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Guide to Evidence in an Essay

In essays, evidence can be presented in a number of ways. It might be data from a relevant study, quotes from a literary work or historical event, or even an anecdote that helps to illustrate your point. No matter what form it takes, evidence supports your thesis statement and major arguments.

Why is using evidence important? In academic writing, it is important to make a clear and well-supported argument. In order to do this, you need to use evidence to back up your claims. Provide evidence to show that you have done your research and that your arguments are based on facts, not just opinions.

What is evidence in academic writing?

In academic writing, evidence is often presented in the form of data from research studies or quotes from literary works. It can be used to support your argument or to illustrate a point you are making. Good evidence must be relevant, persuasive, and trustworthy.

Types of evidence

There are many different types of evidence that can be used in essays. Some common examples include:

Analogical: An analogy or comparison that supports your argument.

Example: “Like the human body, a car needs regular maintenance to function properly.”

This type is considered to be one of the weakest, as it is often based on opinion rather than fact. To use it well, you need to be sure that the analogy is relevant and that there are enough similarities between the two things you are comparing.

Anecdotal: A personal experience or story, your own research, or example that illustrates your point.

Example: “I know a woman who was fired from her job after she became pregnant.”

Anecdotal evidence is used to support a point or argument, but it should be used sparingly, as it is often considered to be less reliable than other types of evidence. It can also be used as a hook to engage the reader’s attention.

Hypothetical : A hypothetical situation or thought experiment that supports your argument.

Example: “If we do not take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth’s average temperature will continue to rise.”

This type of evidence can be useful in persuading readers to see your point of view. It is important to make sure that the hypothetical situation is realistic, as otherwise, it will undermine your argument. It is also not a strong form of evidence, and to make it work well, you will need to make the reader feel invested in the outcome.

Logical: A reasoning or argument that uses logic to support your claim.

Example: “The death penalty is a deterrent to crime because it removes the possibility of rehabilitation.”

This type is based on the idea that if something is true, then it must be the case that something else is also true. It is not the strongest type of evidence, as there are often other factors that can impact the validity of the argument.

Statistical: Data from research studies or surveys that support your argument.

Example: “According to a study by the American Medical Association, gun violence is the third leading cause of death in the United States.”

This type of evidence is often considered to be the most persuasive, as it is based on factual data. However, it is important to make sure that the data is from a reliable source and that it is interpreted correctly.

Testimonial: A quote from an expert or someone with first-hand experience that supports your argument.

Example: According to Dr. John Smith, a leading expert on the health effects of smoking, “Smoking is a major contributor to heart disease and lung cancer.”

This type of evidence can be very persuasive, as it uses the authority of an expert to support your argument. However, it is important to make sure that the expert is credible and that their opinion is relevant to your argument.

Textual: A quote from a literary work or historical document that supports your argument.

Example: “In the book ‘ To Kill a Mockingbird ,’ Atticus Finch says, ‘You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view.'”

This type of evidence can be used to support your argument, but it is important to make sure that the quote is relevant and that it is interpreted correctly.

Visual: A graph, chart, or image that supports your argument.

This evidence type might not be the most common in essays, but it can be very effective in persuading the reader to see your point of view. It is important to make sure that the visual is clear and easy to understand, as otherwise, it will not be as effective.

Types of evidence sources

When you want to find evidence to support your argument, it is important to consider the source. There are two major types of sources:

• Primary sources: These are first-hand accounts or data that has been collected by the author. Examples of such sources include research studies, surveys, and interviews.
• Secondary sources: These are second-hand accounts or data that has been collected by someone other than the author. Examples of such sources include books, articles, and websites.

For example, if you are writing an essay about George Orwell’s “1984,” a primary source would be the novel itself, while a secondary source would be an article about the author’s life.

As for which one is better or worse, it all depends on the context. In general, primary sources are more reliable, but they can be difficult to find or interpret. Secondary sources are easier to find, but they might not be as accurate.

But in general, these two types complement each other. In other words, you will likely need to use both primary and secondary sources to support your argument.

Incorporating evidence

There are different ways to introduce evidence effectively in your essay. The most common methods are:

• Direct Quotation: A direct quotation is when you reproduce the exact words of a source. This can be done by using quotation marks and citing the source in your paper .
• Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing is when you explain something in your own words. It’s a way of conveying the main idea of a text without simply repeating what the author has already said. When you paraphrase, you can use your own voice and style to communicate someone else’s words in a way that better suits your audience.
• Summarizing: Summarizing is when you provide a brief overview of a text. This can be done by identifying the main points and ideas in the text and conveying them in your own words.
• Factual data: Factual data is information that can be verified through research. This could include statistics, numbers, or other types of data that support your main argument.

How to use evidence in essays

Besides knowing what type of evidence to use, it is also important to know how to use it in the most effective way. Here are some steps that you can take to incorporate evidence in your paper.

1. Present your argument first

Before you start introducing evidence into your essay, it is important to first make a claim or thesis statement . This will give your paper direction and let your reader know what to expect.

On a paragraph level, your topic sentences are the arguments you are making. The rest of the paragraph should be used to support this claim with evidence.

Let’s say the topic of the essay is “The Impact of Social Media on Young People.”

Then, your thesis statement could be something like, “Social media has had a negative impact on the mental health of young people.”

And your first body paragraph might start with the following topic sentence: “The first way social media has had a negative impact on young people is by causing them to compare themselves to others.”

2. Introduce your evidence

Once you have presented your argument, you will need to introduce your evidence. This can be done by using a signal phrase or lead-in .

A signal phrase is a phrase that introduces the evidence you are about to provide. It can be used to introduce a direct quotation or paraphrase. For example:

• According to Dr. Smith,…
• Dr. Smith argues that…
• As Dr. Smith points out,…
• There is evidence to suggest that..
• The survey reveals that…
• As suggested by the study,…

Word Choice in Essays – read more about various words that you can use in your essay in different cases.

3. Present evidence

After you have introduced your evidence, you will need to state it clearly. This can be done by using a direct quotation, paraphrasing, or summarizing.

When using a direct quotation , you will need to use quotation marks and cite the source in your paper. For example:

As Dr. Smith points out, “Teenagers spend a lot of time on social media platforms observing the lives of others and comparing themselves to what they see, which can lead to damaged self-esteem and depression.”

When paraphrasing or summarizing , you will need to make sure that you are conveying the main points of the source using different words. For example:

Dr. Smith argues that social media can have a negative impact on young people’s mental health because it makes them compare themselves to others.

4. Comment on your evidence

After you have stated your supporting evidence, you will need to explain how it supports your argument. This can be done by providing your own analysis or interpretation.

For example:

By constantly comparing themselves to others, young people are more likely to develop a negative view of themselves. This can lead to mental health problems such as depression and low self-esteem.

5. Repeat for additional evidence

If you have more than one piece of evidence that supports your own argument, you will need to repeat steps 2-4 for each additional piece.

6. Link back to your key points

Once you have finished discussing your evidence, it is important to link back to your initial argument in the last sentence of your body paragraph and transition to the next paragraph .

Example of a full body paragraph with all the steps applied:

One way social media has had a negative impact on young people is by causing them to compare themselves to others. According to Dr. Smith, “Teenagers spend a lot of time on social media platforms observing the lives of others and comparing themselves to what they see, which can lead to depression and damaged self-esteem” (qtd. in Jones). By constantly comparing themselves to others, young people are more likely to develop a negative view of themselves. This can lead to mental health problems such as depression and low self-esteem. But this is not the only way social media can negatively affect young people’s mental health.

7. Wrap it up in a conclusion

Once you have finished all your body paragraphs, you will need to write a conclusion . This is where you will wrap up your argument and emphasize the main points that you have proven.

Remember, using evidence is just one part of the essay-writing process . You also need to make sure that your paper is well organized, has a clear structure , and is free of grammar and spelling errors. But if you can master the use of evidence, you will be well on your way to writing a strong essay.

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Types of Evidence in Writing [Ultimate Guide + Examples]

When it comes to writing, the strength of your argument often hinges on the evidence you present.

Here is a quick summary of the types of evidence in writing:

Types of evidence in writing include statistical, testimonial, anecdotal, analogical, textual, visual, logical, experimental, historical, ethical, cultural, and practical evidence. Each type strengthens arguments by providing varied support, making your writing more credible and persuasive.

In this article, we’ll explore the different types of evidence in writing and how you can effectively use them to enhance your work.

What Is Evidence in Writing?

Table of Contents

Evidence in writing refers to the information, facts, or data used to support your arguments or claims.

It serves to back up your points, making your writing more credible and convincing.

Whether you’re writing a research paper or crafting a compelling blog post, incorporating evidence is crucial to establishing your authority and gaining the trust of your readers.

Evidence can take many forms, from statistics and expert testimonials to personal anecdotes and visual aids.

The key is to use a variety of evidence types to provide a well-rounded and robust argument.

By doing so, you can address different perspectives and strengthen your overall message.

Types of Evidence in Writing

There are several types of evidence you can use in your writing.

Each type has its strengths and can be particularly effective in different contexts.

Let’s explore the various types of evidence and how you can use them to your advantage.

1. Statistical Evidence

Statistical evidence involves using numbers and data to support your claims. This type of evidence is highly persuasive because it provides concrete, quantifiable proof that can be difficult to dispute.

• Charts and graphs

Detailed Examples: Imagine you’re writing an article about the benefits of remote work. You could include statistics from a recent survey showing that 85% of employees report higher productivity when working from home. Or, if you’re discussing the impact of climate change, you could use data from scientific studies that illustrate rising global temperatures over the past century.

2. Testimonial Evidence

Testimonial evidence includes quotes from experts or witnesses that support your argument.

This type of evidence can add credibility to your writing, especially when the testimonials come from respected authorities in the field.

• Expert opinions
• Witness statements

Detailed Examples: If you’re writing a piece on the effectiveness of a new medical treatment, you could include quotes from doctors who have successfully used the treatment with their patients. For a product review, testimonials from satisfied customers can provide valuable insights and persuade potential buyers.

3. Anecdotal Evidence

Anecdotal evidence involves using personal stories or experiences to illustrate a point.

While not as scientifically rigorous as statistical evidence, anecdotes can be powerful because they connect with readers on an emotional level.

• Personal anecdotes
• Case studies

Detailed Examples: Suppose you’re writing about overcoming adversity. Sharing a personal story about a challenging time in your life and how you persevered can inspire and resonate with readers. Similarly, in a business context, you might use case studies to demonstrate how a particular strategy helped a company achieve success.

4. Analogical Evidence

Analogical evidence uses analogies or comparisons to explain a concept.

This type of evidence can help make complex ideas more relatable and easier to understand for your audience.

Detailed Examples: If you’re explaining a complicated technical process, you might compare it to a more familiar concept. For example, you could explain the functioning of a computer network by comparing it to a postal system where data packets are like letters being sent through various routes to reach their destination.

5. Textual Evidence

Textual evidence involves using quotes or excerpts from texts to support your arguments.

This type of evidence is commonly used in literary analysis and research papers.

• Quotes from books
• Research papers

Detailed Examples: In a literary essay, you might analyze a novel by quoting specific passages that highlight the author’s use of symbolism. In a research paper, you could support your hypothesis by referencing studies published in reputable journals.

6. Visual Evidence

Visual evidence includes images, videos, or visual aids that help support your claims.

This type of evidence can be particularly effective in making your argument more engaging and easier to comprehend.

• Photographs
• Infographics

Detailed Examples: If you’re writing about the effects of plastic pollution, you could include photographs of polluted beaches to visually underscore the problem. Infographics can also be useful for presenting complex data in a visually appealing and easily digestible format.

7. Logical Evidence

Logical evidence involves using logical reasoning and facts to support your arguments.

This type of evidence is based on sound reasoning and helps establish a clear, rational argument.

• Deductive reasoning
• Inductive reasoning
• Logical arguments

Detailed Examples: In an argumentative essay, you might use deductive reasoning to show that if all humans are mortal and Socrates is human, then Socrates must be mortal. Inductive reasoning could involve drawing conclusions based on observed patterns, such as predicting market trends based on historical data.

8. Experimental Evidence

Experimental evidence comes from experiments or scientific research.

This type of evidence is highly reliable because it is based on controlled, repeatable experiments.

• Lab results
• Field studies
• Scientific experiments

Detailed Examples: In a scientific paper, you might present the results of an experiment you conducted to test a hypothesis. For instance, if you’re studying the effects of a new drug, you could include data from clinical trials that demonstrate its efficacy and safety.

9. Historical Evidence

Historical evidence involves using historical events or data to support your arguments.

This type of evidence can provide valuable context and show how past events relate to current issues.

• Historical records
• Historical documents

Detailed Examples: If you’re writing about the importance of civil rights, you could reference key events in history, such as the Civil Rights Movement, to highlight progress and ongoing challenges. Using historical documents, like speeches or legal rulings, can also provide authoritative support for your arguments.

10. Ethical Evidence

Ethical evidence uses ethical considerations to support arguments.

This type of evidence appeals to the reader’s sense of right and wrong and can be particularly persuasive in discussions involving moral issues.

• Moral arguments
• Ethical dilemmas
• Values-based reasoning

Detailed Examples: In an essay on animal rights, you might argue that it is ethically wrong to subject animals to inhumane treatment, using ethical theories like utilitarianism to support your stance. Discussing the ethical implications of artificial intelligence in society can also highlight potential benefits and risks.

11. Cultural Evidence

Cultural evidence involves using cultural references and norms to support your arguments.

This type of evidence can be effective in showing how societal values and practices influence behaviors and attitudes.

• Cultural practices
• Societal norms
• Popular culture

Detailed Examples: If you’re writing about the impact of social media, you could reference cultural phenomena like viral trends and memes to illustrate how they shape public opinion. Discussing societal norms, such as gender roles, can also provide context for arguments about social change.

12. Practical Evidence

Practical evidence uses real-world examples and applications to support your arguments.

This type of evidence is useful for demonstrating how theoretical concepts can be applied in practice.

• Real-world applications
• Practical examples
• Demonstrations

Detailed Examples: In a business report, you might present case studies showing how companies successfully implemented new strategies to achieve their goals. Demonstrating practical applications, like how a new technology improves productivity, can also make your arguments more compelling.

Here is a video about some of the most powerful types of evidence in writing:

How to Use Evidence in Writing

Evidence isn’t one-size-fits-all. Different types of evidence are more effective in different contexts.

Understanding these use cases helps you choose the right evidence to strengthen your arguments and make your writing more compelling.

Academic Writing: In academic papers, statistical and textual evidence are vital. They provide the empirical data and scholarly references needed to back up your claims. Experimental evidence is also crucial for scientific papers, ensuring that your hypotheses are supported by reproducible results.

Business Writing: In business writing, such as reports and proposals, practical and testimonial evidence can make a significant impact. Real-world examples and customer testimonials lend credibility to your recommendations and strategies.

Creative Writing: For creative writing, anecdotal and analogical evidence often work best. Personal stories and analogies help convey deeper meanings and connect with readers on an emotional level.

Journalistic Writing: Journalistic pieces benefit from a mix of historical, visual, and ethical evidence. Historical context provides background, visual evidence engages readers, and ethical considerations highlight the moral implications of the story.

Persuasive Writing: In persuasive essays, logical and ethical evidence are key. Logical reasoning builds a solid foundation for your argument, while ethical evidence appeals to the reader’s sense of right and wrong, making your case more compelling.

Here’s a simple table summarizing different use cases for various types of writing evidence:

Common Mistakes Writers Make with Different Types of Evidence

Even with a variety of evidence at your disposal, it’s easy to make mistakes that can weaken your arguments.

Here are some common pitfalls and tips on how to avoid them:

1. Misinterpreting Statistical Evidence

Mistake: Presenting statistics without proper context or misinterpreting the data can mislead your readers. Statistics can be compelling, but they must be accurate and relevant.

How to Avoid: Always provide the source of your statistics and explain what the numbers mean. Ensure your interpretation aligns with the data. Cross-check your sources for credibility.

2. Overreliance on Testimonial Evidence

Mistake: Using too many testimonials can make your writing seem biased or less credible, especially if the testimonials are not from reputable sources.

How to Avoid: Balance testimonials with other types of evidence. Ensure that your sources are credible and relevant to your topic. Use testimonials to complement, not replace, factual evidence.

3. Anecdotal Evidence Overuse

Mistake: Relying too heavily on personal anecdotes can make your writing appear subjective and less persuasive, especially in academic or scientific contexts.

How to Avoid: Use anecdotes to illustrate a point or add a personal touch, but back them up with more objective evidence. Ensure that anecdotes are relevant and directly support your argument.

4. Ineffective Use of Analogical Evidence

Mistake: Analogies that are too complex or not directly related to the topic can confuse readers instead of clarifying your point.

How to Avoid: Choose analogies that are simple and relatable. Ensure that the comparison clearly illustrates your point and enhances understanding.

5. Misquoting or Misusing Textual Evidence

Mistake: Taking quotes out of context or misinterpreting the original meaning can undermine your credibility.

How to Avoid: Always provide context for quotes and ensure your interpretation is accurate. Cite sources correctly to maintain academic integrity.

6. Overloading with Visual Evidence

Mistake: Using too many images, charts, or videos can overwhelm readers and detract from the main message.

How to Avoid: Use visual evidence selectively to support key points. Ensure visuals are high-quality, relevant, and well-explained.

7. Logical Fallacies in Logical Evidence

Mistake: Logical fallacies, such as faulty generalizations or circular reasoning, can weaken your argument and make it less convincing.

How to Avoid: Build your arguments on sound reasoning and evidence. Be aware of common logical fallacies and avoid them in your writing.

8. Ignoring Ethical Implications

Mistake: Failing to address the ethical dimensions of your argument can make your writing appear one-sided or insensitive.

How to Avoid: Consider the ethical implications of your topic. Use ethical evidence to provide a balanced perspective and address potential concerns.

9. Using Outdated Historical Evidence

Mistake: Relying on outdated or irrelevant historical evidence can weaken your argument and make it less convincing.

How to Avoid: Use up-to-date and relevant historical evidence. Provide context to show how past events relate to your current argument.

10. Cultural Evidence Stereotyping

Mistake: Using cultural evidence that reinforces stereotypes or oversimplifies complex cultural issues can be offensive and reduce credibility.

How to Avoid: Approach cultural evidence with sensitivity and respect. Ensure that your references are accurate and nuanced.

11. Practical Evidence That Lacks Relevance

Mistake: Including practical examples that are not directly related to your argument can confuse readers and weaken your message.

How to Avoid: Choose practical evidence that is directly relevant and clearly supports your main points. Provide clear explanations of how the evidence applies.

Final Thoughts: Types of Evidence in Writing

Evidence is just one part of the writing puzzle.

You’ll also need to know how to come up with a hypothesis, write topic sentences, deploy counterclaim language, and more.

Read This Next:

• How to Write a Hypothesis [31 Tips + Examples]
• How to Write a Topic Sentence (30+ Tips & Examples)
• How to Describe a Graph in Writing [+ 22 Examples]
• 50 Best Counterclaim Transition Words (+ Examples)
• What Is A Warrant In Writing? (Explained + 20 Examples)

6 Types of Evidence in Writing

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

Learn about our Editorial Process

Writing an essay is a lot like participating in a debate. You have a main point that you want to make, and you need to support it. So, the question is: how do you support your main point?

The best way is to provide evidence.

Evidence can come from many sources and take many forms, but generally speaking, there are six types of evidence.

Each type of evidence may carry more weight than others. Choosing which type of evidence to use depends on the purpose of the essay and the audience.

For example, for essays in psychology or sociology that will be read by professors, evidence from research papers and statistics will be suitable, and expected.

However, if writing for the general public, evidence in the form of quotes from experts or testimonials from people involved in the subject may be more effective.

Ideally, it is good to have a mix of the different types of evidence so that the essay is well-rounded.

Using various types of evidence also shows the reader that you have researched the topic thoroughly. That will add credibility to the essay as a whole and instill an impression that the author is competent and trustworthy.

Here is a brief description of the six main types of evidence.

You Might Also Like: Transition Words for Providing Evidence in Essays

Types of Evidence in Writing

1. anecdotal evidence.

Anecdotal evidence comes from personal experience. It can involve a story about something that happened to you, or an observation you made about friends, relatives, or other people.

An informal interview with someone affected by the topic you are writing about is also a form of anecdotal evidence. That interview may have been conducted by the author of the essay or presented on a news program.

Although it is not considered very strong evidence, it does have a purpose. Describing a personal experience early in the essay can help establish context, show relevance of the subject, or be a way to build a connection with the audience.

In some cases, anecdotal evidence can be quite effective. It can reveal deeply personal or emotional elements of a phenomenon that are very compelling. Not all essays need to be full of scientific references and statistics to be effective at making a point.

See More: 19 Anecdotal Evidence Examples

2. Testimonial Evidence

Offering the opinion of an expert is referred to as testimonial evidence. Their opinion can come from an interview or quote from a book or paper they authored.

The words of someone who is considered an expert in a subject can provide a lot of support to the point you are trying to make. It adds strength and shows that what you are saying is not just your opinion, but is also the opinion of someone that is recognized and respected in the subject.

If that expert has an advanced degree from a notable university, such as Princeton or Stanford, then make sure the reader knows that. Similarly, if they are the president or director of an institution that is heavily involved in the subject, then be sure to include those credentials as well.

If your essay is for an academic course, use proper citation. This often involves indicating the year of the quote, where it was published, and the page number where the quote comes from.

Finally, if quoting an expert, choose the quote carefully. Experts sometimes use language that is overly complex or contains jargon that many readers may not understand. Limiting the quote to 1 or 2 sentences is also a good idea.

3. Statistical Evidence

Statistical evidence involves presenting numbers that support your point. Statistics can be used to demonstrate the prevalence and seriousness of a phenomenon.

When used early in the essay, it informs the reader as to how important the topic is and can be an effective way to get the reader’s attention.

For example, citing the number of people that die each year because they weren’t wearing a seat belt, or the number of children suffering from malnutrition, tells the reader that the topic is serious.

In addition to stating statistics in the body of the essay, including a graph or two will help make the point easier to understand. A picture can be worth a thousand words also applies to graphs and charts.

Graphs and charts also create a sense of credibility and add an extra punch of strength to your arguments.

Statistics can also be used to counter common misconceptions. This is a good way to clear the air right away regarding an issue that may not be well understood or in which there has been a lot of misinformation presented previously.

When presenting statistics, establish credibility by citing the source. Make sure that source is reputable. Scientific publications or well-respected organizations such as the CDC are good examples.

If your essay is for an academic assignment, then be sure to follow the publication guidelines for that discipline. Papers in business, sociology, and law have different rules for how to cite sources.

As persuasive as statistics can be, beware that many readers may be suspicious. There is a belief among some people that statistics are often faked or manipulated. This is due, in part, to many people not understanding the peer-review process that occurs before scientific papers are published.

4. Textual Evidence

Textual evidence comes directly from a source document. This could be a literary work or historical document. It is frequently used in an argumentative essay or as part of a compare-and-contrast type of academic assignment.

For example, if conducting a character analysis of a character in a novel, then identifying key sentences that provide examples of their personality will help support your analysis.

There are several ways of incorporating textual evidence: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing.

Quoting statements from the character themselves can be used to demonstrate their thought processes or personality flaws. Likewise, using the words of the author that describe the character will add support to your premise.

Paraphrasing involves conveying the points in the source document by using your own words. There is usually a degree of correspondence between the amount of text in the document and the paraphrased version. In other words, if your paraphrased version is longer than the section in the source document, then you should try again.

Summarizing involves condensing the text in the source document to its main points and highlighting the key takeaways you want the reader to focus on.

5. Analogical Evidence

An analogy is an example of a situation, but presented in a different context. Using an analogy is a great way to explain a complicated issue that is simpler and easier to digest.

Medical doctors often use analogies to describe health-related issues. For example, they might say that getting a yearly medical exam from your primary physician is like taking your car to the mechanic once a year to make sure everything is running okay.

One rule of thumb about analogies is that the simpler they are, the more easily understood. The analogy should have a degree of similarity with the issue being discussed, but, at the same time, be a bit different as well. Sorry about that; it’s a balance.

Be careful not to use an analogy that is too far-fetched. For example, comparing the human body to the universe is too much of a stretch. This might confuse the reader, make them feel frustrated because they don’t see the connection, and/or cause them to lose interest.

6. Hypothetical Evidence

Hypothetical evidence is presenting the reader with a “what if” kind of scenario. This is a great way to get the reader to consider possibilities that they may not have thought of previously.

One way to present a hypothetical is to pair it with a credible statistic. Ask the reader to consider what might happen in the context of those numbers.

Another strategy is to restate one of your arguments, and then present a hypothetical that aligns with that point. For example, if what you are saying is true, then X, Y, and Z may occur.

By providing a concrete hypothetical scenario, people can imagine what could happen. Opening a person’s mindset can be the first step towards an effective and persuasive essay.

There are many examples in history of phenomenon that people never thought possible, but later turned out to materialize. For example, climate change.

In the early days of climate science, the evidence was not readily available to a convincing degree to persuade the general public. However, extrapolating into the future through the use of hypotheticals can help people consider the possibility of fossil fuels causing climate crises.

The emotional dynamics activated when thinking about the future can help open some people’s eyes to different possibilities and generate concern. If only this had happened about 50 years ago.

Providing evidence for your main point in an essay can make it effective and persuasive. There are many types of evidence, and each one varies in terms of its strength and pertinence to the purpose of the essay.

In some situations, for example, anecdotal evidence and testimonials are sufficient to get a reader’s attention. In other situations, however, such as essays in the sciences, the reader will expect to see more than just opinions of the author.

Presenting statistics from reputable sources can add a lot of strength to an essay. While a lot of people are convinced by numbers, others are not.

Using quotes, either from experts or from a source document, are also effective ways to add support to the essay’s main point.

Analogies will help the reader understand a complex topic, while hypotheticals can be an effective way to get people to extend their thinking and consider what could happen if…

Incorporating several types of evidence is best. If all arguments in an essay only come from the author, it can come across as flimsy. A chair with three legs is better than a chair with two.

Bailey, S. (2003). Academic writing: A practical guide for students . Cheltenham, U.K.: Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Redman, P., & Maples, W. (2017). Good essay writing: A social sciences guide . Sage.

Savage, A., & Mayer, P. (2006). Effective academic writing: The short essay . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Starkey, L. B. (2004). How to write great essays . Learning Express.

Warburton, N. (2020). The basics of essay writing . Routledge.

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How to Introduce Evidence: 41 Effective Phrases & Examples

Research requires us to scrutinize information and assess its credibility. Accordingly, when we think about various phenomena, we examine empirical data and craft detailed explanations justifying our interpretations. An essential component of constructing our research narratives is thus providing supporting evidence and examples.

The type of proof we provide can either bolster our claims or leave readers confused or skeptical of our analysis. Therefore, it’s crucial that we use appropriate, logical phrases that guide readers clearly from one idea to the next. In this article, we explain how evidence and examples should be introduced according to different contexts in academic writing and catalog effective language you can use to support your arguments, examples included.

When to Introduce Evidence and Examples in a Paper

Evidence and examples create the foundation upon which your claims can stand firm. Without proof, your arguments lack credibility and teeth. However, laundry listing evidence is as bad as failing to provide any materials or information that can substantiate your conclusions. Therefore, when you introduce examples, make sure to judiciously provide evidence when needed and use phrases that will appropriately and clearly explain how the proof supports your argument.

There are different types of claims and different types of evidence in writing. You should introduce and link your arguments to evidence when you

• state information that is not “common knowledge”;
• draw conclusions, make inferences, or suggest implications based on specific data;
• need to clarify a prior statement, and it would be more effectively done with an illustration;
• need to identify representative examples of a category;
• desire to distinguish concepts; and
• emphasize a point by highlighting a specific situation.

Introductory Phrases to Use and Their Contexts

To assist you with effectively supporting your statements, we have organized the introductory phrases below according to their function. This list is not exhaustive but will provide you with ideas of the types of phrases you can use.

Although any research author can make use of these helpful phrases and bolster their academic writing by entering them into their work, before submitting to a journal, it is a good idea to let a professional English editing service take a look to ensure that all terms and phrases make sense in the given research context. Wordvice offers paper editing , thesis editing , and dissertation editing services that help elevate your academic language and make your writing more compelling to journal authors and researchers alike.

For more examples of strong verbs for research writing , effective transition words for academic papers , or commonly confused words , head over to the Wordvice Academic Resources website.

What this handout is about

This handout will provide a broad overview of gathering and using evidence. It will help you decide what counts as evidence, put evidence to work in your writing, and determine whether you have enough evidence. It will also offer links to additional resources.

Introduction

Many papers that you write in college will require you to make an argument ; this means that you must take a position on the subject you are discussing and support that position with evidence. It’s important that you use the right kind of evidence, that you use it effectively, and that you have an appropriate amount of it. If, for example, your philosophy professor didn’t like it that you used a survey of public opinion as your primary evidence in your ethics paper, you need to find out more about what philosophers count as good evidence. If your instructor has told you that you need more analysis, suggested that you’re “just listing” points or giving a “laundry list,” or asked you how certain points are related to your argument, it may mean that you can do more to fully incorporate your evidence into your argument. Comments like “for example?,” “proof?,” “go deeper,” or “expand” in the margins of your graded paper suggest that you may need more evidence. Let’s take a look at each of these issues—understanding what counts as evidence, using evidence in your argument, and deciding whether you need more evidence.

What counts as evidence?

Before you begin gathering information for possible use as evidence in your argument, you need to be sure that you understand the purpose of your assignment. If you are working on a project for a class, look carefully at the assignment prompt. It may give you clues about what sorts of evidence you will need. Does the instructor mention any particular books you should use in writing your paper or the names of any authors who have written about your topic? How long should your paper be (longer works may require more, or more varied, evidence)? What themes or topics come up in the text of the prompt? Our handout on understanding writing assignments can help you interpret your assignment. It’s also a good idea to think over what has been said about the assignment in class and to talk with your instructor if you need clarification or guidance.

What matters to instructors?

Instructors in different academic fields expect different kinds of arguments and evidence—your chemistry paper might include graphs, charts, statistics, and other quantitative data as evidence, whereas your English paper might include passages from a novel, examples of recurring symbols, or discussions of characterization in the novel. Consider what kinds of sources and evidence you have seen in course readings and lectures. You may wish to see whether the Writing Center has a handout regarding the specific academic field you’re working in—for example, literature , sociology , or history .

What are primary and secondary sources?

A note on terminology: many researchers distinguish between primary and secondary sources of evidence (in this case, “primary” means “first” or “original,” not “most important”). Primary sources include original documents, photographs, interviews, and so forth. Secondary sources present information that has already been processed or interpreted by someone else. For example, if you are writing a paper about the movie “The Matrix,” the movie itself, an interview with the director, and production photos could serve as primary sources of evidence. A movie review from a magazine or a collection of essays about the film would be secondary sources. Depending on the context, the same item could be either a primary or a secondary source: if I am writing about people’s relationships with animals, a collection of stories about animals might be a secondary source; if I am writing about how editors gather diverse stories into collections, the same book might now function as a primary source.

Where can I find evidence?

Here are some examples of sources of information and tips about how to use them in gathering evidence. Ask your instructor if you aren’t sure whether a certain source would be appropriate for your paper.

Print and electronic sources

Books, journals, websites, newspapers, magazines, and documentary films are some of the most common sources of evidence for academic writing. Our handout on evaluating print sources will help you choose your print sources wisely, and the library has a tutorial on evaluating both print sources and websites. A librarian can help you find sources that are appropriate for the type of assignment you are completing. Just visit the reference desk at Davis or the Undergraduate Library or chat with a librarian online (the library’s IM screen name is undergradref).

Observation

Sometimes you can directly observe the thing you are interested in, by watching, listening to, touching, tasting, or smelling it. For example, if you were asked to write about Mozart’s music, you could listen to it; if your topic was how businesses attract traffic, you might go and look at window displays at the mall.

An interview is a good way to collect information that you can’t find through any other type of research. An interview can provide an expert’s opinion, biographical or first-hand experiences, and suggestions for further research.

Surveys allow you to find out some of what a group of people thinks about a topic. Designing an effective survey and interpreting the data you get can be challenging, so it’s a good idea to check with your instructor before creating or administering a survey.

Experiments

Experimental data serve as the primary form of scientific evidence. For scientific experiments, you should follow the specific guidelines of the discipline you are studying. For writing in other fields, more informal experiments might be acceptable as evidence. For example, if you want to prove that food choices in a cafeteria are affected by gender norms, you might ask classmates to undermine those norms on purpose and observe how others react. What would happen if a football player were eating dinner with his teammates and he brought a small salad and diet drink to the table, all the while murmuring about his waistline and wondering how many fat grams the salad dressing contained?

Personal experience

Using your own experiences can be a powerful way to appeal to your readers. You should, however, use personal experience only when it is appropriate to your topic, your writing goals, and your audience. Personal experience should not be your only form of evidence in most papers, and some disciplines frown on using personal experience at all. For example, a story about the microscope you received as a Christmas gift when you were nine years old is probably not applicable to your biology lab report.

Using evidence in an argument

Does evidence speak for itself.

Absolutely not. After you introduce evidence into your writing, you must say why and how this evidence supports your argument. In other words, you have to explain the significance of the evidence and its function in your paper. What turns a fact or piece of information into evidence is the connection it has with a larger claim or argument: evidence is always evidence for or against something, and you have to make that link clear.

As writers, we sometimes assume that our readers already know what we are talking about; we may be wary of elaborating too much because we think the point is obvious. But readers can’t read our minds: although they may be familiar with many of the ideas we are discussing, they don’t know what we are trying to do with those ideas unless we indicate it through explanations, organization, transitions, and so forth. Try to spell out the connections that you were making in your mind when you chose your evidence, decided where to place it in your paper, and drew conclusions based on it. Remember, you can always cut prose from your paper later if you decide that you are stating the obvious.

Here are some questions you can ask yourself about a particular bit of evidence:

• OK, I’ve just stated this point, but so what? Why is it interesting? Why should anyone care?
• What does this information imply?
• What are the consequences of thinking this way or looking at a problem this way?
• I’ve just described what something is like or how I see it, but why is it like that?
• I’ve just said that something happens—so how does it happen? How does it come to be the way it is?
• Why is this information important? Why does it matter?
• How is this idea related to my thesis? What connections exist between them? Does it support my thesis? If so, how does it do that?
• Can I give an example to illustrate this point?

Answering these questions may help you explain how your evidence is related to your overall argument.

How can I incorporate evidence into my paper?

There are many ways to present your evidence. Often, your evidence will be included as text in the body of your paper, as a quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Sometimes you might include graphs, charts, or tables; excerpts from an interview; or photographs or illustrations with accompanying captions.

When you quote, you are reproducing another writer’s words exactly as they appear on the page. Here are some tips to help you decide when to use quotations:

• Quote if you can’t say it any better and the author’s words are particularly brilliant, witty, edgy, distinctive, a good illustration of a point you’re making, or otherwise interesting.
• Quote if you are using a particularly authoritative source and you need the author’s expertise to back up your point.
• Quote if you are analyzing diction, tone, or a writer’s use of a specific word or phrase.
• Quote if you are taking a position that relies on the reader’s understanding exactly what another writer says about the topic.

Be sure to introduce each quotation you use, and always cite your sources. See our handout on quotations for more details on when to quote and how to format quotations.

Like all pieces of evidence, a quotation can’t speak for itself. If you end a paragraph with a quotation, that may be a sign that you have neglected to discuss the importance of the quotation in terms of your argument. It’s important to avoid “plop quotations,” that is, quotations that are just dropped into your paper without any introduction, discussion, or follow-up.

Paraphrasing

When you paraphrase, you take a specific section of a text and put it into your own words. Putting it into your own words doesn’t mean just changing or rearranging a few of the author’s words: to paraphrase well and avoid plagiarism, try setting your source aside and restating the sentence or paragraph you have just read, as though you were describing it to another person. Paraphrasing is different than summary because a paraphrase focuses on a particular, fairly short bit of text (like a phrase, sentence, or paragraph). You’ll need to indicate when you are paraphrasing someone else’s text by citing your source correctly, just as you would with a quotation.

When might you want to paraphrase?

• Paraphrase when you want to introduce a writer’s position, but their original words aren’t special enough to quote.
• Paraphrase when you are supporting a particular point and need to draw on a certain place in a text that supports your point—for example, when one paragraph in a source is especially relevant.
• Paraphrase when you want to present a writer’s view on a topic that differs from your position or that of another writer; you can then refute writer’s specific points in your own words after you paraphrase.
• Paraphrase when you want to comment on a particular example that another writer uses.
• Paraphrase when you need to present information that’s unlikely to be questioned.

When you summarize, you are offering an overview of an entire text, or at least a lengthy section of a text. Summary is useful when you are providing background information, grounding your own argument, or mentioning a source as a counter-argument. A summary is less nuanced than paraphrased material. It can be the most effective way to incorporate a large number of sources when you don’t have a lot of space. When you are summarizing someone else’s argument or ideas, be sure this is clear to the reader and cite your source appropriately.

Statistics, data, charts, graphs, photographs, illustrations

Sometimes the best evidence for your argument is a hard fact or visual representation of a fact. This type of evidence can be a solid backbone for your argument, but you still need to create context for your reader and draw the connections you want them to make. Remember that statistics, data, charts, graph, photographs, and illustrations are all open to interpretation. Guide the reader through the interpretation process. Again, always, cite the origin of your evidence if you didn’t produce the material you are using yourself.

Do I need more evidence?

Let’s say that you’ve identified some appropriate sources, found some evidence, explained to the reader how it fits into your overall argument, incorporated it into your draft effectively, and cited your sources. How do you tell whether you’ve got enough evidence and whether it’s working well in the service of a strong argument or analysis? Here are some techniques you can use to review your draft and assess your use of evidence.

Make a reverse outline

A reverse outline is a great technique for helping you see how each paragraph contributes to proving your thesis. When you make a reverse outline, you record the main ideas in each paragraph in a shorter (outline-like) form so that you can see at a glance what is in your paper. The reverse outline is helpful in at least three ways. First, it lets you see where you have dealt with too many topics in one paragraph (in general, you should have one main idea per paragraph). Second, the reverse outline can help you see where you need more evidence to prove your point or more analysis of that evidence. Third, the reverse outline can help you write your topic sentences: once you have decided what you want each paragraph to be about, you can write topic sentences that explain the topics of the paragraphs and state the relationship of each topic to the overall thesis of the paper.

For tips on making a reverse outline, see our handout on organization .

Color code your paper

You will need three highlighters or colored pencils for this exercise. Use one color to highlight general assertions. These will typically be the topic sentences in your paper. Next, use another color to highlight the specific evidence you provide for each assertion (including quotations, paraphrased or summarized material, statistics, examples, and your own ideas). Lastly, use another color to highlight analysis of your evidence. Which assertions are key to your overall argument? Which ones are especially contestable? How much evidence do you have for each assertion? How much analysis? In general, you should have at least as much analysis as you do evidence, or your paper runs the risk of being more summary than argument. The more controversial an assertion is, the more evidence you may need to provide in order to persuade your reader.

Play devil’s advocate, act like a child, or doubt everything

This technique may be easiest to use with a partner. Ask your friend to take on one of the roles above, then read your paper aloud to them. After each section, pause and let your friend interrogate you. If your friend is playing devil’s advocate, they will always take the opposing viewpoint and force you to keep defending yourself. If your friend is acting like a child, they will question every sentence, even seemingly self-explanatory ones. If your friend is a doubter, they won’t believe anything you say. Justifying your position verbally or explaining yourself will force you to strengthen the evidence in your paper. If you already have enough evidence but haven’t connected it clearly enough to your main argument, explaining to your friend how the evidence is relevant or what it proves may help you to do so.

Common questions and additional resources

• I have a general topic in mind; how can I develop it so I’ll know what evidence I need? And how can I get ideas for more evidence? See our handout on brainstorming .
• Who can help me find evidence on my topic? Check out UNC Libraries .
• I’m writing for a specific purpose; how can I tell what kind of evidence my audience wants? See our handouts on audience , writing for specific disciplines , and particular writing assignments .
• How should I read materials to gather evidence? See our handout on reading to write .
• How can I make a good argument? Check out our handouts on argument and thesis statements .
• How do I tell if my paragraphs and my paper are well-organized? Review our handouts on paragraph development , transitions , and reorganizing drafts .
• How do I quote my sources and incorporate those quotes into my text? Our handouts on quotations and avoiding plagiarism offer useful tips.
• How do I cite my evidence? See the UNC Libraries citation tutorial .
• I think that I’m giving evidence, but my instructor says I’m using too much summary. How can I tell? Check out our handout on using summary wisely.
• I want to use personal experience as evidence, but can I say “I”? We have a handout on when to use “I.”

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Lunsford, Andrea A., and John J. Ruszkiewicz. 2016. Everything’s an Argument , 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. 2016. The New Humanities Reader , 5th ed. Boston: Cengage.

University of Maryland. 2019. “Research Using Primary Sources.” Research Guides. Last updated October 28, 2019. https://lib.guides.umd.edu/researchusingprimarysources .

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Writing Tutorial Services

Using evidence.

Like a lawyer in a jury trial, a writer must convince her audience of the validity of her argument by using evidence effectively. As a writer, you must also use evidence to persuade your readers to accept your claims. But how do you use evidence to your advantage? By leading your reader through your reasoning.

The types of evidence you use change from discipline to discipline--you might use quotations from a poem or a literary critic, for example, in a literature paper; you might use data from an experiment in a lab report.

The process of putting together your argument is called analysis --it interprets evidence in order to support, test, and/or refine a claim . The chief claim in an analytical essay is called the thesis . A thesis provides the controlling idea for a paper and should be original (that is, not completely obvious), assertive, and arguable. A strong thesis also requires solid evidence to support and develop it because without evidence, a claim is merely an unsubstantiated idea or opinion.

This Web page will cover these basic issues (you can click or scroll down to a particular topic):

• Incorporating evidence effectively.
• Integrating quotations smoothly.
• Citing your sources.

Incorporating Evidence Into Your Essay

When should you incorporate evidence.

Once you have formulated your claim, your thesis (see the WTS pamphlet, " How to Write a Thesis Statement ," for ideas and tips), you should use evidence to help strengthen your thesis and any assertion you make that relates to your thesis. Here are some ways to work evidence into your writing:

• Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.
• Present evidence that contradicts your stance, and then argue against (refute) that evidence and therefore strengthen your position.
• Use sources against each other, as if they were experts on a panel discussing your proposition.
• Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim.

Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence

In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your essay by following this pattern:

• State your claim.
• Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
• Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim.

To see the differences between strong and weak uses of evidence, here are two paragraphs.

Weak use of evidence

Today, we are too self-centered. Most families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want.

This is a weak example of evidence because the evidence is not related to the claim. What does the claim about self-centeredness have to do with families eating together? The writer doesn't explain the connection.

The same evidence can be used to support the same claim, but only with the addition of a clear connection between claim and evidence, and some analysis of the evidence cited.

Stronger use of evidence

Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence. In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment (Gleick 148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

This is a far better example, as the evidence is more smoothly integrated into the text, the link between the claim and the evidence is strengthened, and the evidence itself is analyzed to provide support for the claim.

Using Quotations: A Special Type of Evidence

One effective way to support your claim is to use quotations. However, because quotations involve someone else's words, you need to take special care to integrate this kind of evidence into your essay. Here are two examples using quotations, one less effective and one more so.

Ineffective Use of Quotation

Today, we are too self-centered. "We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity" (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want.

This example is ineffective because the quotation is not integrated with the writer's ideas. Notice how the writer has dropped the quotation into the paragraph without making any connection between it and the claim. Furthermore, she has not discussed the quotation's significance, which makes it difficult for the reader to see the relationship between the evidence and the writer's point.

A More Effective Use of Quotation

Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much any more as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence, as James Gleick says in his book, Faster . "We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity" (148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

The second example is more effective because it follows the guidelines for incorporating evidence into an essay. Notice, too, that it uses a lead-in phrase (". . . as James Gleick says in his book, Faster ") to introduce the direct quotation. This lead-in phrase helps to integrate the quotation with the writer's ideas. Also notice that the writer discusses and comments upon the quotation immediately afterwards, which allows the reader to see the quotation's connection to the writer's point.

REMEMBER: Discussing the significance of your evidence develops and expands your paper!

Citing Your Sources

Evidence appears in essays in the form of quotations and paraphrasing. Both forms of evidence must be cited in your text. Citing evidence means distinguishing other writers' information from your own ideas and giving credit to your sources. There are plenty of general ways to do citations. Note both the lead-in phrases and the punctuation (except the brackets) in the following examples:

Quoting: According to Source X, "[direct quotation]" ([date or page #]).

Paraphrasing: Although Source Z argues that [his/her point in your own words], a better way to view the issue is [your own point] ([citation]).

Summarizing: In her book, Source P's main points are Q, R, and S [citation].

Your job during the course of your essay is to persuade your readers that your claims are feasible and are the most effective way of interpreting the evidence.

Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper

• Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
• Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
• Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
• Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper's main claims?
• Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
• Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

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How to Introduce Evidence in an Essay

Last Updated: May 5, 2024

This article was co-authored by Tristen Bonacci . Tristen Bonacci is an English Teacher with more than 20 years of experience. Tristen has taught in both the United States and overseas. She specializes in teaching in a secondary education environment and sharing wisdom with others, no matter the environment. Tristen holds a BA in English Literature from The University of Colorado and an MEd from The University of Phoenix. This article has been viewed 248,170 times.

When well integrated into your argument, evidence helps prove that you've done your research and thought critically about your topic. But what's the best way to introduce evidence so it feels seamless and has the highest impact? There are actually quite a few effective strategies you can use, and we've rounded up the best ones for you here. Try some of the tips below to introduce evidence in your essay and make a persuasive argument.

Things You Should Know

• "According to..."
• "The text says..."
• "Researchers have learned..."
• "For example..."
• "[Author's name] writes..."

Setting up the Evidence

• You can use 1-2 sentences to set up the evidence, if needed, but usually more concise you are, the better.

• For example, you may make an argument like, “Desire is a complicated, confusing emotion that causes pain to others.”
• Or you may make an assertion like, “The treatment of addiction must consider root cause issues like mental health and poor living conditions.”

• For example, you may write, “The novel explores the theme of adolescent love and desire.”
• Or you may write, “Many studies show that addiction is a mental health issue.”

Putting in the Evidence

• For example, you may use an introductory clause like, “According to Anne Carson…”, "In the following chart...," “The author states…," "The survey shows...." or “The study argues…”
• Place a comma after the introductory clause if you are using a quote. For example, “According to Anne Carson, ‘Desire is no light thing" or "The study notes, 'levels of addiction rise as levels of poverty and homelessness also rise.'"
• A list of introductory clauses can be found here: https://student.unsw.edu.au/introducing-quotations-and-paraphrases .

• For example, you may write, “In the novel, Carson is never shy about how her characters express desire for each other: ‘When they made love/ Geryon liked to touch in slow succession each of the bones of Herakles' back…’”
• Or you may write, "The study charts the rise in addiction levels, concluding: 'There is a higher level of addiction in specific areas of the United States.'"

• For example, you may write, “Carson views events as inevitable, as man moving through time like “a harpoon,” much like the fates of her characters.”
• Or you may write, "The chart indicates the rising levels of addiction in young people, an "epidemic" that shows no sign of slowing down."

• For example, you may write in the first mention, “In Anne Carson’s The Autobiography of Red , the color red signifies desire, love, and monstrosity.” Or you may write, "In the study Addiction Rates conducted by the Harvard Review...".
• After the first mention, you can write, “Carson states…” or “The study explores…”.
• If you are citing the author’s name in-text as part of your citation style, you do not need to note their name in the text. You can just use the quote and then place the citation at the end.

• If you are paraphrasing a source, you may still use quotation marks around any text you are lifting directly from the source.

• For example, you may write, “In the novel, the characters express desire for each other: ‘When they made love/ Geryon liked to touch in slow succession each of the bones of Herakles' back (Carson, 48).”
• Or you may write, "Based on the data in the graph below, the study shows the 'intersection between opioid addiction and income' (Branson, 10)."
• If you are using footnotes or endnotes, make sure you use the appropriate citation for each piece of evidence you place in your essay.

• You may also mention the title of the work or source you are paraphrasing or summarizing and the author's name in the paraphrase or summary.
• For example, you may write a paraphrase like, "As noted in various studies, the correlation between addiction and mental illness is often ignored by medical health professionals (Deder, 10)."
• Or you may write a summary like, " The Autobiography of Red is an exploration of desire and love between strange beings, what critics have called a hybrid work that combines ancient meter with modern language (Zambreno, 15)."

• The only time you should place 2 pieces of evidence together is when you want to directly compare 2 short quotes (each less than 1 line long).
• Your analysis should then include a complete compare and contrast of the 2 quotes to show you have thought critically about them both.

Analyzing the Evidence

• For example, you may write, “In the novel, Carson is never shy about how her characters express desire for each other: ‘When they made love/ Geryon liked to touch in slow succession each of the bones of Herakles' back (Carson, 48). The connection between Geryon and Herakles is intimate and gentle, a love that connects the two characters in a physical and emotional way.”
• Or you may write, "In the study Addiction Rates conducted by the Harvard Review, the data shows a 50% rise in addiction levels in specific areas across the United States. The study illustrates a clear connection between addiction levels and communities where income falls below the poverty line and there is a housing shortage or crisis."

• For example, you may write, “Carson’s treatment of the relationship between Geryon and Herakles can be linked back to her approach to desire as a whole in the novel, which acts as both a catalyst and an impediment for her characters.”
• Or you may write, "The survey conducted by Dr. Paula Bronson, accompanied by a detailed academic dissertation, supports the argument that addiction is not a stand alone issue that can be addressed in isolation."

• For example, you may write, “The value of love between two people is not romanticized, but it is still considered essential, similar to the feeling of belonging, another key theme in the novel.”
• Or you may write, "There is clearly a need to reassess the current thinking around addiction and mental illness so the health and sciences community can better study these pressing issues."

Expert Q&A

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• ↑ Tristen Bonacci. English Teacher. Expert Interview. 21 December 2021.
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/quoliterature/
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/evidence/
• ↑ https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/using-evidence.html

About This Article

Before you introduce evidence into your essay, begin the paragraph with a topic sentence. This sentence should give the reader an overview of the point you’ll be arguing or making with the evidence. When you get to citing the evidence, begin the sentence with a clause like, “The study finds” or “According to Anne Carson.” You can also include a short quotation in the middle of a sentence without introducing it with a clause. Remember to introduce the author’s first and last name when you use the evidence for the first time. Afterwards, you can just mention their last name. Once you’ve presented the evidence, take time to explain in your own words how it backs up the point you’re making. For tips on how to reference your evidence correctly, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Types of Evidence to Use in Writing and Essays

• DESCRIPTION Prove it thought while reading evidence essay
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If you’re writing an essay , you can use various types of evidence to add supporting details and provide proof of your thesis statement . Knowing how to use these effectively and which types of evidence best support various points can help you write a stronger persuasive essay .

Six Types of Evidence in Writing

Think of your essay like a court case. The person reading your essay is the judge and jury; you need to convince the reader with good evidence in order to win. How you use this evidence in your work depends on what type of evidence it is. There are six main types of support in writing.

Anecdotal Evidence: Stories That Form a Connection

Many essays feature anecdotal evidence , especially as an attention-grabber or hook in the introduction. Anecdotal evidence is stories or case studies that support your thesis. On its own, it’s not a strong type of evidence because it’s the retelling of something that happened to one person or a few people. However, in writing, it helps you form a connection with your readers. That connection is very important if you want to convince readers of your thesis.

Some examples of anecdotal evidence include the following:

• Interviews with someone who tells a story related to your thesis
• A personal experience related to your topic
• A case study from a journal or your own research
• An excerpt from a journal or letter

Testimonial Evidence: Opinions of Experts

Just like in a court case, bringing in an expert opinion is a great way to add support for your writing. Their authority on the topic is frequently seen as above questioning. This is a good way to add support to your own opinions within an essay and to your thesis as a whole. You can also use testimonial evidence to support topic sentences in your paragraphs. You should always establish credibility for the expert before using that person’s opinion as supporting evidence in your essay.

Here are some examples of testimonial evidence you might use:

• Direct interviews with experts in your topic
• Quotes from an expert’s book, paper, or newspaper editorial
• Conclusions from essays written by experts
• Your own specialized knowledge if you have the credentials or experience to support it

Statistical Evidence: Numbers That Matter

Statistics are powerful, especially if they come from good sources. You can use statistics as a type of support in writing if they directly relate to your thesis. Especially shocking statistics can even capture your reader’s attention in your introduction and immediately begin to create support for your essay. The key is good sourcing, since statistics are easy to refute if they come from sources that are not reputable.

These are some examples of statistical evidence you might use in an essay:

• Numbers gleaned from your own research or surveys you have conducted
• Numbers from personal experience if you have sources to support them
• Percentages from good sources like government reports or peer-reviewed studies
• Measurements and numbers you gathered yourself or gathered from research

Textual Evidence: Support From Other Writing

If you are writing an essay about a book , speech, play, or other written document, you may need to use textual evidence to support your thesis. Whenever you use textual evidence, you need to be specific about where you found this evidence in the text. You should include page numbers and other information to guide the reader in verifying your evidence. You should also directly state why this evidence is important and what it proves.

Here are some textual evidence examples you might use in an essay:

• Direct quotations from a book or other text source
• Accurate summaries of what happened or was said in the text
• Larger passages that relate directly to the thesis of your essay
• Paraphrases of what the author says in the text

Analogical Evidence: Comparison With a Known Situation

One of the weakest types of evidence in writing, analogical evidence compares something that is not certain or known with a situation that is known. Then, the text draws conclusions based on that comparison. Although there are significant weaknesses in this type of evidence, it is sometimes the only option for offering support. To make this an effective type of support in writing, you need to make a strong case for the similarities between the situation about which you’re writing and the situation that is a known case.

These are some examples of analogical evidence you might use in your work:

• A peer-reviewed study that is similar in many ways to the topic in your essay
• An expert opinion about something very similar to your topic
• A court case or historical event that is similar to your thesis
• Statistics from a journal or direct research that is related to your topic but not exactly the same

Hypothetical Evidence: Enough Detail to Seem Real

Hypothetical evidence offers a projection or guess about a future scenario with enough sensory detail and imagery to feel like it is real. This is similar to an anecdote, but it is a weaker form of evidence. This story didn’t really happen, but your job is to make the reader believe that it could. Done well and used sparingly, this can form a connection with the reader. For example, if you are writing about why latchkey children should have supervision at home, you might imagine a situation in which an unsupervised child gets into trouble while cooking alone.

Here are some examples of hypothetical evidence:

• A story about what would happen if your thesis were true
• A story to go with a statistic from a good source
• An imaginary event that would trigger an action related to your thesis

Use Evidence to Make a Strong Argument

Knowing how to use the different types of evidence is essential for any kind of persuasive writing , including essays. Each type of evidence has strengths and weaknesses, and how you use them depends on what you’re trying to prove. Consider mixing multiple forms of evidence in the supporting details for your essay to make the strongest argument.

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How to Use Evidence and Analysis in Academic Essays

In academic essays, using evidence and analysis isn’t just helpful; it’s essential. Think of your essay as a building, where evidence and analysis are the bricks and mortar. They strengthen your arguments, making them more convincing.

Evidence gives solid ground to your claims, while analysis helps you delve deeper, showing your understanding of the topic. Together, they add credibility and persuasiveness, making your essay stand out.

So, as you write, remember the power of well-chosen evidence and thoughtful analysis. They’re your tools to build a compelling, credible argument that captures and keeps your reader’s attention.

The Role of Evidence in Essays

In an academic context, evidence includes data, facts, and authoritative opinions that support your essay’s arguments. It’s like the foundation of a building, providing solid ground for your ideas. Examples include statistics from reputable sources, quotes from experts, and results from scientific studies.

Evidence plays a crucial role in supporting your arguments, lending them weight and credibility. It’s what turns your personal opinions into well-substantiated claims. For instance, using a service like ‘ write my report services in USA ‘ can offer a great example of how to research and utilize evidence effectively.

Incorporating strong evidence is key to persuading your reader and enhancing the overall impact of your essay. It’s not just about what you say, but also about backing it up with concrete proof.

Types of Evidence

Various types of evidence can be used to bolster your essay, each suited to different topics. Empirical evidence, derived from observations or experiments, is ideal for scientific or social research essays. It offers tangible proof of your claims.

Anecdotal evidence, based on personal experiences or stories, can be effective in more narrative essays. It adds a human touch but should be used cautiously as it may not always be reliable.

Statistical evidence is powerful in argumentative essays, providing quantifiable data to support your points. It lends objectivity, especially in topics requiring numerical analysis.

Choosing the right type of evidence depends on your essay’s topic and the argument you’re making. Matching the evidence type to your essay ensures that your arguments are compelling and credible.

Sourcing Credible Evidence

Finding credible sources of evidence is crucial for strengthening your essay. Start with academic journals, reputable news outlets, and books published by experts in the field. These sources provide reliable and well-researched information.

Online databases and libraries are also valuable resources. Look for publications with recent dates to ensure your evidence is current and relevant. The credibility of your essay hinges on the reliability of your sources, so always verify the authority and expertise of the authors.

Using current and reliable evidence not only bolsters your arguments but also demonstrates your commitment to quality and accuracy in your academic work. Remember, the strength of your essay depends significantly on the solidity of your sources.

Integrating Evidence into Your Essay

Effectively incorporating evidence into your essay involves more than just inserting quotes or data. It’s about weaving this evidence seamlessly into your argument. When quoting, use exact words from a source to support specific points, and always provide proper citations. Quoting is powerful, but use it sparingly to avoid over-reliance on others’ words.

Paraphrasing is another technique, where you restate information in your own words. It shows your understanding and keeps the essay in your voice. Summarizing is useful for condensing large pieces of evidence into concise statements, capturing the essence without unnecessary detail.

Remember, each piece of evidence should directly relate to and support your main argument. The goal is to blend your voice with the evidence to create a cohesive and persuasive essay.

Analyzing Evidence

Analyzing evidence in your essay involves more than just presenting facts or quotes; it’s about explaining how this evidence supports your thesis. Start by clearly stating the evidence, then interpret it, linking it directly to your argument. Ask yourself: How does this evidence prove my point? What does it reveal about my topic?

It’s crucial to connect every piece of evidence back to your thesis, the central claim of your essay. This connection demonstrates not just the relevance of the evidence but also its role in advancing your overall argument. By thoroughly analyzing and linking your evidence to your thesis, you strengthen the persuasiveness and coherence of your essay.

Avoiding Common Pitfalls

When using evidence and analysis in essays, common pitfalls include over-reliance on one type of evidence and ignoring counterarguments. Leaning too much on, say, statistical data, while neglecting anecdotal or empirical evidence, can weaken your argument by making it one-dimensional.

To avoid these pitfalls, diversify your sources. Combining different types of evidence creates a well-rounded argument. Also, don’t ignore counterarguments. Addressing them strengthens your essay by showing a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

Seeking examples from the best dissertation writing service can provide a model of how to balance various forms of evidence and counterarguments effectively. Remember, a robust essay acknowledges different perspectives and integrates multiple evidence types to support its thesis.

Using Analysis to Strengthen Your Argument

Thorough analysis is key to enhancing the persuasiveness of your essay. It involves not just presenting evidence, but also critically examining its significance and how it supports your argument. Start by asking probing questions about your evidence: Why is this information relevant? What implications does it have for your argument?

To deepen your analysis, explore the broader context of your evidence. Consider historical, social, or theoretical backgrounds that give your evidence more weight. Additionally, draw connections between different pieces of evidence to show a comprehensive understanding.

By going beyond surface-level examination, your analysis can provide insightful perspectives, making your argument more compelling and thought-provoking. This depth of analysis is what distinguishes a good essay from a great one.

In summary, skillful use of evidence and analysis is crucial in academic essays. Effective integration, diverse sourcing, and careful analysis of evidence strengthen your argument. Avoiding common pitfalls and deepening your analysis enhance your essay’s persuasiveness and credibility.

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Using Evidence Effectively in Academic Writing

Every academic essay or research paper includes a main idea or argument around which the entire piece is written. This idea or argument, which is laid out in the thesis statement , is required to be an original thought and must be supported by suitable evidence throughout the paper. In the absence of appropriate evidence, the thesis is just an uncorroborated idea.

But what is this evidence? Evidence is proof that writers must present to fortify their arguments/claims in reports, essays, or papers. It takes many forms in academic writing, and the type of evidence that qualifies as appropriate usually depends on the potential readership, discipline of study, and focus of the assignment to be written.

When used effectively, evidence can:

• Strengthen the argument being presented by giving it authority
• Allow the reader to assess the basis of the writer’s claims
• Illustrate the writer’s grasp of the fundamental ideas/theories around the topic
• Help the reader understand how the writer’s thoughts compare with others’ in the field
• Demonstrate the extent of research the writer has put in

This article will delve into all aspects of using evidence appropriately in academic writing to ensure assignments worthy of an A+ grade.

Types of Admissible Academic Evidence

As mentioned previously, different kinds of evidence are considered appropriate in different fields. However, irrespective of the discipline, any evidence is academically acceptable only when it:

• Comes from a trustworthy source, such as an expert in the field of study
• Is the result of acceptable research methods, especially in the case of qualitative and quantitative research
• Has results that can be reproduced
• Is factual and authoritative

Further, the best way to gauge what types of evidence are ideal for a particular essay/paper is to refer to reading assignments and bibliographies of textbooks prescribed for the course. Taking note of the various kinds of evidence the instructor uses while discussing specific concepts also proves useful when choosing sources for assignments. 

For the purpose of convenience, some of the most common types of evidence used across fields have been listed here:

• Academic Journals and Other Reliable Publications: These include valid research studies in well-established publications and are the most extensively used kind of evidence in almost all disciplines, for all kinds of assignments.
• Textual Analysis: This primarily involves exploring and evaluating relevant texts or existing research to arrive at conclusions that can be incorporated in an assignment. Textual analysis is often preferred as evidence in the humanities but is not favored as much as observational or lab research in the sciences.
• Quotations: Quotes by reputed experts in a particular area of study (not those with little or no authority) can be used as evidence in most disciplines. These may also include opinions that lay out sound arguments relevant to the assignment.
• Statistics: An accepted type of evidence across fields, statistics are a largely preferred type of evidence in disciplines involving extensive quantitative research, such as STEM. They are also often used in social sciences like psychology and anthropology, which use a combination of quantitative and qualitative research .
• Case Studies: These are also used extensively as evidence in most fields so long as trustworthy procedures are adopted while conducting them. Case studies are rather common in disciplines that study human behavior and health, business, education, and so on.
• Observational Research: Also known as field research, this type of research is non-experimental in nature and involves observing and recording behavior in natural settings. It is most commonly used as evidence in many of the social sciences and is less common in disciplines involving textual objects of study like literature and history.
• Research from Laboratory Experiments: This type of evidence is extensively used and preferred in the hard sciences but not as much in the humanities, which rely more heavily on observational or textual evidence.
• Surveys: Surveys are considered valid evidence in several fields where the reaction to a situation/issue is useful. Some such fields include sociology, journalism, and business management among others. Surveys are not considered suitable evidence for assignments in the hard sciences.
• Interviews: Telephonic and in-person interviews of experts can be used as evidence across all academic disciplines.

How to Use Evidence Effectively in Academic Writing

A common mistake that writers make while writing an essay/paper is simply introducing evidence, assuming the reader can deduce their point of view. While readers may sometimes be familiar with the fundamental ideas being conveyed in a paper, they may not always be clear on the purpose those ideas are meant to serve in it. Thus, writers must ensure that they clearly indicate the significance of their ideas/theories in the context of the argument being made. This means distinctly showing the link between the argument and evidence presented by explaining the ideas sufficiently and organizing them appropriately. Writers would do well to err on the side of caution and explain a point presented in detail whenever they feel the need to instead of underexplaining it.

And while employing evidence is important, writers must bear in mind that integrating it into the paper in the right manner is just as crucial. So, here are three important steps that must be followed to ensure that evidence is incorporated appropriately in an essay/paper.

1. Introducing the Evidence

The very first step of integrating evidence into a piece of writing is to introduce it to the reader. This involves providing a short preview of it, in the form of a statement supporting the argument of the paragraph .

Here is an example to illustrate:

Students enrolled in public schools rarely end up expanding their horizons and can thus easily be swayed as citizens in the future.

The above introductory sentence indicates that the evidence following it is in line with the limited exposure of public school students impacting their awareness as adult citizens.

2. Presenting the Evidence and Citing it

After the introductory sentence, relevant information that corroborates the argument being laid out is summarized or paraphrased and presented to the reader as evidence. In some cases, direct quotes may also be used to make the argument more impactful. However, some professors strictly forbid the use of quotes altogether; so checking the course guidelines for instructions on using quotes as evidence might be in order before beginning the assignment. Using phrases like “Recent studies suggest that…” or “This finding is confirmed by…” while setting forth the evidence may further allow for a smooth transition between the introductory sentence and the evidence to follow.

Additionally, an in-text citation of the source in the preferred format (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.) must also accompany each piece of evidence. In-text citations typically include the last name of the author and the publication date. In cases where the author’s name is unknown, the title of the work being cited can be provided instead. The page number(s) may also be included, where applicable, when paraphrases and direct quotes are used. It’s important to note that there could be more than one way to present these details based on how the evidence is paraphrased, summarized, or quoted. So, it’s a good idea to consult with the style guide on which format to follow in each scenario.

Education expert John Taylor Gatto suggests that public schools have continued to embrace an age-old education system – one that is “deliberately designed to produce mediocre intellects… and to ensure docile and incomplete citizens all in order to render the populace ‘manageable’.” (2013, 26)

The evidence elaborates on the introductory sentence provided earlier and is accompanied by an in-text citation in the Chicago style.

3. Expounding the Evidence

The last part of evidence integration is the writer’s analysis of the evidence presented. This section is the most important one and must clearly show readers the significance of the evidence in the context of the argument laid out and hence the thesis statement.

The following questions are a good starting point to help writers explain the link between the argument and evidence laid out in their paper:

• An idea/point has been presented. What is the reason for presenting it? Why should the reader be interested in this particular idea/point?
• Is there a link between this idea and the thesis of the essay/paper? If so, what is it? How does the idea support the thesis?
• Is it possible to provide a suitable example to reinforce the point laid out?
• A description of something or a personal opinion on the way it is has just been provided. Why is this description or opinion important? What is the reason for this something being the way it is?
• The occurrence of a particular event/process has just been mentioned. How does this event/process occur? Why is it significant to the point/argument being presented?

In light of these questions, here is an example that illustrates how to explain evidence effectively:

The limited exposure of public school students due to rigid schedules and run-of-the-mill classes leaves less scope for their curiosity and critical thinking abilities to be nurtured. This further paves the path for them to become ignorant, rather than informed, citizens in the future and renders them mere puppets that can easily be misled by higher powers.

These sentences link back to the quote presented previously while making the writer’s point of view on the limited exposure of public school students known to the reader.

All in all, writers must ensure that they use the most appropriate evidence for their papers and cite sources where necessary. Not just that, they must always incorporate the evidence correctly to ensure that their essay/paper presents a convincing argument to the reader.