46 Stryer, L. Excited-State Proton-Transfer Reactions. A Deuterium Isotope Effect on Fluorescence . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966 , 88 ( 24 ), 5708 – 5712 ,  DOI: 10.1021/ja00976a004 46 Excited-state proton-transfer reactions. A deuterium isotope effect on fluorescence Stryer, Lubert Journal of the American Chemical Society ( 1966 ), 88 ( 24 ), 5708-12 CODEN: JACSAT ; ISSN: 0002-7863 . A large D isotope effect on fluorescence emission spectra and quantum yields was observed in a no. of chromophores that contain proton donor groups. In the absence of a proton donor or acceptor group, there is no appreciable isotope effect. When both the protonated (R*H) and unprotonated (R*-) excited species are fluorescent, the shape of the emission spectrum is different in H2O and D2O. This finding is interpreted in terms of an isotope effect on the rate of proton transfer during the excited-state lifetime in the reaction R*H + H2O .dblharw. R*- + H3O+: k1 forward, k2 reverse reaction rate. For 2-naphthol, k1 is 5.29 × 107 in H2O and 1.31 × 107 in D2O; k2 is 5.5 × 1010 in H2O and 3.5 × 1010 in D2O. These rate consts. account for the larger proportion of R*- emission seen in H2O compared to D2O upon excitation of RH. For compds. in which R*- is nonfluorescent, the quantum yield is observed to be higher in D2O than in H2O, if a proton donor group is present on the chromophore. It is postulated that this isotope effect on quantum yield is due to a slower rate of proton transfer in D2O to form a nonfluorescent species during the excited state lifetime. For example, in 5-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonate, the quantum yield is 3.04-fold higher in D2O. In contrast, the quantum yield of 1-naphthalenesulfonate is the same in H2O and D2O. A comparison of the fluorescence properties of a chromophore in H2O and D2O should prove useful in detg. whether the excited state is involved in proton-transfer reactions. 21 references. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaF2sXisVWgug%253D%253D&md5=6ac2e4d323a575d607ae2df43716d8f4
• 47 Agmon, N. Elementary Steps in Excited-State Proton Transfer . J. Phys. Chem. A 2005 , 109 ( 1 ), 13 – 35 ,  DOI: 10.1021/jp047465m 47 Elementary Steps in Excited-State Proton Transfer Agmon, Noam Journal of Physical Chemistry A ( 2005 ), 109 ( 1 ), 13-35 CODEN: JPCAFH ; ISSN: 1089-5639 . ( American Chemical Society ) A review. The absorption of a photon by a hydroxy-arom. photoacid triggers a cascade of events contributing to the overall phenomenon of intermol. excited-state proton transfer. The fundamental steps involved were studied over the last 20 years using a combination of theor. and exptl. techniques. They are surveyed in this sequel in sequential order, from fast to slow. The excitation triggers an intramol. charge transfer to the ring system, which is more prominent for the anionic base than the acid. The charge redistribution, in turn, triggers changes in hydrogen-bond strengths that set the stage for the proton-transfer step itself. This step is strongly influenced by the solvent, resulting in unusual dependence of the dissocn. rate coeff. on water content, temp., and isotopic substitution. The photolyzed proton can diffuse in the aq. soln. in a mechanism that involves collective changes in hydrogen-bonding. On longer times, it may recombine adiabatically with the excited base or quench it. The theory for these diffusion-influenced geminate reactions has been developed, showing nice agreement with expt. Finally, the effect of inert salts, bases, and acids on these reactions is analyzed. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXhtVyltrnE&md5=959fb4e90d08703dee369ebb0c6ac250
• 48 Sheng, Z.-H. ; Gao, H.-L. ; Bao, W.-J. ; Wang, F.-B. ; Xia, X.-H. Synthesis of Boron Doped Graphene for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells . J. Mater. Chem. 2012 , 22 ( 2 ), 390 – 395 ,  DOI: 10.1039/C1JM14694G 48 Synthesis of boron doped graphene for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells Sheng, Zhen-Huan; Gao, Hong-Li; Bao, Wen-Jing; Wang, Feng-Bin; Xia, Xing-Hua Journal of Materials Chemistry ( 2012 ), 22 ( 2 ), 390-395 CODEN: JMACEP ; ISSN: 0959-9428 . ( Royal Society of Chemistry ) Boron atoms, with strong electron-withdrawing capability, are doped into graphene frameworks forming boron doped graphene (BG) via a catalyst-free thermal annealing approach in the presence of boron oxide. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) characterizations reveal that the as-prepd. BG has a flake-like structure with an av. thickness of ca. 2 nm. XPS anal. demonstrates that boron atoms can be successfully doped into graphene structures with the at. percentage of 3.2%. Due to its particular structure and unique electronic properties, the resultant BG exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) in alk. electrolytes, similar to the performance of Pt catalysts. In addn., the non-metallic BG catalyst shows long-term stability and good CO tolerance superior to that of Pt-based catalysts. These results demonstrate that the BG, as a promising candidate in advanced electrode materials, may substitute Pt-based nanomaterials as a cathode catalyst for ORR in fuel cells as well as other electrochem. applications similar to the reported nitrogen doped graphene. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhsF2jsLfP&md5=fabc496c00404370819bdf2c07821647
• 49 Ovesný, M. ; Křížek, P. ; Borkovec, J. ; Švindrych, Z. ; Hagen, G. M. ThunderSTORM: A Comprehensive ImageJ Plug-in for PALM and STORM Data Analysis and Super-Resolution Imaging . Bioinformatics 2014 , 30 ( 16 ), 2389 – 2390 ,  DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu202 49 ThunderSTORM: a comprehensive ImageJ plug-in for PALM and STORM data analysis and super-resolution imaging Ovesny, Martin; Krizek, Pavel; Borkovec, Josef; Svindrych, Zdenek; Hagen, Guy M. Bioinformatics ( 2014 ), 30 ( 16 ), 2389-2390 CODEN: BOINFP ; ISSN: 1367-4803 . ( Oxford University Press ) Summary: ThunderSTORM is an open-source, interactive and modular plug-in for ImageJ designed for automated processing, anal. and visualization of data acquired by single-mol. localization microscopy methods such as photo-activated localization microscopy and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. ThunderSTORM offers an extensive collection of processing and post-processing methods so that users can easily adapt the process of anal. to their data. ThunderSTORM also offers a set of tools for creation of simulated data and quant. performance evaluation of localization algorithms using Monte Carlo simulations. Availability and implementation: ThunderSTORM and the online documentation are both freely accessible at https://code.google.com/p/thunder-storm/ Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. >> More from SciFinder ® https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtlSrtbbM&md5=25be2382b0fe3085a3126b1a709f5fbe
• 50 Butler, C. ; Saraceno, G. E. ; Kechkar, A. ; Bénac, N. ; Studer, V. ; Dupuis, J. P. ; Groc, L. ; Galland, R. ; Sibarita, J.-B. Multi-Dimensional Spectral Single Molecule Localization Microscopy . Front. Bioinforma. 2022 , 2 , 813494 ,  DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.813494 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
• 51 Newville, M. ; Stensitzki, T. ; Allen, D. B. ; Ingargiola, A. LMFIT: Non-Linear Least-Square Minimization and Curve-Fitting for Python , 2014 .  DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11813 (accessed 2023–04–15). There is no corresponding record for this reference.

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