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TOPIC 1: OVERVIEW OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
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Presentation on theme: "TOPIC 1: OVERVIEW OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM"— Presentation transcript:
EC-111 Algorithms & Computing Lecture #1 Instructor: Jahan Zeb Department of Computer Engineering (DCE) College of E&ME NUST.
Lecture 1: Overview of Computers & Programming
What Is A Computer System?
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Introduction to Computer Systems
Anatomy of a computer system computer software computer hardware fetch-decode-execute cycle cpu families exercises what is a computer system a ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.
- Lecture Objectives
- The student should be able to identify and explain the major components of a computer system in terms of their functions.
- What is a Computer?
- Anatomy of a Computer System
- Computer Software
- Computer Hardware
- Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle
- CPU Families
- A computer system is an electronic device which can input, process, and output data
- Input data of a computer may represent numbers, words, pictures etc
- Programs that control the operations of the computer are stored inside the computer
- A computer system consists of two main parts hardware and software
- Hardware is the physical components and software is the non-physical components of a computer system.
- Computer hardware is divided into three major components
- 1. Input/Output (I/O) devices
- 2. Computer memory
- 3. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- Computer software is divided into two main categories
- 1. Systems software
- 2. Applications software
- System software manages computer resources and makes computers easier to use
- Systems software can be divided into three categories
- 1. Operating System (OS)
- Examples Windows, UNIX and Macintosh
- 2. System support software
- Examples disk-formatting and anti-virus programs.
- 3. System development software.
- Example Language translators.
- An applications software enables a computer user to do a particular task
- Example applications software include
- Word processors
- Game programs
- Spreadsheets (or Excel sheets)
- Database systems
- Graphics programs
- Multimedia applications
- Input devices are used to enter programs and data into a computer.
- Examples keyboard, mouse, microphone, and scanner.
- Output devices are where program output is shown or is sent.
- Examples monitor, printer, and speaker.
- I/O devices are slow compared to the speed of the processor.
- Computer memory is faster than I/O devices speed of input from memory to processor is acceptable.
- The main function of computer memory is to store software.
- Computer memory is divided into primary memory and secondary memory.
- Primary memory is divided into random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM)
- The CPU can read and write to RAM but the CPU can read from ROM but cannot write to ROM
- RAM is volatile while ROM is not.
- Secondary memory
- Examples of secondary memory devices are hard disks, floppy disks and CD ROMs
- The CPU is the "brain" of the computer system.
- The CPU directly or indirectly controls all the other components.
- The CPU has a limited storage capacity.
- Thus, the CPU must rely on other components for storage.
- The CPU consists of
- 1. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).
- 2. The Control Unit (CU).
- 3. Registers.
- The CPU components are connected by a group of electrical wires called the CPU bus.
- The CPU continuously transfers data to and from memory
- Data transfer is done in units called instructions or words
- When a computer is switched on, the CPU continuously goes through a process called fetch-decode-execute cycle
- The Control Unit fetches the current instruction from memory, decodes it and instructs the ALU to execute the instruction.
- The execution of an instruction may generate further data fetches from memory
- The result of executing an instruction is stored in either a register or RAM
- Different people understand different natural languages.
- Similarly each processor family understands its own machine language.
- The fundamental difference between computers that are not compatible is in their processors.
- Here are some CPU families
- The question now is Is it possible to write a single program that can be understood and correctly executed on machines with different processors?
- Well address this question in a subsequent lecture.
- Write short notes explaining the functions of each of the following
- Computer memory
- Computer software
- I/O devices can be used to input into and output from a computer system. Then, is computer memory necessary? Explain.
- Since the OS controls the hardware and software in a computer system, which programs control the loading of an OS onto a computer system?
- The system bus consists of three buses. Mention them and explain each of them briefly.
- Since different CPUs understand different instructions, how are we able to exchange information between machines with different CPUs?
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